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1.
中国西部干旱区生态景观制图的若干问题 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
制图方法是认识和揭示客观现象与过程的重要途径。生态景观制图作为专题制图学的一个重要方向,通过建立分类体系,制定分类方法,编制专题图件,可以反映自然要素和人为作用的特点,揭示生态景观要素的耦合关系。生态景观制图中专题要素的表现方式,制图过程的数据采集,制图单元的划分,制图的模式选择,以及遥感、GIS与数字制图手段的应用,是十旱Ⅸ景观生态制图的关键问题。生态景观制图巾的地图信息理论、地图模式论、地图分析理论、地图要素综合理论、制冈工艺学等的发展,对于开拓资源环境制图学的新领域具有理论价值,并对生态规划与生态建设具有重要促进作用。 相似文献
2.
Boyan Brodaric 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(2):265-281
Evaluation of the utility of a geologic map can require understanding of its knowledge evolution. In such cases, online usage further requires machine representation of both the knowledge and the evolution. To meet these needs, an informal structure is developed here that involves the interaction of the three reasoning forms of abduction, induction, and deduction. Empirical results are presented that support the structure, and a foundational ontology for science knowledge is adapted to represent the structure. These results lead to a new understanding of the role of the three reasoning forms in geologic mapping and constitute a new approach to the machine representation of geologic knowledge evolution. The approach also has potential to characterize the mapping of many types of geographic regions. 相似文献
3.
中国电子地图发展中的可视化问题 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
1IntroductionSpatial data can be visualized and explored in various ways. Developments in hardware and software have led to and will surely continue to stimulate novel methods for visualizing spatial data and creation of electronic atlas information syste… 相似文献
4.
In this paper, we discuss the development of electronic atlas in China, with focus on the issues of visualization. We particularly categorise this development into four periods, and then analyse the characters in each period and discuss the visualization issues. The four periods are highlighted: 1) Infant period (<1990) characterized as computer assisted mapping with products of screen maps; 2) Starting period (1991-1995) characterized as object-oriented mapping with products of interactive maps/atlases; 3) Advancing period (1996-2000) characterized as integrated mapping with products of multimedia cartographic maps; 4) New era (> 2001) characterized as web mapping and adaptive map design with products of Internet maps and atlas as well as adaptive maps. It is obvious that the development follows the logical way from static to dynamic, and even real time visualization, from single user to multiple users, from presentation to exploration for effective communication and knowledge construction. Current research and development projects are focused on customisation of atlas information systems for real-time tasks, Internet operability, small displays and mobile environments. The major challenges involved in each of such customisation processes are identified and commented in relation to the further development of visualization. 相似文献
5.
基于MGE的数字地图制图系统若干关键技术 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文在综述数字地图技术功能、特征、发展现状的基础上,介绍了ＭＧＥ数字地图制图系统的体系结构、技术流程和特点,进而从地图数据输入/数字化技术(包括地图的扫描输入、数字影像数据的输入处理、航摄资料的立体数字化、地图/ＧＩＳ数据库的提取４种)、地图色彩库和符号库的制作、地图组版和分色制版关键技术(分为一般地图、影像地图、图－文－图片混排地图等几种类型地图的组版和分色制版,以及一些特殊制图效果的实现技术等)、印刷地图与电子地图的互相转换等方面阐述了基于ＭＧＥ的数字地图制图系统的若干关键技术问题。这些技术对于数字地图环境的地图设计、编辑、印前处理等许多方面都有参考作用。最后,本文对于数字地图一体化的技术进行了展望。 相似文献
6.
WILLIAM DE GENST FRANK CANTERS WOLFGANG JACQUET SOPHIE VERMEERSCH 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(6):591-614
In this article a technique is presented to estimate the proportions of different map categories in a series of heterogeneous mapping units, using information on the degree of spatial correlation with other categorical data. The technique has been applied to decompose ecotope complexes in a categorical map of the biotic environment in Flanders, using secondary information on land cover and soil type. Because the conditional probability of an ecotope occurring given a certain soil type depends on the frequency with which the ecotope occurs in an area, determining the probability of occurrence of an ecotope from the conditional probabilities can lead to predictions that contradict prior knowledge about the composition of the different mapping units. A measure expressing the affinity of an ecotope for a soil type is proposed and is used as an alternative to conditional probability in the estimation procedure. The proposed method has been tested in a study area for which detailed field observations were collected, and proves to work well if reliable a priori knowledge about the composition of complex mapping units is available. 相似文献
7.
生态环境遥感综合系列制图方法 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
提出生态环境遥感综合系列制图方法, 采用GPS、RS、GIS相结合, 在野外综合考察与遥感影像综合判读的基础上, 利用GPS定位和GIS数据采集、分析与处理的方法技术, 在室内先生成综合性的生态环境单元轮廓界线图, 并列表记录其类型及其编码, 然后自动演绎派生出生态环境类型图及各要素专题地图。全文包括三个部分:1生态环境遥感综合系列制图的科学依据与基本方法;2生态环境遥感综合系列制图的具体方法和步骤;3结论。该方法不仅保证了生态环境综合系列地图的统一协调和科学质量, 而且大大加快了成图速度, 使系列地图更好地反映生态环境各要素之间的相互联系, 便于各地图的比较分析与综合评价, 尤其为生态环境信息系统和其他地理信息系统基本单元及其数据库的建立提供了最有效的方法。 相似文献
8.
Sociospatial information is critical to marine and coastal ecosystem management. The Hawaii Coastal Uses Mapping Project used a participatory geographic information systems (PGIS) methodology to gather local knowledge regarding the location and intensity of coastal human activities in Hawaii's priority sites for coral reef management. PGIS provided an efficient and effective means of obtaining information in a data-poor context, particularly at a scale and location where considerable local knowledge is held by community members and resource users. We detail the PGIS methods developed to collect sociospatial data on human uses in the project regions and discuss important considerations regarding the practice of PGIS that emerged from the mapping process, as well as implications for the production and documentation of spatial knowledge. Key themes include: issues of scale and appropriateness in using PGIS as a method for mapping human coastal and marine activities; data validity, authority, and the nature of local knowledge; community trust, engagement, and collaboration; and utility for coral reef management. While several factors limit local agencies' ability to use this spatial information to date, natural resource managers found the participatory mapping process to be highly valuable for stakeholder identification and engagement, and the maps provide a resource to state and federal managers to better understand the human implications of future management scenarios. 相似文献
9.
1∶35万《库姆塔格沙漠地貌图》的编制 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
沙漠地貌图是认识和研究沙漠的基础图件,编制《库姆塔格沙漠地貌图》是国家科技基础性工作专项“库姆塔格沙漠综合科学考察”内容之一。本文全面总结了《库姆塔格沙漠地貌图》编制的思路和技术。考虑到库姆塔格沙漠地貌类型、分布规律及其形成和演变的需要,以及印刷纸张规格的限定,《库姆塔格沙漠地貌图》比例尺确定为1∶35万。选用的地理基础底图为20世纪70年代的1∶25万地形图,并以1∶10万地形图上作等高线和其他重要地理内容的补充。专题内容以2000—2007年的TM卫星数据为主,部分细节内容以Google Earth影像资料作补充。地貌图专题内容包含地貌类型、高度以及活动性等3层信息。地貌类型包括风成地貌、流水地貌、干燥剥蚀地貌、冰川冰缘地貌以及其他地貌等5大类,其中风成地貌是《库姆塔格沙漠地貌图》重点展示的内容。风沙地貌共分为13种类型,以符号表示,沙丘高度通过分层设色表示,用箭头符号表示沙丘移动方向。为了真实反映沙丘类型及其排列规律,本图对主要沙丘（高度一般大于10 m）都是准确定位描绘,而由于制图比例尺的限制,对一些次要沙丘（高度一般小于10 m）未作定位描绘,仅作示意。由于库姆塔格沙漠发育于阿尔金山北麓的倾斜洪积平原上,所以,洪积扇和干河道也是本图重点反映的内容。《库姆塔格沙漠地貌图》尽量应用现代计算机制图和数字化技术,对可以数字化的信息全部数字化。本图为研究库姆塔格沙漠提供了丰富信息。 相似文献
10.
中国天山是我国积雪丰富、雪崩频繁、灾害性雪崩又具明显周期性的山地。作者以雪崩制图的非变化因素(地形形态)为主,提出了中国天山积雪站区雪崩路径分布图与雪崩分带(区划)图,并作了概略说明。这为当地的土地合理利用、山区道路与矿山建设、雪崩治理提供了科学依据。 相似文献
11.
《The Journal of geography》2012,111(2):368-374
Abstract Cartographic research has long suggested that preschool and early elementary children possess advanced mapping behaviors in terms of interpreting, making, and using locational and wayfinding maps. To improve instruction in geographic concepts, it is necessary to see if these advanced mapping behaviors apply to thematic or special purpose maps as well, as an understanding of these types of maps is integral to the five fundamental themes of geography. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the thematic mapping abilities of second-grade students. Students viewed maps at the neighborhood, city, and national scales displaying different types of symbolization and presented in a random order. Results indicated that the map tasks were appropriate for this age level, and a statistical test of reaction times did not identify a best symbol type or scale, as all were appropriate for this age level. Responses to discussion questions indicated the students also have the ability to describe spatial patterns. The interpretation of quantitative information on maps is within the ability level of second grade students, and materials currently used in second grade should be revised to include these maps. 相似文献
12.
13.
地球信息综合制图的基本原则和方法 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
论述地球信息综合制图的内涵与意义、理论依据、基本环节;阐述了单幅综合地图、综合系列地图与综合地图集的不同表现形式、设计原则与制图方法;论述了综合制图的统一协调的原则与方法,重点阐明了分类分级与图例和轮廓界线等科学内容方面的统一协调,以及其他统一协调的方法与措施,最后分析了在计算机制图与ＧＩＳ环境下综合制图在科学与技术方面的新发展。 相似文献
14.
新疆的黄土地貌及其遥感判读具有不同于我国黄土高原地区的一些特点。根据参与“中国1∶1 000 000数字地貌制图（新疆片）”项目工作的实践和体会,从黄土地貌区的位置、色调与色彩、大小、形状、阴影、水系和纹理、植被和土壤、相关体、相关资料和野外经验等方面总结了7项关于新疆黄土地貌的遥感判读依据,并归纳了新疆黄土地貌与风沙、干燥、流水、冰缘、雅丹等地貌类型之间以及与部分特殊情况之间的一些鉴别特征。结果可为新疆未来的地貌制图及相关的科研与教学工作提供参考。 相似文献
15.
DAVID RHIND 《The Geographical journal》2000,166(4):295-305
The vast bulk of topographic mapping - the geographical framework used to underpin many activities of the state and of business - has been created and is maintained to national standards. As a consequence, what is available differs greatly from country to country. Yet there is a range of needs for globally-consistent map information. Such needs have long been recognized: the International Map of the World was an attempt to meet them. A multiplicity of factors has constrained the National Mapping Organizations from meeting this aim. However, new technologies have enhanced our capacity to create a geographical framework almost anywhere in the world. Using such technologies, commercial and other non-commercial bodies (e.g. the US military and its counterparts within NATO) have begun to produce wide-area geographical information. This paper describes the nature of the need for global mapping, the players involved and the drivers and obstacles to progress. It proposes a rapid way to enhance the current situation through public/private sector partnerships based on a combination of skills, information assets and resources. If implemented, this could lead to global coverage of a framework derived from 1:25000 scale mapping within about two years. 相似文献
16.
Yao Yao Xia Li Jinbao Zhang Zhaotang Liang Ke Mai 《International journal of geographical information science》2017,31(6):1220-1244
Fine-scale population distribution data at the building level play an essential role in numerous fields, for example urban planning and disaster prevention. The rapid technological development of remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) in recent decades has benefited numerous population distribution mapping studies. However, most of these studies focused on global population and environmental changes; few considered fine-scale population mapping at the local scale, largely because of a lack of reliable data and models. As geospatial big data booms, Internet-collected volunteered geographic information (VGI) can now be used to solve this problem. This article establishes a novel framework to map urban population distributions at the building scale by integrating multisource geospatial big data, which is essential for the fine-scale mapping of population distributions. First, Baidu points-of-interest (POIs) and real-time Tencent user densities (RTUD) are analyzed by using a random forest algorithm to down-scale the street-level population distribution to the grid level. Then, we design an effective iterative building-population gravity model to map population distributions at the building level. Meanwhile, we introduce a densely inhabited index (DII), generated by the proposed gravity model, which can be used to estimate the degree of residential crowding. According to a comparison with official community-level census data and the results of previous population mapping methods, our method exhibits the best accuracy (Pearson R = .8615, RMSE = 663.3250, p < .0001). The produced fine-scale population map can offer a more thorough understanding of inner city population distributions, which can thus help policy makers optimize the allocation of resources. 相似文献
17.
Bin Jiang 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(1):159-174
A fractal can be simply understood as a set or pattern in which there are far more small things than large ones, for example, far more small geographic features than large ones on the earth surface, or far more large-scale maps than small-scale maps for a geographic region. This article attempts to argue and provide evidence for the fractal nature of maps and mapping. It is the underlying fractal structure of geographic features, either natural or man-made, that make reality mappable, large-scale maps generalizable, and cities imageable. The fractal nature is also what underlies the beauty of maps. After introducing some key fractal concepts such as recursion, self-similarity, scaling ratio, and scaling exponent, this article demonstrates that fractal thought is rooted in long-standing map-making practices such as series maps subdivision, visual hierarchy, and Töpfer’s radical law. Drawing on previous studies on head/tail breaks, mapping can be considered a head/tail breaks process; that is to divide things around an average, according to their geometric, topological and/or semantic properties, into the head (for those above the average) and the tail (for those below the average), and recursively continue the dividing process for the head for map generalization, statistical mapping, and cognitive mapping. Given the fractal nature of maps and mapping, cartography should be considered a perfect combination of science and art, and scaling must be formulated as a law of cartography or that of geography in general. 相似文献
18.
Estimates of numbers of undiscovered mineral deposits, fundamental to assessing mineral resources, are affected by map scale.
Where consistently defined deposits of a particular type are estimated, spatial and frequency distributions of deposits are
linked in that some frequency distributions can be generated by processes randomly in space whereas others are generated by
processes suggesting clustering in space. Possible spatial distributions of mineral deposits and their related frequency distributions
are affected by map scale and associated inclusions of non-permissive or covered geological settings. More generalized map
scales are more likely to cause inclusion of geologic settings that are not really permissive for the deposit type, or that
include unreported cover over permissive areas, resulting in the appearance of deposit clustering. Thus, overly generalized
map scales can cause deposits to appear clustered. We propose a model that captures the effects of map scale and the related
inclusion of non-permissive geologic settings on numbers of deposits estimates, the zero-inflated Poisson distribution. Effects
of map scale as represented by the zero-inflated Poisson distribution suggest that the appearance of deposit clustering should
diminish as mapping becomes more detailed because the number of inflated zeros would decrease with more detailed maps. Based
on observed worldwide relationships between map scale and areas permissive for deposit types, mapping at a scale with twice
the detail should cut permissive area size of a porphyry copper tract to 29% and a volcanic-hosted massive sulfide tract to
50% of their original sizes. Thus some direct benefits of mapping an area at a more detailed scale are indicated by significant
reductions in areas permissive for deposit types, increased deposit density and, as a consequence, reduced uncertainty in
the estimate of number of undiscovered deposits. Exploration enterprises benefit from reduced areas requiring detailed and
expensive exploration, and land-use planners benefit from reduced areas of concern. 相似文献
19.
土地类型系列制图的几个理论问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
实际存在的不同尺度地域分异规律是土地类型系列制图的客观基础。多种尺度制图构成的土地类型系列制图可以全面揭示区域土地类型的形成因素、分布规律和空间结构特征,也为不同层次土地规划管理之间的相互补充、协调提供了重要基础。 相似文献
20.
Heidrun A. Ullerud Anders Bryn Helle Skånes 《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2019,73(5):301-317
ABSTRACTThe abstract classification system Nature in Norway (NiN) has detailed ecological definitions of a high number of ecosystem units, but its applicability in practical vegetation mapping is unknown because it was not designed with a specific mapping method in mind. To investigate this further, two methods for mapping – 3D aerial photographic interpretation of colour infrared photos and field survey – were used to map comparable neighbouring sites of 1 km2 in Hvaler Municipality, south-eastern Norway. The classification accuracy of each method was evaluated using a consensus classification of 160 randomly distributed plots within the study sites. The results showed an overall classification accuracy of 62.5% for 3D aerial photographic interpretation and 82.5% for field survey. However, the accuracy varied for the ecosystem units mapped. The classification accuracy of ecosystem units in acidic, dry and open terrain was similar for both methods, whereas classification accuracy of calcareous units was highest using field survey. The mapping progress using 3D aerial photographic interpretation was more than two times faster than that of field survey. Based on the results, the authors recommend a method combining 3D aerial photographic interpretation and field survey to achieve effectively accurate mapping in practical applications of the NiN system. 相似文献