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1.
The USA Clean Water Act requires the development of a total maximum daily load (TMDL) when Minnesota’s water quality standard
for turbidity is exceeded; however, regions underlain with fine-grained lacustrine deposits yield large natural background
loads of suspended inorganic sediment. A review of hydrogeologic pathways was conducted along with the statistical analysis
of geomorphic metrics, collected at 15 sites with varying drainage areas in the upper Nemadji River basin, northeastern Minnesota.
Regression analysis indicated a strong linkage between bankfull cross-sectional area and drainage area. Dimensionless geomorphic
metric ratios were developed to predict channel evolution potential and associated channel erosion risk. Sites located in
drainage areas less than 2 km2 had low erosion risk and showed a correlation between channel slope and relative roughness (D
84/mean bankfull channel depth, 88%). A principal components analysis explained over 98% of the variance between sites and indicated
five important channel shape metrics to predict channel erosion: bankfull width, bankfull depth, maximum depth, cross-sectional
area, and valley beltwidth. Mass wasting of cohesive stream channel sediment was influenced by groundwater discharge and produced
turbid waters in the upper Nemadji River. 相似文献
2.
Changes in Geomorphic characteristics in the lower reaches of the Gongola River channel following construction of Kiri dam have been investigated. The study focused on changes in the channel bankfull width and of riverbed width after the control of the river flow, variation in discharge characteristics between pre- and post- dam periods and the impact of discharge variation on post- dam river channel. Results of the analysis revealed that the main effect of the impoundment of the Gongola channel is a drastic decrease in flood peaks below the reservoir by 11.5% (from 1,420 m3/sec to 1,256 m3/sec). The low flows have on the other hand increased by 268% (from 5.7 m3/sec to 21 m3/sec). The resultant effect of decrease in the discharge was reduction in the channel bankfull and riverbed widths by 38.3% and 72.2% respectively. Also, the post- dam channel became less sinuous and braided in some of the reaches downstream. Discharges of high peaks were found during the period of maximum precipitation (June to September) whereas low discharges were recorded during the period of minimum or no precipitation (December to May). Some of the observed implications of the flow control on the geometric variables were reduction in the overall channel width, concave bank erosion and emergence of vegetation in some of the reaches. 相似文献
3.
Low, nearly continuous terraces of similar age are present along streams in drainage basins that range in size from Drift Creek (190 km2) to the Umpqua River (11,800 km2) in the Oregon Coast Range. Radiocarbon ages from near the bose of fluvial sediments underlying these terraces are clustered at about 9000-11,000 14C yr B.P. Beveled bedrock surfaces (straths) that underlie the fluvial sediments are 1-8 m above summer stream levels and are present along most of the nontidal reaches of the rivers that we studied. Where exposed, the bedrock straths are overlain by 2-11 m of fluvial sediment that consists of a bottom-stratum (channel) facies of sandy pebble-cobble gravel and a top-stratum (overbank) facies of sandy silt or silt. Eight radiocarbon ages from the fluvial sediments allow correlation of the lowest continuous terrace over a wide area and thus indicate that a regional aggradation episode occurred in Coast Range drainage basins during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition. The cause of such widespread aggradation is unknown but may be related to climate-induced changes in the frequency of evacuation of colluvium from hollows, which are common in all drainage basins in the region. 相似文献
4.
《Applied Geochemistry》2005,20(2):241-254
The hydrochemistry in the largest polder of the Oder River, named Oderbruch, is affected by long-term infiltration of water from the Oder into the aquifer below an alluvial loamy top layer of the polder. These exceptional hydraulic conditions are a result of dyke constructions which were built more than 250 a ago. The objective of this investigation is a better understanding and a characterisation of the contact zone between the anaerobic groundwater and the surface water of a vast drainage system. Induced by changing water levels, different hydraulic conditions occur, which strongly influence the hydrochemistry of the shallow aquifer and therefore the natural sink function of the polder area.Field investigations with a hydrochemical and hydraulic characterisation of selected drainage ditch locations show considerable chemical interactions between groundwater and surface water. Depending on the drainage ditch type, which is defined by the hydraulic situation, the redox processes create a chemical gradient combined with a distinct enrichment of Fe and Mn. The source of the high amounts of Fe and Mn in the groundwater are reduced Fe- and Mn-hydroxides from the aquifer sediments.Under exfiltrating conditions interrupted by dry phases, more than 50 g kg−1 Fe and 0.25 g kg−1 Mn have accumulated in the drainage ditch floor sediments since the construction of the drainage ditches 35 a ago. The results show a very effective fixation of trace metals in the drainage ditch sediments under these conditions. Under permanent exfiltration conditions, the enrichment of Fe and Mn is relatively low. The maximum Fe content was 4 g kg−1 sediment and the Mn content reached only 0.4 g kg−1. This is less than 10% of the mobile Fe2+ and less than 1% of the Mn2+ which migrates from the aquifer into the surface water. 相似文献
5.
The importance of polluted alluvial soils as a potential diffuse source of heavy metals was investigated in a catchment of
the Matylda stream affected by an abandoned lead and zinc ore mine in Upper Silesia, southern Poland. This was attempted by
means of standard groundwater analyses performed together with measurements of Cd, Pb, Zn, Fe and Mn concentrations in soil
and groundwater. The Matylda stream, receiving mine water, was converted in the 20th century into a straight channel directed
in its middle reach over the valley bottom. This changed the drainage direction of the Matylda stream water. During mining
operations, groundwater seepage, combined with surface drainage by shallow ditches caused pollution of sandy soils exceeding
over 100 mg/kg of Cd, 24% of Zn and 4% of Pb at surface or subsurface soil horizons, and reaching at least 60 cm in depth.
After mine closure in the 1970s, the network of ditches appears to be a source of Ca, Mg, chlorides, carbonates and nitrates,
as indicated by the more or less regular increase of these major ion concentrations in groundwater down ditches. Whereas,
the ditches are a sink rather than a source of zinc, cadmium and lead in permanently dry reaches, or transition zones in reaches
with surface water flowing periodically. The metal concentrations and distribution in soil and groundwater suggest the slow
mobilization of heavy metals stored in the valley bottom and the minor importance of soil as a diffuse source for surface
water pollution. 相似文献
6.
The present paper deals with morphometric analysis of Koshalya-Jhajhara (K-J) watershed, tributaries of Ghaggar in northwestern India. The area forms a rugged topography having elevation range from 399 m to 1810 m MSL. Aster DEM and SOI toposheets have been used to calculate various parameters using Geographic Information System (GIS). Linear, areal and relief aspects for morphometric analysis were calculated using GIS. Total number of streams in the watershed are 991 out of which 543 are of 1st order, 259 are of 2nd order, 124 are of 3rd order, 58 are of 4th order and only 7 are of 5th order. The order of stream determines the chances of flood in the stream. Higher the stream order more the probabilities of flood. The present paper indicates that K-J watershed is of 5th order and less elongated in shape having lower peak flows of longer duration with dendritic pattern and having fine drainage texture. Bifurcation ratio varies from 3 to 5 which indicate that geological structures don’t have dominant influence on drainage pattern. High slope is witnessed in NE part and low slope in SW part with very low gradient ratio. Variables like stream frequency and drainage density determines the volume of the water discharge and its speed of flow in the river channels. Higher the stream frequency and drainage density more will be the probability of floods. These variables also effects temporal variations in the speed at which the water flows in the stream when flood reaches its peak. 相似文献
7.
黄河下游辫状、弯曲和顺直河段间沉积动力特征比较 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
黄河下游沿程出现了辫状、弯曲和顺直河型段,河道平面形态的差异势必受到不同的沉积动力特征的制约。本研究根据对收集到的有关实测资料的统计和计算,对可以表征河道沉积动力特征的相关指标进行了量化分析,发现不同河型段间的沉积动力特征存在明显差别。河道比降在辫状河段最大,介于0.2‰~0.14‰之间;弯曲河段的次之,介于0.14‰~0.10‰之间;顺直河段的小于0.10‰。平滩流量时的流速在辫状河段的较大,不同年份间的变幅较大;弯曲河段的次之,不同年份间的变幅较小;顺直河段的最小,不同年份间的变幅不大,并向下游显著减小。单位河长能耗率在辫状河段最大,弯曲河段次之,顺直河段的最小,其间的比值为2.31∶〖KG-*2〗1.35∶1。单位面积能耗率在辫状河段最小,弯曲河段最大,顺直河段次之,其间的比值为0.52∶〖KG-*2〗1.18∶〖KG-*2〗1。河床沉积物粒度较细,并普遍缺失推移质组分,中值粒度在辫状河段、弯曲河段和顺直河段分别为3.0、3.2、3.67;河床沉积物的分选性也依次变好。受制于上述相关沉积动力特性,河床沉积速率在不同河型段有明显差别:中大流量时,辫状河段的最小,弯曲河段的最大,顺直河段的次之;在小流量时,三个河型段的河床沉积速率非常接近,但沿程略有减小。另外,辫状河段河床沉积速率明显依赖于流量的变化,且随流量的增大而明显减小。 相似文献
8.
《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(7-8):1067-1090
OverallThis work is presented in two parts. Part I presents observations on the coupling between subglacial channel flow and groundwater flow in determining subglacial hydraulic regime and creating eskers from an Icelandic glacier that is suggested as an analogue for many parts of Pleistocene ice sheets. Part II develops a theory of perennial subglacial stream flow and the origin of esker systems, and models the evolution of the subglacial stream system and associated groundwater flow in a glacier of the type described in Part I. It is suggested that groundwater flow may be the predominant mechanism whereby meltwater at the glacier bed finds its way to the major subglacial streams that discharge water to glacier margins.Part IBoreholes drilled through an Icelandic glacier into an underlying till and aquifer system have been used to measure variations in head in the vicinity of a perennial subglacial stream tunnel during late summer and early winter. They reveal a subglacial groundwater catchment that is drained by a subglacial stream along its axis. The stream tunnel is characterised by low water pressures, and acts as a drain for the groundwater catchment, so that groundwater flow is predominantly transverse to ice flow, towards the channel.These perennial streams flow both in summer and winter. Their portals have lain along the same axes for the 5 km of retreat that has occurred since the end of the Little Ice Age, 100 years ago, suggesting that the groundwater catchments have been relatively stable for at least this period. In the winter season, stream discharges are largely derived from basal melting, but during summer, water derived from the glacier surface finds its way, via fractures and moulins, to the glacier bed, where it dominates the meltwater flux. Additional subglacial streams are created in summer to help drain this greater flux from beneath the glacier, through poorly integrated and unstable networks. Summer streams cease to flow during winter and tend not to form in the same places in the following summer. Perennial streams are the stable component of the system and are the main sources of extensive esker systems.Strong flow of groundwater towards low-pressure areas along channels and the ice margin is a source of major upwelling that can produce sediment liquefaction and instability. A theory is developed to show how this could have a major effect on subglacial sedimentary processes. 相似文献
9.
农田排水沟渠作为农业景观中重要的景观单元,能够调节农田生态系统水分平衡,改变流域水文情势。农田养分可以随排水过程迅速流失,也可以通过沉淀与吸附机制被农田沟渠所截留或者通过植物吸收后收割与反硝化去除等机制脱离农田生态系统。作为农田生态系统边缘的交错带,农田排水沟渠较高的植物多样性可以提供动物栖息地和避难场所,增加农田生态系统生物多样性。清淤、收割和控制排水等管理措施对于农田排水沟渠的环境效应和生态服务功能有着不同的影响。今后应加强从多个学科研究农田排水沟渠的环境效应和生态功能,探索生态排水沟渠的构建和管理技术,实现农田排水沟渠水利功能和生态功能的"双赢"。 相似文献
10.
Predictive simulation of three exploitation schemes for the brines in the Bieletan section of the Charham Salt Lake, China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Zhou Xun Fang Bin Chen Mingyou Zhao Liang Zhang Hua Shen Ye 《Environmental Geology》2006,49(7):1021-1033
Potassium-rich halite ores and brines occur in the Charham Salt Lake area in the Chaidam Basin in northwest China. The mean
14.3 g/l of potassium in the brines in the near-surface halite aquifer makes the Charham Salt Lake an important base for production
of potassium fertilizer in China. About 30×104 m3/day of brines has been pumped from the current ditches in the Bieletan section in the west of the area, creating a cone of
depression in the water table near the ditch system. A two-dimensional mathematic model describing the flow of the brines
is established to predict the changes in the water table. The flow domain was discretized into 1,185 triangular elements with
641 nodes. Data of brine production through pumping ditches from November 2002 to August 2003 were used to identify the model.
The developed model can be employed to predict the exploitation regimes caused by three proposed exploitation schemes A, B
and C. A withdrawal rate of 22.67×104 m3/day of brines is pumped through the current ditch system in scheme A and through the current ditch system plus 16 wells in
scheme B. The results of the 5 years predictive simulation for schemes A and B indicate that these rates will cause a normal
fall in water table in the pumping period of 9 months and a rise in water table in the recovery period of 3 months in each
of the 5 years, with one depression cone near the current ditches in scheme A and two depression cones near the current ditches
and the proposed wells in scheme B. In scheme C three more ditch systems are proposed to be excavated in the northeast, northwest
and southwest of the Bieletan section and brines are pumped through each of the four ditch systems in turn for 1 year in every
4 years. The predictive simulation results of scheme C suggest that normal changes in the water table will also be expected
and a continual increasing or decreasing trend in the water table will not be encountered in a 12-year period of prediction.
The water table near each of the four ditch systems will recover sufficiently after a 39-month recovery. 相似文献
11.
The Burdekin River is an example of a class of tropical streams which experience two to four orders of magnitude variation in discharge, in response to seasonal but erratic monsoonal rainfall. Floods of the Burdekin rise abruptly, reaching peak discharges of up to 40,000 m3 s-1 in less than 24 h; maintain peak flow for up to a few days, and recede exponentially. The geomorphology and deposits of these rivers reflect the extreme discharge fluctuations, and have not previously been described. A stretch of the upper Burdekin River comprising four bends and one straight reach was examined near the town of Charters Towers. The river bed is largely exposed for most of any year, with a small, misfit perennial channel carrying low stage flow. Major geomorphic elements of bends include point bars with ridge-and-swale topography, three distinct types of chute channels, avalanche slipfaces up to 5 m or more high around the downstream edges of bars, and on the outer part of one point bar an elevated, vegetated ridge. Straight reaches are flat or gently inclined, sand- and gravel-covered surfaces. Much of the river bed is covered by well sorted, in places gravelly, coarse to very coarse-grained sand with local accumulations of pebble to boulder gravel. Lower parts of the river bed are periodically draped by mud which is desiccated on exposure. Dunes and plane beds are the most commonly occurring bedforms, with local development of gravelly antidunes. Most bank tops and upper, vegetated bars are covered by silt and fine-grained sand. The river bed also hosts a low-diversity but locally high-abundance, flood-tolerant flora dominated by the paperbark tree Melaleuca argentea, which plays an important role in controlling the distribution of sediment. The gross geomorphology of the river bed and most of the sedimentary features are interpreted as having formed during major (bankfull or near bankfull) flows, which have a recurrence of about 18 years (based on 65 years hydrographic data). The initial rapid drop in discharge following flood peaks appears to preserve flood peak features on upper bars more or less intact, whereas lower areas are subjected to variable degrees of modification during falling stage and by more frequent, non-bankfull discharge events. 相似文献
12.
Stephen B. Bradley 《Geoarchaeology》1990,5(1):29-41
The remnants of former tin-streaming channels on the North Teign River, Dartmoor have been investigated using techniques adopted from palaeohydrology, sedimentology, and environmental chemistry. the pattern of multiple streaming channels in the lower reaches, and a single channel in the upper reaches coincides with a reduction of potential stream power from 250 Wm−2 at a drainage area of 8.7 km2. the streaming sections were engineered to maximize the efficiency to separate cassiterite (SnO2) from its gravel matrix, and the palaeohydraulic properties of channels suggests that sorting was most efficient for the sand and fine gravel size ranges. This was confirmed when the residual tin content of streaming-sediments was assessed. Residual levels of tin were found only in the silt fraction (<63 μm). 相似文献
13.
Discharge estimation from planform characters of the Shedhi River, Gujarat alluvial plain: Present and past 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Alpa Sridhar 《Journal of Earth System Science》2007,116(4):341-346
In the absence of long-term hydrologic and streamflow records an understanding of river morphology (present and past) can
help delineate changes in magnitudes of water and sediment discharges. The relict drainage system of Gujarat alluvial plain
provides an opportunity to reconstruct the palaeochannel morphology-related discharge estimations. In this paper, based on
the geomorphological evidence and channel geometry, an attempt has been made to reconstruct the palaeohydrological condition
in the Shedhi River during the Holocene. A comparison of the present day channel of the Shedhi River with that of its palaeo
counterpart reveals that the former was carrying much higher bankfull discharge (∼5500m3 s−1) as compared to the present (∼200m3 s−1). This is attributed to a larger drainage area and enhanced precipitation in the Shedhi River basin. 相似文献
14.
上宫构造蚀变岩型金矿床地质特征及化探找金经验 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
上宫金矿位于河南省西部熊耳山北麓,在该区1 020 km2范围内进行了1:5万的地球化学水系沉积物测量,按水系划分取样单元,取样本着"小沟多取,支流放稀,大河不管"的原则进行。本次水系沉积物测量的特点是:取样少,控制面积大,速度快,省钱、省人、省物,找矿效果好、经济效益好。本区水系沉积物测量中所发现的金异常,后经异常检查、地质普查评价及钻探验证,确定为一大型构造蚀变岩型金矿床。 相似文献
15.
晚新生代以来发育岷山构造带内部的岷江水系流域盆地,无论是流域盆地内的新生代沉积记录,还是其流域地貌所呈现的典型特征,都深刻指示了青藏高原东缘地区的新构造活动。文章基于数字高程模型(DEM)数据空间分析技术,利用最新获取的高精度SRTM-DEM数据,系统提取了岷江水系中上游流域汇水盆地以及67个亚流域盆地的典型地貌参数,如流域面积、河流长度、分支比等。通过对流域地貌参数以及纵向河道高程剖面等的统计分析,认为岷江水系东西两侧具有截然不同的地貌特征,东侧流域盆地主要表现为面积小、河流长度短、分支比低以及河流梯度大等特征。由于岷江水系东西两侧地层岩性的对称发育以及整个岷江流域盆地对气候因素具有同一的响应特征,所以亚流域盆地典型参数特征指示了岷江水系两侧晚新生代构造活动的差异性,反映并印证了岷江断裂东西两侧晚新生代以来的不均衡抬升。晚新生代以来岷山构造带的快速隆起以及龙门山构造带内部差异活动是造成岷江水系东侧各支流发育程度低,东西两侧亚流域差异地貌特征形成的主要原因。 相似文献
16.
针对近期荆江段河槽形态的显著调整,定量研究了三峡工程运用对其造成的影响。计算了2002—2013年该河段断面及河段尺度的平滩河槽形态参数,并建立这些参数与宜昌站汛期水流冲刷强度的经验关系。还原了在无三峡工程时宜昌站的水沙数据,计算了相应的河槽形态参数,分析了有、无三峡工程时荆江段河槽形态调整的差异。计算结果表明:三峡工程运用后近期荆江段平均河床比降略有调平,河段平滩水深逐年增加,但平滩河宽变化较小,使得河相系数减少6.7%~10.3%;无三峡工程时平滩河槽形态调整较缓,河段平滩水深及面积的增幅分别仅占有三峡工程时的16%和18%。故三峡工程运用没有改变近期荆江段河槽形态趋于窄深的调整趋势,但一定程度上加快了调整过程。 相似文献
17.
Much of the topography of Korea is ancient, but many Quaternary fault outcrops and marine terraces have been observed in the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula. Sufficient evidence of a Quaternary fault is lacking in the geological features of the commercially developed Jukbyun and Uljin areas. Knickpoints that develop on streams can be formed by tectonic activity such as faulting and folding, or can result simply from the differential erosion rates of bedrock. In this study, we investigated the relationship between stream steepness and faults in the Jukbyun area. Stream profile analyses of the Bugu and Namdae basins were performed using a digital elevation model to estimate Quaternary tectonic movements. Stream parameters obtained from analysis of the longitudinal stream profiles of the Bugu and Namdae drainage basins in the northeastern part of the Korean Peninsula indicated neotectonic movement. Thirty of the thirty-nine knickpoints that developed in the downstream areas of the fluvial channels corresponded to fault zones. It is thought that fault activity results in knickpoints in river systems. The normalized relative slope (Ksn) value (54.9) of the BS1 stream in the Bugu drainage basin was higher than that (28.8–36.3) of the other streams in both basins, despite a similar lithology to NS1 and NS2. Therefore, we concluded that stream steepness might be a result of tectonic forcing rather than a product of rock strength in the study area and that stream parameters could provide indirect evidence of Quaternary tectonics in ancient landforms. 相似文献
18.
Yasuo Shimano 《Environmental Geology》1992,20(1):5-14
This research is to analyze the composition of stream networks of drainage basins in Japan and to discuss the characteristics of drainage basins in the Japanese Islands. Study areas were selected for 180 drainage basins in the entire country. In this study, a topographic map with a scale of 1:50,000 was used and inserted into the valley line by V-shaped-contour methods in each drainage basin. The streams are ordered according to Strahler's system and measured by the stream number, stream length, stream slope, drainage area, and stream fall in each drainage basin. Horton's law of drainage network composition holds good in most drainage basins in Japan. The average values of the bifurcation ratio, stream length ratio, stream slope ratio, drainage area ratio, and stream fall ratio are 4.24, 1.91, 1.98, 4.52, and 1.04, respectively. The mean bifurcation ratio of drainage basins in Japan is 4.24, and this ratio is slightly greater than in other countries. It is also greater than the theoretical value of 4.0. This implies that the slope of drainage basins in Japan is so steep and the relief energy so large that excess streams have developed to a rather marked degree. The average stream fall ratio is 1.04 for drainage basins in Japan. It suggests that drainage basins are generally considered to be in a stage of maturity in stream channel development for the Japanese Islands. The stream fall ratio, however, is slightly greater than 1.0. Although, the stream beds are nearly in dynamic equilibrium in most cases, it tends to be in a slightly aggrading state. 相似文献
19.
Pools,riffles, and channelization 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Edward A. Keller 《Environmental Geology》1978,2(2):119-127
The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting
of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects.
Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications.
Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel
width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization,
which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress.
Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony
and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation
of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools,
and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived
from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot
remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal
adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability. 相似文献
20.
Determination of potential mine water discharge zones in crystalline rocks at Rozna,Czech Republic 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Adam Ricka Tomas Kuchovsky Ondra Sracek Josef Zeman 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(6):1201-1213
The Rozna Mine is one of the last active uranium mines in Europe. When the mine is closed and flooded, the natural groundwater
flow pattern will be partly restored. Re-established groundwater flow system will be associated with an increase of groundwater
discharge into draining rivers and streams. Since the groundwater inflows to streams can be contaminated by the mine water,
the groundwater drainage characteristic of fractured aquifer should be carefully identified. Several methods of groundwater
discharge zones identification were used including morphological analysis, thermometry, and electrical conductivity (EC) measurements.
Stream temperatures and EC at more than 700 points in the area covering about 85 km2 were measured. The measurements were performed during winter period, when stream discharges were low and there was a maximum
temperature contrast. There was a frequent presence of preferential discharge zones with resulting anomalous temperatures
and electric conductivity values of stream water. The results show evident correlation of discharge zones with surface morphology
and geological settings. Just like the aquifer discharge characteristics, the aquifer is strongly heterogeneous. The thermometry
supported by measurement of EC proved to be a useful tool for large-scale investigation of groundwater flow and drainage in
fractured aquifers. 相似文献