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1.
土壤中溶质运移模拟的理论与应用* 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
可溶性化学物质在土壤中的运移和分布一般可以反映出多孔介质中溶质随着水分运(流)动的规律。文中系统地回顾了近二十年来土壤中溶质运动理论的发展和有关模型的应用概况,以期对地下水污染、海水入侵、水盐运动等溶质运移模拟的理论和应用问题进行较全面的分析;讨论了水动力学弥散、宏观弥散、层状介质中的弥散、多组分溶质运移和非饱和带中溶质运移等问题,以及描述土壤中溶质迁移的主要模型和模拟方法。 相似文献
2.
生命历程视角下的广州市居民居住迁移的时空路径 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
转型与重构是现阶段中国城市发展的主旋律,在这一背景下,从个体生命历程的视角研究居住迁移的时空规律和影响因素有助于从深层次理解城市空间结构重构的内置机制,同时,对公共服务设施供给和提高居民生活质量等有一定的现实意义。以2007年进行的一次入户调查资料作为基础,研究了广州市居民居住迁移时空路径的生命历程特征。结果显示,广州市居民居住迁移的时空路径呈现出年龄偏好和空间偏好两个基本规律,这两个规律可以用“N”形曲线和“微笑曲线”来表达。“N”形曲线揭示了居住迁移率随年龄变化呈现出先上升后下降最后再上升的规律。微笑曲线则揭示了老人与孩子的居住迁移的方向较为集中而中年人的居住迁移方向较为离散的特点。文章据此从不同生命历程居民居住偏好的角度分析了产生上述居住迁移宏观规律的原因。从而证实了广州市居民居住迁移的时空路径具有若干生命历程的特征,对转型期广州市住房的供给与公共设施和服务的空间配置有着积极的意义。 相似文献
3.
4.
典型矿区非正态分布土壤元素数据的正态变换方法对比研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
对于铜陵矿区这类变异性强、偏度大、不符合正态分布的土壤元素样品数据,直接进行空间变异及插值分析会产生较大误差,需首先选择合适的正态变换方法进行稳健处理.该文以铜陵矿区表层土壤中的Pb元素数据为例,采用不同的正态变换方法进行数据正态变换,并通过变异函数对其变换效果进行分析.对比研究显示:对数变换无法使铜陵矿区土壤元素数据服从正态分布;Box-Cox变换虽使数据的正偏度有所减少,但仍难以通过K-S正态检验;而Johnson变换结果最优,其通过了K-S检验,对于异常数据的处理效果更优.Johnson变换与Box-Cox变换均可使变异函数表现出更好的形态,其中Johnson变换具有更强的正态变换能力,对于研究区土壤元素的变异函数稳定形态具有一定优势,是数据变异性强的成矿区地统计学数据正态变换的理想工具. 相似文献
5.
中国交通流的衰减函数模拟及特征 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
交通流具有随距离延伸而不断衰减的空间属性,距离衰减规律是交通地理学的重要议题.基于空间"流"距离衰减研究进展的评述,本文构筑了交通流距离衰减规律的主要可能函数模型.包括指数模型、Pareto模型、常对数模型、平方指数模型、开方指数模型,采用中国城际交通流包括公路客流、铁路客流、铁路货流和航空客流,分别对5种距离衰减模型进行了模拟并对比分析,从中识别出最佳的距离衰减函数是Pareto模型.然后,重点分析了各种交通流距离衰减函数的参数差异和地理内涵,并采用时间序列的交通流进行模拟,考察距离衰减函数的主要参数变化,并解释其地理内涵,同时绘制了交通流累计率曲线和分配率曲线,对各种交通方式的距离衰减函数模型、主要函数参数和距离衰减规律进行论证和解释. 相似文献
6.
城市迁移人口居住空间分异——对深圳市的实证研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
基于深圳市第六次人口普查数据,将迁移人口按照户籍地划分为市内迁移、省内迁移和省际迁移3种类型。通过计算区位熵分析街道迁移人口比重在全市中的水平,并用空间自相关来识别其空间集聚状况,以揭示迁移人口的空间分异格局,进而用分异指数刻画迁移人口的分异程度。然后以街道迁移人口比重为因变量,住房因素和就业因素为自变量,采用OLS模型、空间滞后模型和空间误差模型来分析和解释迁移人口居住空间分异的影响因素。结果表明：①迁移人口区位熵呈现出较为明显的圈层结构分布特征,以南山区和福田区为中心向外依次为市内、省内和省外迁移人口;②迁移人口的居住分布存在空间集聚,市内迁移人口集聚分布在行政中心周围,省内迁移人口集中分布在商业中心周围,省外迁移人口集中分布在工业园区较多的关外街道;③省外迁移人口与本地人口之间的居住分异程度最高;④省外迁移人口的居住空间分布显著地受住房因素的影响,省内迁移人口的居住空间分布则受就业因素的影响,住房和就业因素对市内迁移人口的居住空间分布的影响不显著。 相似文献
7.
中全新世以来乌鲁木齐东道海子B剖面沉积物源探讨与分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
用激光粒度仪对乌鲁木齐河尾闾的东道海子B剖面样品进行测试,获得机械组成的原始数据。样品粒度分布频率曲线可以分为4种类型。不同类型的曲线反映了不同的碎屑物源组成和不同的沉积环境：在该剖面正态尖峰代表风沙物源,偏态宽峰代表河水物源,正态尖峰和偏态宽峰的叠加代表风沙物源与河水物源的混合,鞍状宽峰可能与深水环境有关。整个剖面反映了从约5000aBP到约200aBP湖面逐步扩大、湖水加深,碎屑物源由以风沙补给为主,逐步转为水源碎屑的趋势。剖面下部的风沙沉积层代表全新世大暖期晚期的暖干环境。约自4500aBP碎屑物源反映湖面开始扩张,4500至3100aBP显示3次快速气候波动,3100aBP之后水深增加,除1980aBP前后显示有短暂的风沙活动之外,主要反映河流碎屑入湖变化情况和湖水水深变化。 相似文献
8.
在定量化和空间化模拟分析的基础上,探讨了城市化对传染病传播影响的模型框架.该模型框架是通过人口空间分布表面,集成了元胞自动机土地开发模型、人口预测矩阵模型和元胞自动机传染病模型,在动态的,随机的模拟环境中将城市化与传染病传播结合起来.以英国南安普顿市为研究区,对南安普顿市的"郊区化"对传染病传播的影响进行了动态模拟,场景模拟和定量分析.结果表明:4个模拟预测年期(2001年、2011年、2021年和2031年)的平均传染病例数没有太大的变化,"郊区化"对传染病的传播没有太大影响.但是,"郊区化"中的城市局部的家庭迁移和全市的年轻年龄组的迁移可能会通过在同年份减少平均传染病例数而影响传染病的传播. 相似文献
9.
小流域水沙耦合模拟概念模型* 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
小流域水沙耦合模拟概念模型,采用文献[1]、[2]和[4]中提出的概念性坡面产沙、沟蚀产沙、坡面汇沙、沟道汇沙和格林-安普特下渗曲线结构,结合水文学中的概念性汇流计算方法,构成了一个完整的、具有明确物理意义的流域水流、泥沙耦合模拟模型.该模型结构简单,经子洲试验站团山沟三试验场和蛇家沟、团山沟、水旺沟三试验小流域实测资料的模拟检查表明,模型结构合理、效果较好,适合于黄土地区流域. 相似文献
10.
求算界限温度日期的一种新方法──样条函数插值法 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文根据某站点各月平均气温,通过计算机,用样条函数插值法模拟年温变化曲线,进而直接求算出主要界限温度初终日期、间隔日数及其相应积温,并与用滑动平均法得出的结果进行了比较检验。 相似文献
11.
Beverley J. Moore 《Geophysical Journal International》1993,115(3):1137-1142
The total Green's function for two-point boundary-value problems can be related to the propagator for initial-value problems. A very simple expression for the Green's function is obtained when the unperturbed medium may be described by material with a constant gradient in quadratic slowness. The derivation requires a correct understanding of assumptions made in the propagator solution. Expressions are also obtained for Green's function in multilayered media. 相似文献
12.
Interpolation using a generalized Green's function for a spherical surface spline in tension 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A variety of methods exist for interpolating Cartesian or spherical surface data onto an equidistant lattice in a procedure known as gridding. Methods based on Green's functions are particularly simple to implement. In such methods, the Green's function for the gridding operator is determined and the resulting gridding solution is composed of the superposition of contributions from each data constraint, weighted by the Green's function evaluated for all output–input point separations. The Green's function method allows for considerable flexibility, such as complete freedom in specifying where the solution will be evaluated (it does not have to be on a lattice) and the ability to include both surface heights and surface gradients as data constraints. Green's function solutions for Cartesian data in 1-, 2- and 3-D spaces are well known, as is the dilogarithm solution for minimum curvature spline on a spherical surface. Here, the spherical surface case is extended to include tension and the new generalized Green's function is derived. It is shown that the new function reduces to the dilogarithm solution in the limit of zero tension. Properties of the new function are examined and the new gridding method is implemented in Matlab® and demonstrated on three geophysical data sets. 相似文献
13.
D. W. Vasco 《Geophysical Journal International》2000,142(3):970-990
Many geophysical inverse problems derive from governing partial differential equations with unknown coefficients. Alternatively, inverse problems often arise from integral equations associated with a Green's function solution to a governing differential equation. In their discrete form such equations reduce to systems of polynomial equations, known as algebraic equations. Using techniques from computational algebra one can address questions of the existence of solutions to such equations as well as the uniqueness of the solutions. The techniques are enumerative and exhaustive, requiring a finite number of computer operations. For example, calculating a bound to the total number of solutions reduces to computing the dimension of a linear vector space. The solution set itself may be constructed through the solution of an eigenvalue problem. The techniques are applied to a set of synthetic magnetotelluric values generated by conductivity variations within a layer. We find that the estimation of the conductivity and the electric field in the subsurface, based upon single-frequency magnetotelluric field values, is equivalent to a linear inverse problem. The techniques are also illustrated by an application to a magnetotelluric data set gathered at Battle Mountain, Nevada. Surface observations of the electric ( E y ) and magnetic ( H x ) fields are used to construct a model of subsurface electrical structure. Using techniques for algebraic equations it is shown that solutions exist, and that the set of solutions is finite. The total number of solutions is bounded above at 134 217 728. A numerical solution of the algebraic equations generates a conductivity structure in accordance with the current geological model for the area. 相似文献
14.
Kurt Lambeck 《Geophysical Journal International》1981,67(1):91-114
Summary. The response of a stratified elastic medium can be conveniently characterized by the Green's tensor for the medium. For coupled seismic wave propagation ( P—SV or fully anisotropic), the Green's tensor may be constructed directly from two matrices of linearly independent displacement solutions. Rather simple forms for the Green's tensor can be found if each displacement matrix satisfies one of the boundary conditions on the seismic field. This approach relates directly to 'reflection matrix' representations of the seismic field.
For a stratified elastic half space the Green's tensor is used to give a spectral representation for coupled seismic waves. By means of a contour integration a general completeness relation is obtained for the 'body wave' and 'surface wave' parts of the seismic field. This relation is appropriate for SH and P–SV waves in an isotropic medium and also for full anisotropy. 相似文献
For a stratified elastic half space the Green's tensor is used to give a spectral representation for coupled seismic waves. By means of a contour integration a general completeness relation is obtained for the 'body wave' and 'surface wave' parts of the seismic field. This relation is appropriate for SH and P–SV waves in an isotropic medium and also for full anisotropy. 相似文献
15.
Gaussian beams, complex rays, and the analytic extension of the Green's function in smoothly inhomogeneous media 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ru-Shan Wu 《Geophysical Journal International》1985,83(1):93-110
Summary. Some relations between Gaussian beams, complex rays and the analytic extension of the Green's function in smoothly inhomogeneous media are shown in this paper. It is found that: (1) a single Gaussian beam is a paraxial approximation of the analytical extension of the ray-approximated Green's function in smoothly inhomogeneous media by putting the source point into a complex space. The Gaussian beam approximation of the Green's function has an advantage in computational efficiency and stability and can avoid the singularity problems at caustics, but also introduces a parabolic approximation to the wavefront and an angle-dependent amplitude damping. Therefore the validity of the Gaussian beam approximation should be checked using other methods. (2) Complex-ray tracing, which does not involve the paraxial approximation, can also avoid the singularity problemsm though without the computational efficiency. Therefore, it should be used to verify the Gaussian beam approximation, whenever possible. (3) The decomposition of a plane wave into an ensemble of Gaussian beams is equivalent to approximating the Green's function (the kernel of the ray-Kirchhoff method) with a single Gaussian beam. This introduces a parabolic approximation to the wavefront and a Gaussian windowing for arrival angles which may cause some problems in modelling wave propagation and scattering and has no advantages over other methods. (4) The representation of a point source field by a superposition of Gaussian beams, on the other hand, is equivalent to approximating the Green's function with a bundle of overlapped Gaussian beams. This representation is similar to a Maslov uniform asymptotic representation. It has no caustics and has improved accuracies at the caustics for quasi-plane waves compared to the extended WKBJ method. 相似文献
16.
多叉树蚁群算法及在区位选址中的应用研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本文提出了基于多叉树蚁群算法(ant colony optimization based on multi-way tree) 的区 位选址优化方法。在多目标和大型空间尺度约束条件下,地理区位选址的解决方案组合呈现 海量规模、空间搜索量庞大,难以求出理想解。基于多叉树的蚁群算法对地理空间进行多叉树划分,在多叉树的层上构造蚂蚁路径(ant path),让蚂蚁在多叉树的搜索路径上逐步留下信息 素,借助信息素的通讯来间接协作获得理想的候选解。采用该方法用于广州市的地理区位选址,取得良好结果。实验结果表明：采用基于多叉树的蚁群算法,改善了蚂蚁在空间搜索能 力,适合求解大规模空间下的区位选址问题。 相似文献
17.
Summary. A new method for solving problems in three-dimensional electromagnetic induction in which the Earth is represented by a uniformly conducting half-space overlain by a surface layer of variable conductance is presented. Unlike previous treatments of this type of problem the method does not require the fields to be separated into their normal and anomalous parts, nor is it necessary to assume that the anomalous region is surrounded by a uniform structure; the model may approach either an E- or a B -polarization configuration at infinity. The solution is expressed as a vector integral equation in the horizontal electric field at the surface. The kernel of the integral is a Green's tensor which is expressed in terms of elementary functions that are independent of the conductance. The method is applied to an illustrative model representing an island near a bent coastline which extends to infinity in perpendicular directions. 相似文献
18.
Allocation for earthquake emergency shelters is a complicated geographic optimization problem because it involves multiple sites, strict constraints, and discrete feasible domain. Huge solution space makes the problem computationally intractable. Traditional brute-force methods can obtain exact optimal solutions. However, it is not sophisticated enough to solve the complex optimization problem with reasonable time especially in high-dimensional solution space. Artificial intelligent algorithms hold the promise of improving the effectiveness of location search. This article proposes a modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to deal with the allocation problem of earthquake emergency shelter. A new discrete PSO and the feasibility-based rule are incorporated according to the discrete solution space and strict constraints. In addition, for enhancing search capability, simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is employed to escape from local optima. The modified algorithm has been applied to the allocation of earthquake emergency shelters in the Zhuguang Block of Guangzhou City, China. The experiments have shown that the algorithm can identify the number and locations of emergency shelters. The modified PSO algorithm shows a better performance than other hybrid algorithms presented in the article, and is an effective approach for the allocation problem of earthquake emergency shelters. 相似文献
19.
Summary. In an earlier work, mathematical formulation on computing the electromagnetic response of an arbitrarily shaped three-dimensional inhomogeneity in a layered earth had been worked out using an integral equation technique. The method has been used to show its efficacy by computing numerical results. Introducing suitable changes of variables the secondary contributions to Green's dyadic are put in the form of convolution integrals and are computed using a digital linear filtering scheme. The matrix equation is solved for the unknown electric fields in the inhomogeneity. The scattered fields are then calculated at the surface of the Earth using the appropriate Green's dyadic. The performance of the computations has been shown by comparing the numerical results with those obtained by analogue modelling as well as by other numerical schemes. The use of digital linear filtering saves an enormous amount of computer time.
The effects of varying excitation-frequency, conductivity of the host medium and that of the overburden have been studied in detail for a horizontal loop system traversing over a two-layered earth with a prismatic inhomogeneity situated in the lower conducting half space. 相似文献
The effects of varying excitation-frequency, conductivity of the host medium and that of the overburden have been studied in detail for a horizontal loop system traversing over a two-layered earth with a prismatic inhomogeneity situated in the lower conducting half space. 相似文献
20.
E. Ngakosso A. Straub M. Saillard P. Vincent 《Geophysical Journal International》1998,135(3):1028-1044
An effective and accurate technique for the numerical solution of 2-D electromagnetic scattering problems with 3-D sources is presented. This solution introduces a set of the usual boundary integral equations and uses a scalar Green's function. In this scalar version, the unknowns of the problem are the boundary values of the longitudinal fields and their normal derivatives in the Fourier domain. A generalization of the usual boundary integral formulation enables us to handle a large class of models composed of piecewise homogeneous domains, including contiguous domains, multiply-connected domains and unbounded domains. This formulation involves the solution of a system of linear equations, and results in a significant saving in computation time in comparison with other rigorous methods.
The requirements for the numerical implementation of this solution are described in detail. Numerical tests were carried out using the important example of electromagnetic tomography. The specific symmetry properties of the response function in this case are illustrated. Numerical accuracy is verified over a large frequency range, up to 1 MHz. 相似文献
The requirements for the numerical implementation of this solution are described in detail. Numerical tests were carried out using the important example of electromagnetic tomography. The specific symmetry properties of the response function in this case are illustrated. Numerical accuracy is verified over a large frequency range, up to 1 MHz. 相似文献