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1.
Empirical Relationships for Debris Flows 总被引：40，自引：10，他引：30
The assessment of the debris flow hazard potential has to rely on semi-quantitative methods. Due to the complexity of the debris-flow process, numerical simulation models of debris flows are still limited with regard to practical applications. Thus, an overview is given of empirical relationships that can be used to estimate the most important parameters of debris-flow behavior. In a possible procedure, an assessment of a maximum debris-flow volume may be followed by estimates of the peak discharge, the mean flow velocity, the total travel distance, and the runout distance on the fan. The applicability of several empirical equations is compared with available field and laboratory data, and scaling considerations are used to discuss the variability of the parameters over a large range of values. Some recommendations are made with regard to the application of the presented relationships by practicing engineers, apart from advocating field reconnaissance and searching for historic events wherever possible. 相似文献
2.
Simulation-based optimization methods have been recently proposed for calibrating geotechnical models from laboratory and field tests. In these methods, geotechnical parameters are identified by matching model predictions to experimental data, i.e. by minimizing an objective function that measures the difference between the two. Expensive computational models, such as finite difference or finite element models are often required to simulate laboratory or field geotechnical tests. In such cases, simulation-based optimization might prove demanding since every evaluation of the objective function requires a new model simulation until the optimum set of parameter values is achieved. This paper introduces a novel simulation-based “hybrid moving boundary particle swarm optimization” (hmPSO) algorithm that enables calibration of geotechnical models from laboratory or field data. The hmPSO has proven effective in searching for model parameter values and, unlike other optimization methods, does not require information about the gradient of the objective function. Serial and parallel implementations of hmPSO have been validated in this work against a number of benchmarks, including numerical tests, and a challenging geotechnical problem consisting of the calibration of a water infiltration model for unsaturated soils. The latter application demonstrates the potential of hmPSO for interpreting laboratory and field tests as well as a tool for general back-analysis of geotechnical case studies. 相似文献
3.
Ray Arunava Verma Harshal Bharati Ashutosh Kumar Rai Rajesh Koner Radhakanta Singh Trilok Nath 《Natural Hazards》2022,110(3):2303-2327
Debris flow has caused severe human casualties and economic losses in landslide-prone areas around the globe. A comprehensive understanding of the morphology and deposition mechanisms of debris flows is crucial to delineate the extent of a debris flow hazard. However, due to inherent complex field topography and varying compositions of the flowing debris, coupled with a lack of fundamental understanding about the factors controlling the geomaterial flow, interparticle interactions and its final settlement resulted in a limited understanding of the flow behaviour of the landslide debris. In this study, a physical model was set up in the laboratory to simulate and calibrate the debris flow using PFC, a distinct element modelling-based software. After calibration, a case study of the Varunavat landslide was taken to validate the developed numerical model. Following validation with an acceptable level of confidence, several models were generated to evaluate the effect of slope height, slope angle, slope profile, and grain size distribution of the dislodged geomaterial in the rheological properties of debris flow. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the landslide debris flow was performed. Finally, the utility of retaining wall and their effect on debris flow is also studied with different retaining wall positions along the slope surface.
相似文献4.
Debris-flow simulations on Cheekye River, British Columbia 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
Cheekye River fan is the best-studied fan complex in Canada. The desire to develop portions of the fan with urban housing triggered a series of studies to estimate debris-flow risk to future residents. A recent study (Jakob and Friele 2010) provided debris-flow frequency-volume and frequency-discharge data, spanning 20-year to 10,000-year return periods that form the basis for modeling of debris flows on Cheekye River. The numerical computer model FLO-2D was chosen as a modelling tool to predict likely flow paths and to estimate debris-flow intensities for a spectrum of debris-flow return periods. The model is calibrated with the so-called Garbage Dump debris flow that occurred some 900 years ago. Field evidence suggests that the Garbage Dump debris flow has a viscous flow phase that deposited a steep-sided debris plug high in organics in centre fan, which then deflected a low-viscosity afterflow that travelled to Squamish River with slowly diminishing flow depths. The realization of a two-phase flow led to a modelling approach in which the debris-flow hydrograph was split into a high viscosity and low viscosity phase that were modelled in chronologic sequence as two separate and independent modelling runs. A perfect simulation of the Garbage Dump debris flow with modelling is not possible because the exact topography at the time of the event is, to some degree, speculative. However, runout distance, debris deposition and deposit thickness are well known and serve as a good basis for calibration. Predictive analyses using the calibrated model parameters suggest that, under existing conditions, debris flows exceeding a 50-year return period are likely to avulse onto the southern fan sector, thereby damaging existing development and infrastructure. Debris flows of several thousand years return period would inundate large portions of the fan, sever Highway 99, CN Rail, and the Squamish Valley road and would impact existing housing development on the fan. These observations suggest a need for debris-flow mitigation for existing and future development alike. 相似文献
5.
Andrade S. Daniel Almeida Stefanie Saltos Emilia Pacheco Daniel Hernandez Stephen Acero Wilson 《Landslides》2022,19(3):747-759
Debris flows are hazardous phenomena occurring at volcanoes, and monitoring them has proved as challenging as imperative in several cases. The use of seismic instruments to measure and study the physical properties of debris flows has witnessed significant progress in the last years, with the use of improved sensors, innovative methodologies and high-resolution analysis. However, the application of such studies to the practical task of providing early warnings remains limited by the significant amount of infrastructural and technological resources commonly required for their deployment. In Ecuador, debris flows at volcanoes are detected by means of seismic instruments which are usually part of broader monitoring networks, thus requiring calibration to provide quantitative information about the flows and feed early-warning systems. In the present work, a theoretical approach based on the Buckingham Π-theorem is used to determine an expression that linearly correlates the seismic signal produced by a transiting debris flow with its discharge rate, for instruments installed in different substrata and at variable distances from the drainage. The expression is experimentally tested with Acoustic Flow Monitors and Broad-band seismometers installed in the vicinity of drainages at Tungurahua and Cotopaxi volcanoes, where actual debris flows occurred in relation to eruptive activity. The experiments consist in comparing the measured peak amplitude values of the seismic signal envelopes with the estimated peak discharge rates of several events. The results confirm the validity of the theoretical expression with linear correlations observed between the seismic amplitudes and the discharge rates, thus defining calibration expressions that can be generally applied to varied environments and instruments. The seismic instruments calibrated through this methodology can provide instantaneous and reliable predictions of debris flow discharge rates within less than an order of magnitude and only requiring limited data processing and storage. Such level of prediction could help to improve early warning systems based on seismic instruments installed in locations where more developed instrumental arrays are unavailable or unpractical.
相似文献6.
四川泸定县泥石流灾害成因、特征与防治建议 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
泸定县地处川西高原与四川盆地的过渡地带,地质环境条件复杂,分布泥石流沟127条,发育密度054条10km-2。在遥感解译和地面调查基础上,论述了泸定县泥石流灾害成因、发生特征、危害和发展趋势,提出了相关防治建议。(1)成因表现为复杂的断裂构造导致流域内松散物源丰富,较大的相对高差提供了良好势能条件,而汛期集中强降雨则提供了动能条件,且雨量条件中当日雨量与前期有效降雨量之间具有幂函数关系; (2)发生特征表现出典型的空间群发性(包括2005-06-30群发性泥石流、2005-08-11群发性泥石流和2006-07-14群发性泥石流)与时间的夜发性; (3)危害方式主要包括淤埋、冲毁、侵蚀、堵河4种,泥石流已造成74人死亡; (4)发展趋势表现为泥石流沟多处于形成期和发展期(113条,占89%),发生的年际准周期由20a缩短至不足10a,且发生条(次)由4条(次)增加至44条次(2005年); (5)泸定县泥石流防治的突出问题表现为城镇泥石流问题、泥石流堵塞主河问题、风景区泥石流问题与冲沟泥石流问题,建议通过科学规划、风险防御体系构建、土木工程治理、监测预警等措施予以防御。 相似文献
7.
In this paper, liquefied and laterally spreading soils triggered by seismic shaking are modeled as viscoplastic Bingham media characterized by two rheological parameters: the undrained residual shear strength and the Bingham viscosity coefficient. Since the precise evaluation of these two characteristics directly by appropriate in situ or laboratory experimental tests remains a very difficult task, an identification procedure is developed to assign numerically realistic values to both rheological characteristics from back-calculation of liquefaction-induced lateral spreading using centrifuge experiments. The proposed numerical procedure is applied successfully to two series of reported centrifuge tests where lateral displacements data during shaking were available. 相似文献
8.
在我国西部山区地震、地质活跃带,泥石流灾害对位于泥石流沟道、沟口等位置处的桥墩构成重大威胁。如何量化描述泥石流冲击桥墩的动力过程,是泥石流减灾领域拟要解决的一个重要科学问题。以泥石流灾害威胁成兰铁路沿线桥墩的工程背景为基础,依托大型泥石流模拟系统,进行多组室内大比例泥石流冲击桥墩物理模型试验。研究泥石流流速、流深以及流体特征参数与泥石流冲击压力的相关性。试验结果表明:冲击过程主要受到弗汝德数Fr和雷诺数Re两个无量纲数控制,稀性泥石流冲击压力主要控制参数为Fr,而对于黏性泥石流则同时有Fr和Re的影响;不论是对于峰值冲击力还是冲击功率谱,不同类型泥石流差别显著;在相同重度等条件下,稀性泥石流具有更大的冲击能量;此外,各种类型泥石流通过临界Fr线得到了本质上的区分。研究成果将为桥墩抗泥石流冲击结构设计提供技术支持及科学依据。 相似文献
9.
Aaron Micallef Douglas G. Masson Christian Berndt Dorrik A.V. Stow 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(5-6):433-448
The Storegga Slide, which occurred ～8100 years ago, is one of the world's largest and best studied exposed submarine landslides. In this study we use novel geomorphometric techniques to constrain the submarine mass movements that have shaped the north-eastern Storegga Slide, understand the link between different forms of failure, and propose a revised development model for this region. According to this model, the north-eastern part of the Storegga Slide has developed in four major events. The first event (event 1) was triggered in water depths of 1500–2000 m. In this event, the surface sediments were removed by debris flows and turbidity currents, and deposited in the Norwegian Sea Basin. Loading of the seabed by sediments mobilised by the debris flows and turbidity currents resulted in the development of an evacuation structure. Loss of support associated with this evacuation structure, reactivation of old headwalls and seismic loading activated spreading in the failure surface of event 1 up to the main headwall (event 2). In some areas, spreading blocks have undergone high displacement and remoulding. Parts of the spreading morphology and the underlying sediment have been deformed or removed by numerous debris flows and turbidity currents (event 3). We suggest that the higher displacement and remoulding of the spreading blocks, and their removal by debris flows and turbidity currents, was influenced by increased pore pressures, possibly due to gas hydrate dissolution/dissociation or by lateral variability in the deposition of contourite drifts in palaoeslide scars. The fourth event entailed a large, blocky debris flow that caused localised compression and transpressive shearing in the southern part of the spreading area. 相似文献
10.
柔性防护网是防治泥石流灾害的重要工程措施之一,现有防治结构以闭口防护网形式为主,易发生堵塞且调控能力欠佳。为此,提出一种开口柔性防护网结构,并基于理论分析、物理模型试验开展了开口柔性防护网对泥石流的调控性能研究,推导泥石流速度衰减率、爬升高度和柔性防护网拦挡率的理论公式。结果表明：与闭口柔性防护网结构相比,该结构起到了良好的自清洁作用,且可有效调控泥石流速度峰值;所推导的无量纲理论公式计算结果与物理试验结果具有较好的一致性;速度衰减率、爬升高度和拦挡率主要由相对开口高度、无量纲流深、泥石流相对密度和弗罗德数控制;速度衰减率和拦挡率与相对开口高度呈负相关,与泥石流相对密度呈正相关,爬升高度与相对开口高度、相对密度均呈负相关。上述研究可为开口柔性防护网在泥石流防治工程中的应用提供理论及技术支持。 相似文献
11.
由无黏粗颗粒与黏性泥浆组成的黏性碎屑流,其运动过程会产生不连续变形,基于连续介质假定的流体理论无法描述。根据散体材料理论,在考虑黏性泥浆影响情况下,以PFC3D为平台,编写黏性碎屑坡面运动数值模型试验程序,根据泥浆（成都黏土,密度1.413 g/cm3）室内拉伸试验和旋转剪切试验结果,设置数值模型参数,开展黏性碎屑流坡面运动数值模型试验,再现黏性碎屑坡面运动过程及运动过程中不连续变形现象,并通过同尺寸黏性碎屑坡面运动物理模型试验进行验证。结果表明：基于散体材料理论的PFC3D离散单元法能很好地再现黏性碎屑坡面运动过程及运动过程中不连续变形现象,为深入分析黏性泥浆介质影响下黏性碎屑坡面运动过程提供新的途径。 相似文献
12.
Numerical simulations of flow motion and deposition characteristics of granular debris flows 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Flow motion and deposition characteristics of debris flows are of concern regarding land use planning and management. A simple
model for the prediction of mentioned characteristics has been developed, incorporating a friction–collision rheological model.
It demonstrated to be able to satisfactorily simulate the two-dimensional behavior of laboratory results and the one-dimensional
behavior of two real debris-flow events. The numerical results show that the topography of the channel bed, the yield stress
level of the debris flows, and the inflow pattern have significant influence on the simulated flow motion and deposition characteristics
of debris flows. In addition, the predicted run-out distance has been compared with analytical solutions and field observations.
The model could be employed for the preliminary evaluation of one-dimensional run-out distance of granular debris flows provided
that the volume of the debris involved in the initial mobilization is assumed. 相似文献
13.
2011年贵州省望谟县打易镇的大范围浅层滑坡诱发的沟谷泥石流提供了研究这类泥石流地形和降雨条件的机会。在地质条件一致和小区域内的降雨条件基本一致的情况下,地形条件就是这些泥石流暴发与否的唯一决定因素。对比一些重要的地形因素与泥石流暴发的关系,得出了由流域面积、沟床纵比降和25°~45°山坡坡度面积比组成的泥石流综合地形因子T。在地形因子T的基础上,研究获得了由前期降雨量、1 h降雨强度、年平均降雨量等组成的降雨因子R。由地形因子T和降雨因子R获得的临界条件P可以判断该区域的泥石流暴发。由于研究工作部分基于泥石流的形成机理,研究成果还可用于其他区域的泥石流形成预测,为泥石流的预测预报提供了一个较好的方法。 相似文献
14.
N. Belheine J.-P. Plassiard F.-V. Donzé F. Darve A. Seridi 《Computers and Geotechnics》2009,36(1-2):320-331
A discrete element modeling of granular material was carried out using a 3D spherical discrete model with a rolling resistance, in order to take into account the roughness of grains. The numerical model of Labenne sand was generated, and the desired porosity was obtained by a radius expansion method. Using numerical triaxial tests the micro-mechanical properties of the numerical material were calibrated in order to match the macroscopic response of the real material. Numerical simulations were carried out under the same conditions as the physical experiments (porosity, boundary conditions and loading). The pre-peak, peak and post-peak behavior of the numerical material was studied. The calibration procedure revealed that the peak stress of the sand sample does not only depend on local friction parameters but also on the rolling resistance. The larger the value of the applied rolling resistance, the higher the resulting stress peak. Furthermore, the deformational response depends strongly on local friction. The numerical results are quantitatively in agreement with the laboratory test results. 相似文献
15.
After the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, mountainous areas in SW China are recognized as a region with highly active and perilous landslides and debris flows. The frequent impacts of debris flow are a major threat to bridge piers located in debris flow gullies. It is an important issue for guaranteeing the safety of railway bridges in areas prone to hazardous debris flows. Previous research has achieved significant results characterizing the initiation and mechanisms for debris flow, and their interactions with some structures. However, there has been little research on the dynamic pressure of debris flow on bridge pier caused by different debris flows. In this study, the measurement and estimation of the impact pressure and dynamic behavior of debris flows on scaled bridge piers were conducted. Nine pressure sensors were used to measure the impact pressure of debris flows. Flow velocities and flow depths were determined at the end of a flume using a high-speed camera. The results show that the impact pressure differed between different types of debris flows. The distribution of impact pressures from high-viscosity debris flows indicated three layers, with different features in individual event. In comparison, a layered structure was not observed in low-viscosity debris flows. Based on dimensional analyses, the impact pressure depended on Froude number (Fr) and Reynolds number (Re). For low-viscosity debris flows, the dimensionless impact pressures were power functions of Fr, while for high-viscosity debris flows, the dimensionless impact pressures were power functions of both Re and Fr. The impact frequencies of low-viscosity and high-viscosity debris flows showed considerable differences based on spectral analysis. Compared to high-viscosity debris flows, low-viscosity debris flows were characterized by relatively high velocity, strong striking pressure, and high impact frequency. 相似文献
16.
Gabriel M. Guerra Souleymane Zio Jose J. Camata Jonas Dias Renato N. Elias Marta Mattoso Paulo L. B. Paraizo Alvaro L. G. A. Coutinho Fernando A. Rochinha 《Computational Geosciences》2016,20(1):265-281
Numerical models can help to push forward the knowledge about complex dynamic physical systems. Modern approaches employ detailed mathematical models, taking into consideration inherent uncertainties on input parameters (phenomenological parameters or boundary and initial conditions, among others). Particle-laden flows are complex physical systems found in nature, generated due to the (possible small) spatial variation on the fluid density promoted by the carried particles. They are one of the main mechanisms responsible for the deposition of sediments on the seabed. A detailed understanding of particle-laden flows, often referred to as turbidity currents, helps geologists to understand the mechanisms that give rise to reservoirs, strategic in oil exploration. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) provides a rational framework to assist in this task, by combining sophisticated computational models with a probabilistic perspective in order to deepen the knowledge about the physics of the problem and to access the reliability of the results obtained with numerical simulations. This work presents a stochastic analysis of sediment deposition resulting from a turbidity current considering uncertainties on the initial sediment concentrations and particles settling velocities. The statistical moments of the deposition mapping, like other important features of the currents, are approximated by a Sparse Grid Stochastic Collocation method that employ a parallel flow solver for the solution of the deterministic problems associated to the grid points. The whole procedure is supported and steered by a scientific workflow management engine designed for high performance computer applications. 相似文献
17.
泥石流活跃程度的评判结果对保护当地人民生命财产安全和经济建设的发展及地质灾害的防治工程布置有着很大的影响。然而以往的评判方法多以定性评判为主。由于每个人的知识水平、工作经验及评判问题的思维方式的差异，从而使评判结果或多或少存在一定的误差。论文旨在寻求一种新的方法来实现对泥石流活跃程度的定量分析，以便尽可能的减少人为误差。人工神经网络是一种具有学习、记忆、计算、仿真等功能的网络结构。BP网络是目前工程上运用最为广泛的一种误差反传的人工神经网络。它可以模拟任意复杂的非线形映射关系。应用神经网络对泥石流活跃程度进行定量分析评判，可以在一定程度上减少定性评判中的人为因素影响，提高评判的准确性。论文简要介绍了BP神经网络的基本原理、训练过程，以及如何利用MATLAB软件中的神经网络工具箱来创建、训练和应用评判泥石流活跃程度BP网络。在BP网络模型建立时采用了对研究区泥石流活跃程度影响最主要的8个参数作为输入层，并选取了研究区的20个样本对网络进行训练。最后用训练好的网络对研究区的10条支沟分别进行计算。计算结果与实际情况相符，说明利用BP神经网络来评判泥石流活跃程度具有很好的实用价值。 相似文献
18.
Successful numerical simulation of geosynthetic-reinforced earth structures depends on selecting proper constitutive models for soils, geosynthetics and soil–geosynthetic interfaces. Many constitutive models are available for modelling soils and geosynthetics. However, constitutive models for soil–geosynthetic interfaces which can capture most of the important characteristics of interface response are not readily available. In this paper, an elasto-plastic constitutive model based on the disturbed state concept (DSC) for geosynthetic–soil interfaces has been presented. The proposed model is capable of capturing most of the important characteristics of interface response, such as dilation, hardening and softening. The behaviour of interfaces under the direct shear test has been predicted by the model. The present model has been implemented in the finite element procedure in association with the thin-layer element. Five pull-out tests with two different geogrids have been simulated numerically using FEM. For the calibration of the constitutive models used in FEM, the standard laboratory tests used are: (1) triaxial tests for the sand, (2) direct shear tests for the interfaces and (3) axial tension tests for the geogrids. The results of the finite element simulations of pull-out tests agree well with the test data. The proposed model can be used for the stress-deformation study of geosynthetic-reinforced embankments through numerical simulation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
宋志 《沉积与特提斯地质》2015,35(3):109-112
自20世纪90年代开始,泥石流堵断主河临界条件研究取得了较大进展,开展了多动态室内模拟试验、统计学的相关性分析、动量动能的理论力学分析,取得了基于不同方法的临界条件判别式,但对泥石流堵河的力学形成机制、堵河的数值模拟、堵河原型模拟试验、多时段的遥感运用等方面的研究仍需解决和深入。前人所做的临界条件往往对具体环境下的单沟能够较好适应,而对一定数量的其它泥石流堵河事件往往对比验证较差。对泥石流堵河临界条件的研究需要运用到土力学、水力学等学科的相关理论才能解决。作者认为,在前人研究的基础上,未来研究方向应着重于泥石流堵河机理研究、RS、GIS技术的应用、原型模拟堵河试验及判别式研究,也许能有效地解决泥石流堵河临界条件的科学性和正确性,为实现防灾减灾提供科学的依据。 相似文献
20.
Abdolhossein Khalilnejad Faisal Hj. Ali Normaniza Osman 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2012,30(2):277-288
Land sliding is a geotechnical event that includes a wide range of ground movements such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes
and shallow debris flows, and it can cause various problems in varied civil fields such as roads and dams. Since most conventional
methods are neither inexpensive nor applicable everywhere, attention has nowadays been drawn to soil bioengineering using
vegetation as the environment-friendly method for slope stabilization. Soil bioengineering or using vegetation in civil engineering
design is mostly applicable to shallow slope stabilization projects characterized by unstable slopes with surface movement.
Vegetation has both a silent effect on soil improvement to predict the landslide and a mechanical role to increase shear and
pulling-out stress on the soil. During the last decade, many researches have been carried out to clarify the effect of vegetation
on slope stability, but many questions still remain to be answered. 相似文献