共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 234 毫秒
1.
近十几年来,井间地震在石油勘探领域发挥着重要作用.然而井间地震波极其复杂,给同相轴拾取、层析成像、偏移成像等工作带来了困难.因此,波场分离成为井间地震数据处理的一项重要内容.目前,不少学者研究了井间上下行波分离,纵横波分离等多种方法,但尚未出现相关文献研究透射波和反射波的分离方法.本文根据井间透射波和反射波在不同道集(共炮点集或共接收点集)中视速度极性的差异,首次提出了一种"透射.反射"波场分离方法.该方法首先在不同道集中利用τ-p变换进行视速度分离,得到反射上行波、反射下行波、透射上行波、透射下行波四个波场,然后选择对应的波场叠加,从而得到透射波和反射波.其中,透射波为井间层析成像提供了相对清晰的初至同相轴,尤其是横渡初至同相轴,以便进行到时提取;所得反射波为井中偏移成像提供了可靠的反射波数据,比人工切除透射波方法更为准确有效.本文通过理论模型试验和实际数据处理,证明了该方法的有效性和实用性.此外,在本文基础上,再进行纵横波分离处理可以得到更多的波场分量,为井间成像提供更有效的数据. 相似文献
2.
井间地震角道集是地震资料偏移成像和地震资料解释的重要资料,在井间地震成像速度建模中有重要用途.针对井间地震观测系统的特殊性,研究了井间地震角道集提取方法.考虑到井间地震记录中包含上行反射波和下行反射波,从逆时偏移方程出发,推导了井间地震观测系统下的局部偏移距成像点道集提取公式,进而给出了角度计算公式和角道集提取流程.基于模型数据测试在速度正确时得到了拉平的共成像点道集,测试了速度误差对井间共成像点道集的影响,实际资料试处理也得到了较好的效果,表明本方法是合理可行的,为后续的速度分析等地震数据处理与解释工作奠定了基础. 相似文献
3.
受地下复杂构造和地震数据采集系统的影响，使地震波对地下目标的照明出现不均匀性，地震采集系统难以有效地获取地下某些目标的反射信息，进而使数据偏移成像在这些目标体上出现成像阴影. 根据波场和Green函数的窗口Fourier框架展开，利用角度域波动方程偏移成像和波动方程照明分析，并结合波动方程反演理论，提出一种角度域波动方程偏移成像阴影照明补偿方法. 这种补偿方法能同时考虑地震数据采集系统和波场传播路径对偏移成像的影响，消除复杂构造区的偏移成像阴影，改进波动方程叠前深度偏移成像在复杂构造区的成像效果. 相似文献
4.
《应用地球物理》2019,(3)
为了解决地下复杂微小构造的精细勘探问题,使用基于高斯射线束理论的逆高斯束叠加成像方法对井间地震反射波进行成像研究。井间地震常规射线类叠加成像方法由于覆盖次数受到限制,构造复杂区精细成像质量欠佳,而以波动方程为基础的井间地震偏移方法的成像时效性不高。本文方法借鉴高斯束合成地震记录的思想,将共炮集地震数据逆高斯束分解成共反射点道集数据,然后选取合适的面元进行共反射面元数据叠加,实现了井间地震逆高斯射线束共反射点叠加。与传统的VSP-CDP叠加成像方法相比,成像范围更加广泛,且适应复杂地质构造。该方法不仅能够对二维井间地震勘探资料进行成像,针对三维井间地震资料采用基于宽线处理思路的逆高斯束叠加成像方法仍可以处理复杂构造及斜井成像问题。理论模型及实际资料试算验证了本文研究方法的有效性与稳健性。 相似文献
5.
6.
反射波场分离是井孔地震资料处理中极其重要的一个环节,波场分离的质量直接影响成像结果的精度.不管是VSP还是井间地震资料,其反射波时距曲线都近似直线型,根据这一特征,本文提出一种改进的线性Radon变换方法来进行井孔资料的反射波上下行波场分离.该方法基于频率域线性Radon变换,通过引入一个新的变量λ来消除变换算子对频率的依赖性,避免了求取每一频率分量对应的不同变换算子,显著降低了计算成本;文中在求解该方法对应的最小二乘问题时,引入了发展较为成熟的高分辨率Radon变换技术来进一步提高波场分离的精度.采用本文方法进行井孔地震资料的上下行波场分离可以在保证分离精度的前提下有效地提高计算效率.根据上下行波在λ-f域内分布的特殊性,设计简单的滤波算子就可实现上下行波场的分离.最后通过合成数据试算以及实际资料处理（VSP数据和井间地震数据）验证了该方法的可行性和有效性. 相似文献
7.
利用地震波正向传播方程对属于波形线性反演问题近似求解方法的地震数据偏移成像进行重新推导,得到了适合散射地震数据的散射偏移成像方法和适合反射地震数据的反射偏移成像方法.以地震波传播的散射理论为出发点,首先根据描述一次散射波正向传播的线性方程研究建立散射地震数据的偏移成像方法理论;利用高频近似对产生散射波场的地下速度扰动函数的空间变化进行近似,推导出地下反射率函数,再由散射波传播方程推导出基于反射率函数的反射波传播方程,然后根据描述一次反射波正向传播的线性方程研究建立反射地震数据的偏移成像方法理论.本文指出和修正了Claerbout偏移成像方法中的不足,提出的地震数据偏移成像方法是对当前偏移成像方法理论的完善,使反射地震数据偏移成像具有了更坚实的数学物理理论基础,得到的偏移成像结果相位正确、位置准确、分辨率提高. 相似文献
8.
为了进一步发展活动断层空间位置和精细结构探查技术,解决在活动断层探测地震数据处理过程中,缺少一种通过数学手段对地震成像结果进行可靠性评价的问题,开展了将‘反偏移’这一地震波偏移成像的逆运算引入活动断层探测地震数据处理的研究。分析了偏移与反偏移的关系,提出了以叠前深度域逆时偏移和波动方程反偏移为核心的主动源地震勘探数据高精度处理流程。选择了生长断层、花状构造等有代表性的复杂断裂构造实际探测数据进行处理。处理结果表明,利用本文提出的以波动方程逆时偏移和反偏移为核心的地震数据处理流程,能够有效提高活动断层地震成像剖面的可靠性和精确度。通过本次研究可以认为将偏移和反偏移这一对严格对应的地震数据处理算子引入活动断层探测领域,有助于推动活动断层探测精确度和分辨力的提升。尤其是在开展钻孔联合地质剖面探测或科学钻探研究时,应用本文方法进行地震勘探数据高精度成像处理,利用多种数学手段相互检验,能够有效确保断层上断点定位准确,节约钻探成本。 相似文献
9.
针对接收函数正演与偏移, 本文采用波动方程有限差分算法. 借鉴成熟的勘探地震学方法, 引入等效速度概念, 建立接收函数转换波与地震勘探反射波的等效走时方程, 实现了基于波动方程有限差分算法的接收函数正演与偏移. 数值计算表明, 波动方程有限差分叠后偏移方法可以对点绕射和穹隆构造模型实现高精度成像. 本文利用数值计算讨论了波动方程有限差分叠后偏移与Kirchhoff叠后偏移对于接收函数偏移的适用性, 还对偏移过程中速度模型的误差进行了分析. 相似文献
10.
地震数据中饱含有丰富的走时信息和振幅信息. 为解决传统偏移方法中几何扩散和入射角变化引起的振幅误差问题，本文提出了一种实用的波动方程保幅地震偏移方法. 该方法从全声波方程出发进行单程波保幅分解，得到直观、高效率的直接面对地震波传播波场的压力分量进行延拓的保幅偏移单程波方程，进而推导出一个含有6项的傅里叶有限差分法保幅偏移的算子方程；修改边界条件和成像条件，使修改后的边界条件和成像方程中考虑振幅补偿，从而从三方面补偿几何扩散损失和入射角变化对振幅的影响. 脉冲响应测试、单炮记录的数值试验以及SEG/EAGE盐丘模型的叠前偏移结果表明，该方法不但可以使散射能量聚焦、归位，提高成像精度；而且可以输出正确反映地下反射系数的振幅信息，为后续的地震属性分析(如AVO/AVA)提供更真实的地震信息. 相似文献
11.
Multichannel filtering to obtain wavefield separation has been used in seismic processing for decades and has become an essential component in VSP and cross-well reflection imaging. The need for good multichannel wavefield separation filters is acute in borehole seismic imaging techniques such as VSP and cross-well reflection imaging, where strong interfering arrivals such as tube waves, shear conversions, multiples, direct arrivals and guided waves can overlap temporally with desired arrivals. We investigate the effects of preprocessing (alignment and equalization) on the quality of cross-well reflection imaging wavefield separation and we show that the choice of the multichannel filter and filter parameters is critical to the wavefield separation of cross-well data (median filters, f–k pie-slice filters, eigenvector filters). We show that spatial aliasing creates situations where the application of purely spatial filters (median filters) will create notches in the frequency spectrum of the desired reflection arrival. Eigenvector filters allow us to work past the limits of aliasing, but these kinds of filter are strongly dependent on the ratio of undesired to desired signal amplitude. On the basis of these observations, we developed a new type of multichannel filter that combined the best characteristics of spatial filters and eigenvector filters. We call this filter a ‘constrained eigenvector filter’. We use two real data sets of cross-well seismic experiments with small and large well spacing to evaluate the effects of these factors on the quality of cross-well wavefield separation. We apply median filters, f–k pie-slice filters and constrained eigenvector filters in multiple domains available for these data sets (common-source, common-receiver, common-offset and common-midpoint gathers). We show that the results of applying the constrained eigenvector filter to the entire cross-well data set are superior to both the spatial and standard eigenvector filter results. 相似文献
12.
A technique for automatic cross-well tomography based on semblance and differential semblance optimization is presented. Given a background velocity, the recorded seismic data traces are back-propagated towards the source, i.e. shifted towards time zero using the modelled traveltime between the source and the receiver and corrected for the geometrical spreading. Therefore each back-propagated trace should be a pulse, close to time zero. The mismatches between the back-propagated traces indicate an error in the velocity model. This error can be measured by stacking the back-propagated traces (semblance optimization) or by computing the norm of the difference between adjacent traces (differential semblance optimization).
It is known from surface seismic reflection tomography that both the semblance and differential semblance functional have good convexity properties, although the differential semblance functional is believed to have a larger basin of attraction (region of convergence) around the true velocity model. In the case of the cross-well transmission tomography described in this paper, similar properties are found for these functionals.
The implementation of this automatic method for cross-well tomography is based on the high-frequency approximation to wave propagation. The wavefronts are constructed using a ray-tracing algorithm. The gradient of the cost function is computed by the adjoint-state technique, which has the same complexity as the computation of the functional. This provides an efficient algorithm to invert cross-well data. The method is applied to a synthetic data set to demonstrate its efficacy. 相似文献
It is known from surface seismic reflection tomography that both the semblance and differential semblance functional have good convexity properties, although the differential semblance functional is believed to have a larger basin of attraction (region of convergence) around the true velocity model. In the case of the cross-well transmission tomography described in this paper, similar properties are found for these functionals.
The implementation of this automatic method for cross-well tomography is based on the high-frequency approximation to wave propagation. The wavefronts are constructed using a ray-tracing algorithm. The gradient of the cost function is computed by the adjoint-state technique, which has the same complexity as the computation of the functional. This provides an efficient algorithm to invert cross-well data. The method is applied to a synthetic data set to demonstrate its efficacy. 相似文献
13.
Downhole monitoring with fibre-optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) systems offers unprecedented spatial resolution. At the same time, costs are reduced since repeated wireline surveys can be replaced by the permanent installation of comparatively cheap fibre cables. However, the single component nature of fibre data requires novel approaches when designing a monitoring project such as cross-well seismics. At the example of the shallow CO2 injection test site in Svelvik, Norway, we model the evolution of velocity changes during CO2 injection based on rock physics theory. Different cross-well seismic design scenarios are then considered to evaluate the best design and the limits of this method to detect containment breach. We present a series of evaluation tools to compare the effect of different well spacings for cross-well seismic tomography. In addition to travel-times, we also consider characteristic amplitude changes along the fibre unique to DAS strain measurements, which might add a constraint to the inversion. We also compare the effect of using helical fibres instead of classical straight fibres. We thus present a toolbox to evaluate and compare different monitoring design options for fibre optic downhole installations for cross-well monitoring. 相似文献
14.
15.
With an increasing demand for high-resolution imaging of complex subsurface structures, thin layers and hidden reservoirs, borehole and cross-well seismic migration methods have become important. However, large differences are observed in the frequency bandwidth between the surface, borehole, and cross-well surveys. Thus, variable-gridbased algorithms have been adapted to reverse-time migration. Further, we introduce Lanczos filtering to ensure the stability of wavefield calculations as well as to decrease the artificial reflections that are caused due to the variable grid size. Finally, we observe that the application of this method to surface survey, borehole, and cross-well seismic data suggests improvements in the delineation of minor fractures and steeply dipping faults. 相似文献
16.
《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2001,46(1):31-44
During two Antarctic summers (1996–1997 and 1997–1998), five seismic refraction and two reflection profiles were acquired on the Johnsons Glacier (Livingston Island, Antarctica) in order to obtain information about the structure of the ice, characteristics of the ice-bed contact and basement topography. An innovative technique has been used for the acquisition of reflection data to optimise the field survey schedule. Different shallow seismic sources were used during each field season: Seismic Impulse Source System (SISSY) for the first field survey and low-energy explosives (pyrotechnic noisemakers) during the second one. A comparison between these two shallow seismic sources has been performed, showing that the use of the explosives is a better seismic source in this ice environment. This is one of the first studies where this type of source has been used. The analysis of seismic data corresponding to one of the reflection profiles (L3) allows us to delineate sectors with different glacier structure (accumulation and ablation zones) without using glaciological data. Moreover, vertical discontinuities were detected by the presence of back-scattered energy and the abrupt change in frequency content of first arrivals shown in shot records. After the raw data analysis, standard processing led us to a clear seismic image of the underlying bed topography, which can be correlated with the ice flow velocity anomalies. The information obtained from seismic data on the internal structure of the glacier, location of fracture zones and the topography of the ice-bed interface constrains the glacial dynamics of Johnsons Glacier. 相似文献
17.
井间断层分析的研究,是油气储层地质研究的一项重要基础性工作,对油气的运移和聚集其中重要的控制作用。它是利用测井资料,以地层分层为基础,采用计算机技术实现井间断层分析的一种井间断层自动分析方法。动态波形匹配算法是本次研究采用的主要算法,它能够很好地建立井间地层之间的对比关系,通过曲线拟合、特征提取、匹配代价计算等步骤,自动绘制井间地层对比的路径图解。本文在对各种构造的路径图分析的基础上,总结出正断层、逆断层、不整合、同沉积断层、犁式断层和地层尖灭等30种情况下的路径图模式,提出路径图模式及相关概念。在大港油田的实例分析中取得了很好的效果。 相似文献
18.
2008年5月12日汶川发生里氏8.0级地震的发震机制与龙门山断裂带的构造特征紧密相关,应用反射地震探测方法精细探测发震构造内部的结构特征,对研究汶川地震的发震机理有重要意义.5.12地震后在地表错断最剧烈的区域之一虹口乡白庙村穿过发震构造和深钻科研井WSFD-1和WSFD-2布置了兼顾浅中深层信息的反射地震探测剖面,该区域断裂带硬岩出露,地形地貌复杂多变,起伏剧烈,只能采取弯线地震测线布设方式采集二维反射地震数据,而且弯曲度大,造成CDP点分散严重.区域内构造复杂,褶皱逆推构造发育,地层和构造倾角大,采用常规二维地震数据处理方法进行叠加处理时,易将不同地层的反射信息叠加到同一反射层.弯线叠加剖面上侧面波,混波干扰严重,会显著地降低原本低信噪比数据的分辨率,或剖面可靠性低,容易在二维剖面中造成解释陷阱.本文利用弯线地震采集的三维特性,用拟三维地震叠加技术处理汶川地震科学钻井附近横跨北川-映秀断裂带的二维弯线地震数据,弥补常规二维弯线地震数据处理技术的不足,将不同地层的反射信息分离归位到不同的三维叠加剖面上,解决二维弯线地震数据处理时混波干扰严重的难题.通过理论分析和实验选取合适的共中心点面元,获得了高分辨率的三维叠加剖面.相比于二维弯线叠加剖面,三维叠加剖面切片成像更真实,剔除了不同地层反射信息混叠的影响,能得到更准确的断点信息,并可以获得沿断层走向横向的信息,显著提高了构造解释的可靠性和精度.应用拟三维地震数据处理方法处理龙门山断裂带的二维弯线地震数据,获取高分辨率的构造信息,有利于断裂带内汶川地震发震机制和龙门山隆起机制的解释. 相似文献
19.
从频率域3-D声波波动方程出发,结合井间观测方式的特点,基于Tarantola广义反演理论,提出了一种频率域2.5-D井间波形层析成像方法.数值模型试验结果表明：该方法对薄层厚度的分辨能力能达到约主频波长的1/4,且分辨率显著高于走时层析成像,尤其垂直分辨率有实质改善.模拟资料的抗噪试验表明：在信噪比为0.8的情况下,随机噪声对波形层析成像的影响较小;而相干噪声对全波形层析成像的影响显著,特别是初至波附近的强振幅干扰影响更为严重.井间实际资料的试处理结果表明：波形层析成像能很好地刻画井间介质的分布情况与储层连通性,对于油藏开发阶段的方案实施具有指导意义. 相似文献