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1.
Six different Ca‐zeolite minerals are widespread in various assemblages in late fissures and fractures in granites and gneisses of the Swiss Alps. The zeolites formed as a result of water–rock interaction at relatively low temperatures (<250 °C) in the continental upper crust. The zeolites typically overgrow earlier minerals of the fissure assemblages, but zeolites also occur as monomineralic fissure fillings. They represent the youngest fissure minerals formed during uplift and exhumation of the Alpine orogen. A systematic study of zeolite samples showed that the majority of finds originate from three regions particularity rich in zeolite‐bearing fissures: (i) in the central and eastern part of the Aar‐ and Gotthard Massifs; (2) Gibelsbach/Fiesch, in a fissure breccia located at the boundary of Aar Massif and Permian sedimentary rocks; and (3) in Penninic gneisses of the Simano nappe at Arvigo (Val Calanca). Rail and road tunnel construction across the Aar‐ and Gotthard Massif provided excellent data on zeolite frequency in Alpine fissures. It was found that 32% (Gotthard NEAT rail base tunnel, Amsteg section) and 18% (Gotthard road tunnel) of all studied fissures are filled with zeolites. The number of different zeolites is limited to six species: laumontite, stilbite and scolecite are abundant and common, whereas heulandite, chabazite and epistilbite occur occasionally. Calcium is the dominant extra‐framework cation, with minor K and Na. Heulandite and chabazite contain Sr up to 29 and 10 mol.% extra‐framework cations respectively. Na and K contents in zeolites tend to increase during growth as a result of changes in fluid composition and/or temperature. The K enrichment of stilbite found in surface outcrops compared to subsurface samples may indicate late stage cation exchange with surface water. Texture data, relative age sequences derived from fissure assemblages and equilibrium calculations show that the Ca‐dominated zeolites precipitated from fluid with decreasing temperature in the order (old to young = hot to cold): scolecite, laumontite, heulandite, chabazite and stilbite. The necessary components for zeolite formation are derived from dissolving primary granite and gneiss minerals. The nature of these minerals depends, among other factors, on the metamorphic history of the host rock. Zeolites in the Aar Massif derived from the dissolution of epidote, secondary calcite and albite that were originally formed during Alpine greenschist metamorphism from primary granite and gneiss assemblages. Zeolite fissures occur in areas of H2O‐dominated fluids. This is consistent with equilibrium calculations that predict a low CO2 tolerance of zeolite assemblages, particularly at low temperature. 相似文献
2.
2016年野外地质调查发现渭河盆地东北侧安仁镇发育48条地裂缝,造成沿线房屋墙体开裂、道路错断和农田变形龟裂等,并严重威胁大西高铁安全运营。通过详细的地质调查和地质测绘发现其均位于地貌分界线两侧并发育在双泉-临猗断裂上盘,地裂缝走向为NE60°~80°,按发育位置可将其划分为5组地裂缝。选取典型地裂缝为研究对象,利用槽探和工程地质钻探揭示了地裂缝的剖面结构特征,发现地裂缝导致浅部土体破裂严重,地裂缝错断两侧地层且位错量随深度增加而增加,表现出同沉积断层的性质。在此基础上,对比西安地裂缝并详细分析了安仁镇地裂缝的成因机理,发现构造断裂、地震活动和表水潜蚀是地裂缝形成的主要因素。安仁镇地裂缝成因机理可概化为:构造控缝、地震启缝和表水扩缝。 相似文献
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Earth Fissuring and Land Subsidence in Western Saudi Arabia 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The present investigation deals with the engineering geological evaluation of earth fissuring associated with land subsidence in Wadi Al-Yutamah. The investigations include surface mapping and sampling, in situ and laboratory soil testing, water well inventory, geophysical survey, and monitoring of open fissures and the level of the wadi floor.The earth fissures in the area developed as a result of land subsidence due to man-induced water level declines caused by pumping water from the wadi aquifer above a safe yield. This situation has produced a compaction of underlying unconsolidated sediments and formed hair fissures above ridges and steps of buried surface bedrock. These hair fissures enlarged later after flood erosion and possible enhancement with hydrocompaction.The wadi soil in the study area consists mainly of silt of low plasticity, low density and high void ratio and it was classified as loess like material and collapsing soil. The settlement in the area is greatly increased by excessive wetting under constant pressures. The calculated coefficients of subsidence (collapse) show that the wadi soils were considered to pose moderate problems when wetted.Monitoring of the existing open earth fissures using extensometers indicates that the width of the fissure increases after flooding or rain falls. Monitoring of the ground level using GPS techniques, shows a good relation between the declination of the water table and the subsidence of the ground of the wadi floor. 相似文献
6.
采集煤矿区城市义马、平顶山、永城夏季大气PM10样品,采用带能谱的扫描电镜(SEM-EDX)研究了PM10中的矿物颗粒组成、成因及来源。结果表明,矿区矿物颗粒按化学成分共有5种主要类型,分别为"富Si"、"富Ca"、"富S"、"富K"、"富Cl"型。其中平顶山地区"富Si"颗粒占百分比最高(78%),矿物颗粒硫酸盐化程度小;永城地区硫酸盐化程度中等,几乎所有的"富Ca"碱性碳酸盐颗粒都硫酸盐化成石膏;义马地区矿物硫酸盐化程度最大,除石膏以外,还有一定量硫酸铵形成。永城和义马地区还出现了一定量的"富K"(12.7%)和"富Cl"(10.6%)颗粒,与秸秆焚烧活动有关。通过对3个矿区城市PM10硫酸盐化程度对比可以发现,偏碱性的碳酸盐矿物、煤炭燃烧和秸秆焚烧燃烧释放出大量的酸性SO2以及较高的空气湿度,均有利于硫酸盐化的进行,硫酸盐颗粒的形成对煤矿区城市的区域性气候具有一定影响。 相似文献
7.
Abstract Mineral assemblages in different samples of amphibolite facies pelitic schists collected from two separate outcrops in the Moosilauke area, NH, record differences in the chemical potential of water during metamorphism. Mineralogical, petrological, and field relations indicate that mineral assemblages at both outcrops equilibrated at 520°C and 3.5–4.0 kbar. Thermodynamic analysis of the mineral assemblages demonstrates that maximum chemical potential differences at each outcrop were of the order of 150 calories, over distances of 10–20 m.
The differences in the chemical potential of water recorded in both bed-to-bed and outcrop-to-outcrop relations are consistent with the following conclusions: (1) mineral assemblages on a specific outcrop did not equilibrate with an external reservoir of fluid of fixed composition, (2) the relatively small magnitude of the chemical potential differences suggests little or no infiltration of externally derived fluid, (3) these differences on the outcrop scale are probably related to initial compositional variations and the buffer capacity of the mineral assemblage, and (4) the different values of the chemical potential of water exhibited by the various mineral assemblages permits an understanding of the effects of variable μH2 O for amphibolite facies pelitic schists. 相似文献
The differences in the chemical potential of water recorded in both bed-to-bed and outcrop-to-outcrop relations are consistent with the following conclusions: (1) mineral assemblages on a specific outcrop did not equilibrate with an external reservoir of fluid of fixed composition, (2) the relatively small magnitude of the chemical potential differences suggests little or no infiltration of externally derived fluid, (3) these differences on the outcrop scale are probably related to initial compositional variations and the buffer capacity of the mineral assemblage, and (4) the different values of the chemical potential of water exhibited by the various mineral assemblages permits an understanding of the effects of variable μ
8.
Near-surface shrinkage and carbonate replacement processes, Arran Cornstone Formation, Scotland 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A 47 m thick succession of conglomerates, sandstones and mudstones, of Late Devonian or Early Carboniferous age, outcrops at Fallen Rocks in northeast Arran (western Scotland). It is defined here as the type section of the Arran Cornstone Formation. At numerous levels in the succession, varieties of fissures and carbonate concretions formed during the accumulation of the Formation. The fissures opened as a result of drying-shrinkage, and were closed again either by filling with different sediment, or by wetting and expansion of the fissure wall sediment. Carbonate concretions form complete beds, discontinuous, bedding-concordant sheets, or bedding-discordant nodules or rods (the rod cornstones). These concretions formed close enough to the surface to be incorporated, after erosion and redeposition, as clasts into overlying beds. The concretions were formed by growth of micrite, mainly by replacement, but shrinkage displacement played an important role in subsequently fracturing and reworking the micrite. The micrite was also locally replaced by microspar and spar, and this involved dissolution and precipitation. No independent evidence of biological influence in any of these processes has been found. 相似文献
9.
运用氩离子抛光—场发射环境扫描电子显微成像测试技术,对南华北盆地偃龙地区ZK1614井二叠系海陆交互相—陆相的泥页岩样品进行观察并获取二次电子及背散射信息。结合X射线能谱信息和JMicro Vision软件灰度识别功能,对样品矿物组成及微观孔隙特征进行定性分析和定量表征,并探讨了孔隙发育分布的影响因素。研究发现:样品主要发育的孔隙以无机矿物孔为主,孔隙类型有粒内孔、粒间孔、少量有机质孔及微裂隙;样品面孔率介于0.92%~5.53%之间,整体来看,面孔率大小与孔隙数量正相关;孔径大小介于50~2000 nm间,不同区段的孔面积对数指标与单位面积孔数量对数指标呈两段式线性关系,孔径较小时两者负相关,孔径较大时两者正相关。不同矿物对孔隙的发育有不同的控制作用,脆性矿物主要影响裂隙的发育,对孔隙的发育有一定的抑制作用;粘土矿物因构造应力、矿物相变及脱水等作用形成大量孔隙,对孔隙的发育起一定的促进作用。研究区燕山期、喜山期因构造活动形成了大量尺度较大的裂隙,裂隙的发育使岩层的渗流性能增加,促进了有机酸和地层水对矿物的溶蚀作用,相应的促进了孔隙的发育。此外,随着埋藏深度的增加,孔隙体积随着压实作用的增大而逐渐减小。 相似文献
10.
Stilbite from Malmberget and Svappavara is part of hydrothermal mineral assemblages occupying regionally occurring open Palaeoproterozoic fractures in northern Sweden. At these locations, stilbite is characterized by Pbrad excess relative to U and by activity ratios of [234U]/[238U] > 1 and [230Th]/[238U] > 1. The activity disequilibrium requires a disturbance of the U-Th systematics within the last one million years. Leaching and infiltration experiments on Malmberget stilbite demonstrate: (i) preferential leaching in the order Pb >U >Th and uptake in the order Pb > U, and (ii) isotopic fractionation of U by preferential mobilization of 238U and 235U relative to 234U. Stepwise-leaching further indicates that the bulk of U is hosted in the channel sites of stilbite. The Th-U disequilibrium systematics observed in untreated Malmberget and Svappavara stilbite can be explained by: (1) addition of U with [234U]/[238U] > 1 from a fluid, or alternatively (2) loss of U from a two-component system, consisting of a component that is “open” or accessible and a component that is “closed” or inaccessible to mobilization. U addition requires a multistage history involving multiple gain or loss of U and/or Pb. In contrast, U loss does not necessarily require multistage processes but can also be explained by preferential removal of 238U (and 235U) relative to recoiled daughter isotopes such as 234U, 230Th, and 206Pb (and 207Pb) during a single event. Such a behavior could be obtained if the recoiled daughter isotopes of channel-sited uranium are implanted into the crystal lattice and, in such a way, become less mobile than their parent isotopes. This case implies an open-system behavior for ions in the channel sites and a closed-system behavior for ions in the silicate framework of stilbite. Each α-recoil directly or indirectly, i.e., through its recoil cascade, damages the silicate framework. Subsequent (continuous) low-temperature annealing of the damaged stilbite lattice could trap the recoiled daughter isotopes in the repaired crystal lattice or sealed-off channels. Such immobile recoiled material can, in part, represent the “closed” component of the system. This model can account for all observations regarding the Th-U-Pb systematics, including the Th-U disequilibrium systematics, the similarity in Th/U as deduced from Th-U disequilibrium and Pb isotope data, and the excess of radiogenic Pb (208Pb-parents also had been multiply recoiled). These two contrasting explanations involve either multistage or multicomponent systems. They do not permit the derivation of an accurate age. 相似文献
11.
Groundwater level and chemistry changes resulting from tunnel construction near Matsumoto City, Japan 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Before tunnel construction began, the groundwater chemical compositions and levels around the tunnel were studied to determine
if water compositions could predict whether surface water will be influenced by tunnel construction. When the chemical composition
of the well and springwater was similar to that of the tunnel seepage water, and the altitude of the well and spring was above
the tunnel level, the groundwater level in the well and spring was influenced by draining tunnel seepage water. Therefore,
comparing the chemical compositions of surface water and groundwater may be used for predictive purposes. However, the results
of this study showed there was no noticeable chemical composition change in springwater prior to changes in groundwater level
at a particular site. The changes in the hydrology of the plateau caused by tunnel construction were also studied, using measurements
of the changes in groundwater chemistry as well as changes in groundwater levels. Prior to tunnel construction, river discharge
was greater. Following tunnel construction, some river discharge decreased because springwater was drained as tunnel seepage
water and the spring in the catchment dried up. Tritium concentration indicated that 3 years after tunnel construction, surface
water did not reach tunnel levels in spite of groundwater level lowering and remaining unconfined groundwater being drained.
Received: 17 January 1996 · Accepted: 10 July 1996 相似文献
12.
Three-dimensional in situ stress evaluation using a new under-coring technique: the Tseng-Wen Reservoir Transbasin water tunnel 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The Tseng-Wen Reservoir Transbasin water tunnel has broken the historical record of the maximum overburden of a tunnel within Taiwan. The three-dimensional in situ stresses at the tunnel were evaluated using acoustic emission (AE) and deformation rate analysis (DRA) with an under-coring technique. This is the first time that the AE and DRA have been used in evaluating an in situ stress in Taiwan. As cores drilled in different directions are required for the three-dimensional stress evaluation, but the in situ borehole drilling is usually limited to the vertical direction, small samples 2.28 cm in diameter and 4.56 cm in length were under-cored from the borehole cores in six directions to evaluate the in situ stresses. Cyclic uniaxial compressive loadings were artificially applied to the Changchikeng sandstones under-cored from the outcrops. The experimental results validate the definitiveness of using under-cored samples at different pre-stresses with AE and DRA. Then, cores taken from the Tseng-Wen Reservoir Transbasin water tunnel site at a great depth of 416–739 m underground were under-cored. The experimental results indicate that the major principle in situ stress is from 30.8 to 39 MPa and is in the directions of SE–NW and SW–NE at different depths. 相似文献
13.
中加里东运动时期,塔里木盆地柯坪地区遭受广泛的水平挤压和构造抬升,奥陶系一间房组和鹰山组顶部地层3次暴露并发生岩溶化,形成多种类型古溶洞,并在喜马拉雅运动中抬升出露地表,现今成为形态各异的露头。通过大量露头观察,依据古溶洞发育形态和空间结构,划分了古溶洞类型,研究了不同类型古溶洞特征及主控因素,以期对岩溶型储层勘探开发提供借鉴意义。研究表明：古溶洞可划分为4种类型,其中管状分支型溶洞为细长管道,可发育多个分支,横剖面近于圆形或椭圆形,受地下暗河控制;单一孤立型溶洞受断层、裂缝、顺层溶蚀等因素控制,横剖面上可出现漏斗形、倒漏斗形、板形和复合型等形态;溶洞群型溶洞受古潜水面和地下暗河的共同控制,纵向上具有分层性,平面上呈片状集中发育,且溶洞之间通过断层、裂缝、小型溶蚀通道相互连通;厅堂型溶洞由宽阔的厅和多个规模较小的堂组成,主控因素是顺层溶蚀。 相似文献
14.
Bristen granite is a body of fine-grained leucogranite occurring in the Gotthard rail base tunnel in the Central Alps. During construction of the tunnel, Bristen granite (Brgr) has been drilled along a 600 m long section. The aplite-granite belongs to the suite of Variscan granitoid intrusions of the Aar massif and contains a variety of accessory minerals typical of highly differentiated granites. Rock forming fluorite, partly enriched in yttrium (Y) and rare earth elements (REE), is intergrown with the late Y- and REE-bearing carbonate mineral synchysite. The granite contains a variety of Ti- and Y-REE-niobates, thorite, and zircon. Compared with the calc-alkaline central Aar granite (cAgr), Bristen granite is strongly depleted in Ti, P, Mg, Sr, and Ba and shows a remarkable enrichment in incompatible elements such as Rb, Th, U, Nb, Y, HREE and F. Bristen granite is the most evolved granitoid rock of the Aar massif. The composition of Brgr is typical of post-collisional reduced (ferroan) A-type granites. The Brgr melt formed in the lower crust and crystallized from a highly differentiated melt at the cotectic point in the quartz-feldspar system close to 100 MPa and 700 °C. The Brgr intruded as a small isolated stock pre-Variscan gneisses with sharply discordant contacts. The primary igneous host of Nb, Ta, Y, U, Th and REE is biotite in addition to minor amounts of allanite, and zircon. The presence of Y-REE-fluorite, synchysite, parisite and Y- and Ti-niobates and other REE-minerals can be related to reaction of igneous biotite and primary fluorite with hydrothermal fluids. The reaction is associated with alpine metamorphism, because Y-bearing fluorite and synchysite have been reported from Alpine fissures. The transformation of primary biotite to chlorite and muscovite released the heavy metal oxides under lower greenschist facies conditions that formed the Alpine diagnostic mineral stilpnomelane at about 300 °C. 相似文献
15.
D. S. COOMBS 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1993,11(3):389-399
Abstract Declining temperatures during decay of a hydrothermal system, or during uplift and erosion, tend to result in veins involving progressive hydration reactions, e.g. veins with laumontite cutting prehnitepumpellyite facies rocks, and stilbite veins cutting laumontite veins. In contrast, examples are described of analcime replacement of heulandite along fractures in heulanditized vitric tuff, of replacement of analcime by albite along fractures in quartz-analcime rock, of joint-controlled replacement of heulandite in tuff by laumontite + quartz + (Na, K)-feldspars, of replacement of laumontite by prehnite + quartz along fractures in alumontitized vitric tuff, and of laumontitebearing feldspathic sandstones cut by vein assemblages of quartz and prehnite ° Calcite. The vein mineral assemblage, sometimes with pumpellyite and/or epidote in the prehnite-bearing veins, tends to spread as a zone of dehydration into the adjacent country rock. Except perhaps for albite replacement of analcime, and for laumontite replacement of heulandite, these open-system reactions involve cation activity ratios in the fluid. All involve dehydration. They are favoured by an increase in temperature, and except under certain situations where P-T equilibrium curves have negative slopes, are favoured by a fall in PH2O. Evidence indicates that in at least some cases the triggering mechanism was a drop in PH2O; this may be a widespread phenomenon associated with brittle fracture in the seismogenic upper crust. This may cause fluid pressure to drop from values approaching lithostatic to nearer hydrostatic, and equilibrium may be displaced to yield a less hydrous assemblage that appears as a dehydration vein and vein verge. The dehydration vein assemblage may be diagnostic of a higher grade mineral facies and adds to the mineral complexity attributable to varying permeabilities and fluid pressures in upper crustal strata. Mineral facies are likely to be more uniformly distributed in higher grade rocks from below the brittle-ductile transition zone. Reactions involving complex solid solutions are inappropriate as facies boundaries. 相似文献
16.
《Applied Geochemistry》1998,13(2):185-195
The occurrence and significance of aqueous flow through fractures in unsaturated tuff was investigated at the Apache Leap Research Site near Superior, Arizona. Water samples for geochemical and isotopic analysis were collected from water seeping from fractures in a mine haulage tunnel, from the saturated zone in a vertical borehole (USW UZP-4), and from both the unsaturated and saturated zones in an angled borehole (DSB). The geochemistry and14C activity of water samples from the DSB suggest that most of the recharge to the saturated zone has occurred through fractures, especially beneath the ephemeral streams. Evidence of substantial recent recharge through fractures was found in saturated-zone samples from the mine haulage tunnel using 3H, δ34S and SO42−/Cl− analyses. Evidence of partial imbibition of fracture flow into the rock matrix was found at multiple depths throughout the 147 m unsaturated zone at the DSB using geophysical measurements from the borehole, water-content analyses from core samples, and 14C and 3H analyses from pore water extracted from preserved core samples. Post-bomb 14C activity was measured in pore water near fractures just above the saturated zone. 相似文献
17.
Ravindra W. Gaikwad S. A. Misal Dhirendra D. V. Gupta 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2011,4(1-2):85-89
The mining industry faces stringent effluent discharge regulations and has acknowledged that it is necessary to look into innovative technologies to recycle considerable amount of effluent rather than discharging into surface water. Effluents from mines give rise to aesthetic unpleasantness. The focus of the investigations was to cope with more stringent effluent discharge regulations and to protect the ecosystem from harmful pollutants in the mine effluents. Copper is one of the heavy metal in the mine systems, which are known to be a harmful element. The present study has been undertaken to investigate a process that might remove Cu(II) from mine waste water by using natural zeolite, such as stilbite, and compared with synthetic resins like CSA-9 and CSA-609D. In this study, natural zeolite was used as a low-cost adsorbent to evaluate its ability to remove heavy metals from acid mine drainage. The zeolite used in this study is the natural clay mineral from the Nizarneshwar Hills of Western India. Three resins tested are CSA-9, natural zeolite–stilbite, and CSA-609D. Batch testing has been conducted to select effective ion-exchange resins for copper removal and to determine effective regenerants for regeneration of exhausted resins. All tests were conducted at bench scale and in batch mode. Three strong acid cation exchangers were evaluated to compare their metal removal capacities. The metal concentration in the effluent was reduced with all resins tested. It was found that, among all the three types of natural zeolite, stilbite shows the highest removal efficiency of copper in every parameter that is considered for evaluating the performance of resins. 相似文献
18.
渭河盆地地裂缝发育基本特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
渭河盆地由于其特殊的地质环境,是地裂缝发育较多的地区。本文在渭河盆地地裂缝详细调查的基础上,简要论述了地裂缝的分布概况,详细研究了渭河盆地地裂缝的发育基本特征,并初步探讨了地裂缝的成因。渭河盆地196条地裂缝大都密集分布在断层近侧,与断层走向有明显的一致性和相关性。地裂缝基本特征主要是形态特征和空间分布。地裂缝平面形态有直线、S型和锯齿状;剖面形态为上宽下窄,并逐渐消失;倾角较陡。地裂缝空间分布上有方向性、开启性和网络性。渭河盆地地裂缝主要是构造地裂缝,受构造断裂控制;地下水、地表水、采空和黄土湿陷性只是诱导因素。 相似文献
19.
Luo Hongxi 《岩土力学》1989,10(4):45-53
In this paper, mineral composition, microstructure, cementing materials, physico-chemical properties of marine soil are systematically investigated and chemical composition of sea water are analysed. Soil samples for this study are obtained from three areas: Weizhou Island, Hainan Island, Nansa Islands in South China Sea. Experimental results indicate that the mineral composition of marine soil mainly consists of ellite, chlorite, kaolinite and quartz, the cementing materials contains free oxides, carbonate and organic matter, the variety of microstructure is also revealed. The properties mentioned above would be the main causes of special engineering characters of marine soil. 相似文献
20.
本文系统地研究了海洋土的矿物组成、微观结构、胶结物质、物化性质和海水的化学成份。研究的土样采自南海三个海域:涠洲岛、南沙群岛和海南岛。研究结果表明,南海海洋土的矿物成份主要为伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石和石英;主要胶结物质是游离氧化物、碳酸盐和有机质;微观结构复杂多变。以上这些特征是形成海洋土特殊工程性质的主要原因。 相似文献