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1.
The thermodynamic structure on top of a numerically simulated severe storm is examined to explain the satellite observed plume formation above thunderstorm anvils. The same mechanism also explains the formation of jumping cirrus observed by Fujita on board of a research aircraft. A three-dimensional, non-hydrostatic cloud model is used to perform numerical simulation of a supercell that occurred in Montana in 1981. Analysis of the model results shows that both the plume and the jumping cirrus phenomena are produced by the high instability and breaking of the gravity waves excited by the strong convection inside the storm. These mechanisms dramatically enhance the turbulent diffusion process and cause some moisture to detach from the storm cloud and jump into the stratosphere. The thermodynamic structure in terms of the potential temperature isotherms above the simulated thunderstorm is examined to reveal the instability and wave breaking structure. The plumes and jumping cirrus phenomena represent an irreversible transport mechanism of materials from the troposphere to the stratosphere that may have global climatic implications. 相似文献
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利用NCEP再分析资料、探空资料、闪电定位资料和南京、常州多普勒雷达资料,通过对比分析南京2012年2月22日春季雷暴和2011年8月10日夏季雷暴两次过程,研究不同季节影响雷暴发生的大气结构以及强弱雷暴地闪特征的差异。结果表明:风矢位温(V-3θ)图揭示的大气动力热力水汽特征能够为雷暴的潜势预报提供先兆信息。两者相较而言,春季雷暴的动力抬升作用明显;夏季雷暴主要由热对流引起,对流层上层的动力抽吸作用不明显。春季弱雷暴正地闪在总地闪中所占比例较高。无论春季弱雷暴还是夏季强雷暴,地闪落点与辐合区对应关系明显,且地闪的落点也与雷达反射率因子有较好的对应关系:地闪主要分布在强回波区(大于40 d Bz)及其外围区域。但在较强雷暴云的发展阶段,地闪多发生在风暴体伸展方向的一侧,具有引导雷达回波移动的作用,夏季强雷暴地闪簇集在垂直风切变区域。 相似文献
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穿透性对流是导致北半球夏季平流层低层南亚高压内水汽极值形成的重要机制之一,关于副热带东亚季风区穿透性对流是否对平流层低层水汽等物质分布存在影响目前尚不清楚。本文选取2016年的武汉暴雨事件,采用Cloudsat和Aura Microwave Limb Sounder（MLS）卫星数据,分析了东亚季风区的穿透性对流活动对上对流层/下平流层物质分布的影响。利用CloudSat卫星资料云分类产品和Aura MLS卫星数据联合分析武汉暴雨过程中捕捉到1次穿透性对流事件,该事件发生于2016年7月4日05时（协调世界时）的穿透性对流,中心位于海上梅雨带区域。分析表明,这次对流穿透事件对上对流层/下平流层物质分布有显著影响,穿透性对流活动影响到对流层顶以上的物质分布,具体表现是:首先,穿透性对流显著减少了局地对流层顶附近的臭氧含量,较之气候态对流层顶臭氧含量偏少32.53%;其次,穿透性对流能够增加局地对流层顶附近的水汽混合比含量,它通过更多的云冰粒子蒸发来增强局地平流层水汽含量,同时通过更强的垂直水汽输送来直接加湿平流层。此次穿透性对流事件对水汽变化影响较之对臭氧含量变化的影响更为显著,它使得对流层顶水汽混合比增加近乎一倍（98.15%）。因此,副热带东亚季风区的穿透性对流活动对于对流层向平流层的物质输送起着重要的作用。 相似文献
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深对流能够向上对流层—下平流层（UTLS）输送大量水汽和污染物,对对流层顶的辐射平衡、平流层的臭氧恢复以及全球气候变化都有着重要的影响。近年来,一系列重要的观测事实发现,青藏高原和亚洲季风区是对流层向平流层物质输送（TST）的重要窗口。本文介绍了近年来取得的一些主要进展和成果,包括:（1）通过卫星观测在青藏高原—亚洲季风区上空发现水汽、气溶胶的极大值区和臭氧的极小值区;（2）深对流活动的主要观测途径和通过卫星观测识别深对流的方法;（3）青藏高原深对流向平流层物质输送的物理过程;（4）青藏高原深对流与亚洲季风区、热带海洋地区深对流的结构差异以及不同环境场对深对流物质输送过程的影响。 相似文献
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The Aura-MLS observations of eight years from 2004 to 2011 have been utilized to understand the hydration and the dehydration mechanism over the northern and the southern hemispheric monsoon (NH and SH) regions. The monsoon regions considered are the Asian Summer Monsoon, East Asian Summer Monsoon, Arizona Monsoon (AM), North African Monsoon, South American Monsoon and the Australian Monsoon. The annual cycle of water vapor as expected shows maxima over the NH during June–August and during December–February over the SH. The time taken by the air parcels over the NH monsoon regions is found to be different compared to that over the SH monsoon regions. The analysis shows the concentration of water vapor in the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere (UTLS) has not changed over these eight years in both the hemispheres during their respective monsoon seasons. The present analysis show different processes viz., direct overshooting convection, horizontal advection, temperature and cirrus clouds in influencing the distribution of water vapor to the UTLS over these different monsoon regions. Analysis of the UTLS water vapor with temperature and ice water content shows that the AM is hydrating the stratosphere compared to all the other monsoon regions where the water vapor is getting dehydrated. Thus it is envisaged that the present results will have important implications in understanding the exchange processes across the tropopause over the different monsoon regions and its role in stratosphere chemistry. 相似文献
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针对一次发生在中纬度夏季的深厚对流过程进行的数值模拟研究的结果,引入一个较详细描述深厚对流状态下云微物理过程的参数化方案,对一个有限差分三维非静力弹性大气数值模式进行了改进.数值模拟得到了与天气雷达观测一致的结果.结果还显示,对于这次穿透高度超过了对流层顶的深厚对流过程,与高空斜压扰动有关的上对流层弱稳定热力层结对系统的维持起到了重要的作用.另外,还发现强烈的对流发展到对流层顶的高度时,受上曳体的驱动,在对流层顶附近的稳定层结中产生浮力性的扰动;它们与风切变相结合,进而对系统的水平移动产生控制作用. 相似文献
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为了揭示深对流云直接向平流层输送水汽的物理机制,利用WRF中尺度模式的理想个例运行方式对CCOPE(Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment)试验期间的一次超级单体进行了数值模拟。选用Thompson云微物理过程方案设置一系列初始云滴数浓度(N_c)进行模拟试验后发现,N_c=175 cm~(-3)情形下模拟云的最大垂直风速与实测结果最为接近,并且模拟出了超级单体。因此,本文利用该模拟结果分析了超级单体向平流层输送水汽的机制。1 min一次的输出结果表明:冻干脱水机制与本次所模拟出的平流层加湿没有直接的关系,超级单体向平流层输送水汽的主要机制可能为湍流输送机制,而升华加湿机制的作用很小。这是由于超级单体云上部的冰晶大部分被消耗而形成雪,因此被输送到平流层的主要是雪这种落速较大粒子,这种粒子不易被向上输送但又容易降落,因此升华所形成的水汽量相比湍流输送的水汽量小很多。湍流造成的水汽输送通量密度的量级约为10~(-9)kg·m~2·s~(-1)。 相似文献
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Using the measurements from the Halogen Occultation Experiment(HALOE) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) Interim reanalysis data for the period 1994-2005, we analyzed the relationship between tropical tropopause temperature anomalies and stratospheric water vapor anomalies. It is found that tropical tropopause temperature is correlated with stratospheric water vapor, i.e., an anomalously high(low) tropical tropopause temperature corresponds to anomalously high(low) stratospheric water vapor during the period 1994-2005,except for 1996. The occurrence frequency and strength of deep convective activity during the‘mismatched'months is less and weaker than that during the‘matched'months in 1996. However, the instantaneous intensity of four short periods of deep convective activity, caused by strong surface cyclones and high sea surface temperatures, are greater during the ‘mismatched'months than during the ‘matched'months. Water vapor is transported from the lower troposphere to the lower stratosphere through a strong tropical upwelling, leading to an increase in stratospheric water vapor. On the other hand, deep convective activity can lift the tropopause and cool its temperature. In short, the key factor responsible for the poor correlation between tropical tropopause temperature and stratospheric water vapor in1996 is the instantaneous strong deep convective activity. In addition, an anomalously strong Brewer-Dobson circulation brings more water vapor into the stratosphere during the‘mismatched'months in 1996, and this exacerbates the poor correlation between tropical tropopause temperature and stratospheric water vapor. 相似文献
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The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis, Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA) tropical cyclone tracks and intensive surface observations are used to diagnose the features of moisture transport of tropical storm Bilis(No. 0604), which is simulated by the WRF(weather research and forecasting) mesoscale numerical model. It is shown that the Bilis was linked with the moisture channel in the lower latitudes after its landing. Meanwhile, the cross-equatorial flows over 80°-100°E and Somali were active and brought abundant water vapor into the tropical storm, facilitating the maintenance of the landing storm with intensified heavy rainfall along its path. The simulation suggested that the decreased water vapor from lower latitudes prevents the maintenance of Bilis and the development of rainfall. While the cross-equatorial flows over 80°-100°E and Somali were in favor of keeping the cyclonic circulation over land. If the moisture supply fro m the Somali jet stream was reduced, the strength and area of heavy rainfall in tropical cyclone would be remarkably weakened. Consequently, the decreased water vapor from lower latitudes can remarkably suppress the deep convection in tropical storm, then Bilis was damped without the persistent energy support and the rainfall was diminished accordingly. 相似文献
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利用新一代天气雷达回波资料和一个雷暴单体识别、追踪和分析算法, 对2004年7月10日下午造成北京局地短时强降水的雷暴特征进行了初步分析。在偏南暖湿气流中生成的对流云团, 在北京上空迅速发展, 逐渐形成了一个覆盖城区的β-中尺度对流超级复合体, 导致了这次强降水过程。详细分析表明, 强对流主要是来自城区西南和东南两个方向生成和发展起来的雷暴。在北京西南部的雷暴逐渐向东北的城近郊区移动和发展, 并与新生成的雷暴合并加强, 造成了石景山、门头沟和海淀部分地区的大雨。在北京东南部逐渐形成的两个小雷暴单体迅速增长并向西北方的城区移动, 在到达城区时合并且迅速加强, 但移速缓慢, 在北京城区维持了两个多小时, 造成了城区的大暴雨过程, 降水量大但空间分布不均匀。雷暴顶高度和最大反射率因子的关系呈反位相变化, 雷暴最大反射率因子出现的高度均位于0 ℃等温线之下 (≥0 ℃) 或其附近, 雷暴的中心和反射率因子权重质心也基本位于0 ℃等温线之下, 均证实了这是一个典型的液态强降水对流系统。分析还表明, 20:00 (北京时) 左右的超强雷达回波是由大气异常传播造成的虚假超折射回波。 相似文献
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冷涡对两类对流系统结构演变作用的个例模拟对比分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
2015年8月22日,在同一冷涡背景下,华北东北部形成了多单体风暴,而在黄淮地区出现飑线过程。本文根据观测资料给出冷涡对中尺度对流系统发生发展的动力和热力作用,并基于WRF中尺度数值模式的模拟结果,对比分析了两类对流系统的形态结构演变和运动过程的差异、差异产生的原因及冷涡的作用,主要结论如下:(1)两类对流系统均位于冷涡后部,但形态演变和运动过程差异显著,北部分散性对流受地面风辐合及地形抬升的共同影响发展形成多单体风暴,呈西北—东南排列,主要以前向传播的方式缓慢向东南偏南方向运动,带来短时强降水为主的天气;南部线状对流由山东西北部和河南北部形成的多个孤立单体合并后形成,随后在黄淮地区发展为飑线系统,在平流移动为主的作用下向东南方向快速运动,产生雷暴大风和冰雹天气。(2)北部多单体风暴在冷暖气团交界面形成,位于冷涡西南象限,低层水汽和能量充足;新对流单体在边界层被触发后,沿着低层切变线向高能区传播。(3)南部飑线系统在冷槽后的地面干暖区低压带中形成,中尺度对流系统产生的冷池和雷暴高压的出流与环境相互作用,低层水汽条件转好,使得单体不断传播和合并,发展为飑线系统。(4)中层后部入流的强度和环境水汽条件对两类对流系统组织化过程有不同影响,飑线中层后部入流的增强主要来自环境西风分量的增加,与冷涡发展演变使得环境风场增强有关;北部对流湿层深厚,所处的中层风场弱,不利于多单体风暴组织化发展;南部飑线系统位于更强的环境西风引导气流中,后部中层入流强、高层环境空气干,有利于强下沉气流形成,从而促进雷暴高压和冷池的发展,强下沉气流还使中低层的风速增加,垂直风切变增强,有利于对流单体组织化发展形成线状对流。 相似文献
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夏季青藏高原地区水汽向平流层的等熵绝热和非绝热传输的气候学特征及其与落基山地区的对比 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
夏季亚洲季风区是对流层向平流层物质输送的主要通道,其对平流层水汽的变化有重要贡献。以往的研究表明亚洲季风区向平流层的水汽传输主要在青藏高原及周边地区。本文利用多年平均的逐日ERAi、MERRA再分析数据和微波临边观测仪（Microwave Limb Sounder,MLS）数据,首先对比分析夏季青藏高原周边上空水汽的分布特征,再利用再分析资料分析了对流层—平流层水汽传输的特征。结果表明:青藏高原周边特定的等熵面和对流层顶结构分布有利于水汽向平流层的绝热输送;在南亚高压的东北侧,从青藏高原到中太平洋地区,340~360 K层次存在最为显著的水汽向平流层的纬向等熵绝热输送通道,7~8月平均输送强度可达约7×103 kg s-1。此外,在伊朗高原及南亚高压的西部,350~360 K层次也存在一支水汽向平流层的经向等熵绝热输送通道,但强度相对较弱（约2.5×103 kg s-1）。在青藏高原南侧370~380 K层次存在强的水汽向平流层的非绝热输送,主要由深对流和大尺度上升运动引起,7~8月平均输送强度约0.4×103 kg s-1。落基山以东到大西洋西部,350~360 K层次存在水汽向平流层的纬向等熵绝热输送通道,但强度也弱得多（约2.5×103 kg s-1）。 相似文献
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基于2007年7月青海祁连站的野外加密探空资料,结合高分辨率的三维边界层模式,模拟研究了青藏高原东北边坡复杂地形条件下,边界层对流引起的干动力过程对该地区地形重力波产生及传播的影响机理。结果表明:在不同的背景场强迫下,高原东北边坡复杂地形上空对流和重力波的空间结构存在较大差异。当背景风向与山体垂直时,随着风速增加,山脊背风坡混合层顶附近大气不稳定能量加强,激发了下游区域较强的重力波信号,此时对流线组织性增强、重力波波列较长,高水汽含量的空气被波峰传输到较高的高度,为对流云发展提供了有利条件;当背景风向与山脊走向平行时,山顶上空对流发展旺盛,山脊背风坡混合层顶大气状态较稳定,激发的地形重力波信号较弱且波列较短,整个混合层顶附近水汽较少,对流云形成条件减弱;当背景大气浮力频率减小时,整个区域上空对流发展更加旺盛但组织性减弱,背风坡下游重力波向上传输的距离减小,信号不显著,混合层顶附近水汽分布均匀且变化幅度较小,有利于层状云发展。 相似文献
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The vertical transport features of gaseous pollutants, with a negative exponent profile of concentration, by dif-ferent types of convective cloud systems are numerically investigated by using a two-dimensional, reactionless convective cloud transport model. The results show that an isolated, weak storm is able to pump pollutant gas out PBL and transport it to the mid-troposphere, whereas a deep, intense thunderstorm can very efficiently transport air pollutants up to the mid and upper troposphere and laterally spread with anvil, forming an extensive concentration surge layer at altitude of ten-odd kilometers altitude. Each type of convective transport results in concentration re-duction in PBL. In a wind shear environment the transport efficiency of deep thunderstorm significantly increases and the pollutants enter into clouds on the downshear side at low-level and spread downwind in anvil layer. On the other hand, for a cumulus cloud with plenty of liquid water, the gas dissolution effect is increased, and the irreversible aqueous reactions, in extreme, may significantly weaken the vertical transports of pollutant gases even with solubility coefficients no more than 103 M atm-1. 相似文献
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使用FY-2E静止气象卫星的红外1(10.3~11.3μm)和水汽波段(6.3~7.6μm)时序图像,对强对流云进行识别和短时预测。亮温阈值法是将强对流云和其他高云区分开的常用方法,但是合适的亮温阈值是随着时间和空间而变化的,过高的阈值会将许多卷云包括进来,太低的阈值会排除掉云顶发展还不是很高的强对流云。水汽波段所在的位置是水汽的一个强吸收带,而高度在400 h Pa上下的大气层是水汽波段的一个强吸收层,大气在垂直方向上的对水汽波段辐射吸收的分布模式使得卫星接收到的水汽波段辐射主要来自于400 h Pa以上的大气中高层,而卫星接收到的红外波段辐射主要来自于大气中低层,两个波段间辐射来源的差异使得不同光学厚度的高云的辐射观测值在红外—水汽光谱空间中的分布具有明显差别,并且这种差异具有时空的稳定性。本文将一定范围内的云团的象元测值在红外—水汽光谱空间中的分布的拟合直线斜率作为强对流云识别的依据,结果表明相对于亮温阈值法,本文的识别方法不仅能够较好地区别卷云和强对流云,同时也能更有效地识别未达到旺盛阶段的对流云。在对强对流云进行识别后,根据相邻时间段的卫星图像,利用交叉相关法反演得到强对流云团顶部的位移矢量场,并根据后向轨迹法对强对流云团位置形状进行短时预测,预报结果在短时间内(0~1 h)较好,并且对面积较大的云团的预报效果要优于较小的对流云团。此外文中还利用逐半小时的云顶黑体温度(Temperature of Black Body,TBB)资料分析了云顶亮温的分布变化,得到了整个强对流过程的演变特征。 相似文献
18.
陕西一次槽前强对流风暴的诊断分析 总被引：1，自引：5，他引：1
对1995年8月5日发生在陕西中部一次槽前强对流风暴过程进行了诊断分析,结果表明:此次影响500 hPa槽前强对流风暴发生的重要条件之一不是中层干空气(干暖盖),而是低层有干空气侵入雷暴区。在中层水汽条件比较好的情况下,低层水汽通量由大变小是暴雨天气向强对流风暴天气转化的主要因素。 相似文献
19.
Contribution of the MODIS instrument to observations of deep convective storms and stratospheric moisture detection in GOES and MSG imagery 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Past studies based on the NOAA/AVHRR and GOES I-M imager instruments have documented the link between certain storm top features referred to as the “cold-U/V” shape in the 10–12 μm IR band imagery and plumes of increased 3.7/3.9 μm band reflectivity. Later, similar features in the 3.7/3.9 μm band have been documented in the AVHRR/3 1.6 μm band imagery.The present work focuses on storm top observations utilizing the MODIS data. The MODIS instrument (available onboard NASA's EOS Terra and Aqua satellites) provides image data with significantly better geometrical resolution (in some of its bands) and broader range of spectral bands as compared to that from AVHRR/3 observations. One of the goals of this study is to evaluate the contribution of this new instrument to observations of convective storm tops. Besides the cloud top features linked to storm top microphysics and morphology, the paper also addresses the possibility of detection of lower stratospheric water vapor above cold convective storm tops. This issue is explored utilizing MODIS as well as GOES and MSG imagery.In addition, the paper discusses an alternative interpretation of the “cold-U/V” patterns at the top of intense storms by a mechanism of “plume masking” as suggested by some of the observations. 相似文献
20.
利用Aura卫星微波临边观测仪(Microwave Limb Sounder,MLS)数据,评估了ERA-I、MERRA、JRA-55、CFSR和NCEP2等5套再分析资料的水汽数据在青藏高原及周边上对流层-下平流层(Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere,UTLS)的质量,然后选取其中质量较好的两套水汽数据,分析它们对青藏高原及周边UTLS水汽的时空分布和演变的表征能力。结果表明,与MLS数据相比,5套再分析资料中在UTLS普遍偏湿,最大偏湿在上对流层215 hPa,约为165%,而在下平流层,ERA-I和MERRA与MLS的差异相对较小。总的来看,ERA-I和MERRA表征的水汽与MLS更为接近。进一步的对比表明,ERA-I和MERRA中青藏高原及周边水汽含量的时空分布与MLS较为接近,夏季能够表征青藏高原在纬向和经向上的水汽高值区,冬季能够表征对流层顶、西风急流中心附近的水汽梯度带,而且MERRA的结果要好于ERA-I。ERA-I、MERRA和MLS中青藏高原地区的水汽季节演变都表现为冬季1-2月水汽含量低,夏季7-8月水汽含量高,水汽的季节变化在200~300 hPa最大。MLS资料显示,在青藏高原地区对流层顶附近,存在随时间向上向极的水汽传输信号。相较而言,ERA-I对向上水汽传输信号的表征更好,而MERRA对下平流层(100 hPa)向极水汽传输信号的表征更好。 相似文献