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对一个地震突变模型的讨论 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文用非线性力学方法讨论了地震过程的非稳定现象并建立了相应的突变理论模型。文章详细讨论了断层带的本构性质和突变模型中状态变量的选取对地震非稳性的影响，揭示了用突变模型研究地震现象的可行性。 相似文献
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发生在土耳其尹兹米特地震（Mw=7.4)在希腊触发了距震中400－1000KM范围内的区域地震活动，主要面波通过这宾，立即发生许多小震，这表地震波的瞬时应力是触发器，通常大陆壳中记录地震的增加理一项新的观测结果，其具有95％的统计意义。与兰德斯地震期间远距离触发的例了有所不同，尹兹米特地震所触发的地震完全发生在非火山地区，触动希腊测点的波、其振幅至少3倍小于因皮里尔平原观测到的触发临界值，我们推测在希望这样低于触发临界值的区域内，是区域范围内的动力触动导致了全国的范围内地震活动性提高的偶在事件，或称“高发群。 相似文献
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1 研究背景
全球地震频发,对人们的生命财产安全造成巨大威胁,但科学家对地震发生机理仍未厘清.100多年以来,科学家们提出诸多地震理论,弹性回跳理论认为地震来源自断层运动,相变说认为在温度和压力作用下的深部岩体应力状态发生改变而激发地震波,板块构造学说认为世界地震活动多发生在地壳运动相对剧烈的板块边界区域(师皓宇,2020),但均有与之相悖的现象.在诱发地震的各种机制中,应力被认为是导致地震发生的直接原因,岩体应力状态改变是地震发生的必要条件,在断层和围岩介质系统的应力达到临界值时,断层突然失稳滑动,储存在断层—围岩介质系统中的弹性能突然释放,但难以解释断层间的慢滑移或深源地震现象.文中以龙门山断裂带为地质背景,采用FLAC3D软件,模拟断裂带在应力触发后的应力状态,探索应力触发和地震能量之间的关系(师皓宇等, 2019),揭开地震发生的力学机理. 相似文献
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地壳变形的突变性与地震短期预报 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
地震短临预报是极其困难的科学问题之一 ,尽管国内外地震学者们开展了大量的工作 ,但取得的实质性进展不大。因此 ,深入研究地震孕育过程 ,探索地震短临预报新方法是一项富有挑战性而又艰巨的任务。突变是指系统在短时间内发生的巨幅变化。在许多重大地震前 ,都能观测到这一现象 ,因而 ,突变可能是地震的重要前兆。为研究地壳变形突变与地震的关系 ,本文从以下 4个方面进行了深入的工作 :1根据近一二十年来的大量实测资料分析重力、形变、地下流体等在中强地震前发生的突变性异常现象及其特征 ,着重研究它们在时空域内的差异性及其联系 ,为… 相似文献
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一次地震的孕育过程由震源自身的演化过程和所受外界影响 2种因素决定。地震活动的复杂性主要由地震断层活动相互作用以及在这种作用下地震孕育过程发生复杂变化引起。本文在摩擦状态 -速率依从理论和断层相互作用理论的基础上 ,将地震看作是摩擦失稳现象 ,建立地震孕育及其活动特征的物理模型 ,研究地震触发现象和地震强度分布不均匀性的力学机制。1 大地震触发区域地震活动及其力学机制研究 美国兰德斯地震后诱发的距震中远达1 2 50 km的 1 4个区域出现的地震活动增强 ,被称为是大地震触发小地震的首次证据。本文对1 995年 1月 1 7日… 相似文献
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大震前地震活动性的加强,是震前地震活动异常变化的普遍现象,伴随着地震活动增强,开始出现区域震群活动.现代统计物理学中突变事件发生前的临界指标包括起伏加剧和起伏加剧时段所显示的复杂系统宏观有序性.研究表明,上述指标不仅能应用于中、强地震短临预报研究,在短临阶段地震活动性资料中同样存在. 相似文献
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通过对海城地震前地震活动图象的讨论,证实了地震空区现象是确实存在的,并且在时间上具有继承性.我们从理论上解释了这种现象.理论和观测事实的一致表明,空区的物理意义是震源应力场或应力集中的稳定性,同时它代表了系统的一种有序时空结构或耗散结构. 相似文献
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K. F. Tiampo J. B. Rundle W. Klein J. S. SÁ Martins 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2004,161(9-10):1957-1968
— Attempts to understand the physics of earthquakes over the past decade generally have focused on applying methods and theories developed based upon phase transitions, materials science, and percolation theory to a variety of numerical simulations of extended fault networks. This recent work suggests that fault systems can be interpreted as mean-field threshold systems in metastable equilibrium (Rundle et al., 1995; Klein et al., 1997; Ferguson et al., 1999), and that these results strongly support the view that seismic activity is highly correlated across many space and time scales within large volumes of the earth’s crust (Rundle et al., 2000; Tiampo et al., 2002). In these systems, the time averaged elastic energy of the system fluctuates around a constant value for some period of time and is punctuated by major events that reorder the system before it settles into another metastable energy well. One way to measure the stability of such a system is to check a quantity called the Thirumalai-Mountain (TM) energy metric (Thirumalai and Mountain, 1993; Klein et al., 1996). In particular, using this metric, we show that the actual California fault system is ergodic in space and time for the period in question, punctuated by the occurrence of large earthquakes, and that, for individual events in the system, there are correlated regions that are a subset of the larger fault network. 相似文献
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Ping Guo Hai Xiao Feng Gao Zijuan Li Huan Hu Qianheng Zhang Zhenyao Xia Mingyi Li Yueshu Yang 《水文研究》2021,35(7):e14282
Periodic submersion and exposure due to the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) alter the soil properties and plant characteristics at different elevations within the water level fluctuation zone (WLFZ), possibly influencing the soil detachment capacity (Dc), but the vertical heterogeneity of this effect is uncertain. Soil samples were taken from 6 elevation segments (5 m per segment) along a slope profile in the WLFZ of the TGR to clarify the vertical heterogeneity of Dc. Scouring experiments were conducted at 5 slope gradients (17.6%, 26.8%, 36.4%, 46.6%, and 57.7%) and 5 flow rates (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 L min−1) to determine Dc. The results indicate that the soil properties and biomass parameters of the WLFZ exhibit strongly vertical heterogeneity. Dc fluctuates with increasing elevation, with maximum and minimum average values at elevations of 145–150 m and 165–170 m, respectively. Linear equations accurately describe the relationships between Dc and hydrodynamic parameters, for which the shear stress (τ), stream power (ω), and unit energy of water-carrying section (E) perform much better than the unit stream power (U). Furthermore, a clear improvement is achieved when using a general index of flow intensity to estimate Dc. Furthermore, Dc is significantly and negatively correlated with the mean weight diameter (MWD, p < 0.05) and organic matter content (p < 0.01) but not significantly correlated with other soil properties (p > 0.05). The rill erodibility at elevations of 145–150 m and 170–175 m is greater than that at other elevations. The critical hydraulic parameters were highest in the 165–170 m segments. Both the rill erodibility and the critical parameters fluctuate vertically along the sloping surface. This research highlights the vertical heterogeneity of Dc and is helpful for better understanding the mechanisms responsible for soil detachment in the WLFZ of the TGR. 相似文献
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Bernard R. Durney 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(1):115-128
Abstract The influence of mesoscale topography on the baroclinic instability of a two-layer model of the open ocean is considered. For westward velocities in the top layer (U), and for a sinusoidal topography independent of x or longitude (a cross-stream topography), the critical value of U (Uc ) leading to instability is the same as when there is no topography. The wavelength of the unstable perturbation corresponding to U c is shortened. For a given wavevector (k) of the perturbation the system becomes stable (as also in the absence of topography) for large values of |U|. The minimum value of the shear leading to stability is, however, significantly reduced by the topography. For sufficiently large values of the height of the topographic features, instabilities appear which are localized within a narrow range of the shear. These instabilities are studied for a topography that depends both on x and y. For a cross-stream topography the growth rates are somewhat smaller than those without topography and they depend only weakly on ky . For the topographies considered here which depend both on x and y, perturbations with different values of ky can again have roughly the same growth rate. In the case of stable oscillations, variations in the eddy energy with very long periods are made possible by the coexistence of topographic modes with closely lying periods. 相似文献
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B. Meyer R. Armijo D. Massonnet J. B. De Chabalier C. Delacourt J. C. Ruegg J. Achache D. Papanastassiou 《Journal of Geodynamics》1998,26(2-4)
Soon after the 1995 Grevena Ms = 6.6 event, we mapped the Palaeochori earthquake fault break. These tectonic observations are combined with the surface displacement field determined with the SAR interferometry to model the fault dislocation at depth. 相似文献
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Although the Shields relation was developed for rivers, it has been applied to sediment transport by overland flow. According to the Shields relation, where the critical boundary Reynolds number Re*c exceeds 40, the critical Shields number F*c is independent of both Re*c and the ratio of the critical flow depth to particle diameter dc/D. Analyses of data collected from runoff plots in southern Arizona reveal that F*c is positively correlated with both Re*c and dc/D. Thus the Shields relation does not apply to overland flow on debris-covered desert hillslopes. Multiple regression analysis is employed to develop alternative threshold relations in which critical boundary shear stress τc is related to D and dc/D (R2 = 0.782) and to D and Sc (critical gradient) (R2 = 0.625). The computed R2 values derive in large part from the spurious correlations of dc/D and Sc with τc. Nevertheless, the relations may be utilized to predict τc. In this regard, the latter relation is likely to prove more useful than the former because Sc is generally known, whereas dc is not. An investigation of the functional relation between τc and D reveals that τc varies approximately with D2 for overland flow on the desert hillslopes under study, whereas the Shields relation predicts a linear relation (i.e. a D exponent of 1). This result is consistent with Cheng's data which show that F*c varies with (dc/D)?1 where 0.4 < dc/D < 2 and may be explained in terms of increased energy dissipation both in separation zones downslope of particles and in distortion of the water surface as dc/D decreases. Consequently, larger values of τc, and hence F*c, are required to initiate the transport of particles of a given size D as dc decreases. 相似文献
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Starting with dislocation model, using the result of the fracture mechanics: the slip displacement at the crack tip is proportional
to the length of the crack and the applied ambient shear stressτ
0
2
, we consider the dislocation in the earthquake to be the slip displacement at the crack tip and have obtained the analysis
expresses of displacement and velocity pulse for the circular crack and have calculated the seismic wave energy radiated by
earthquake. The seismic wave energyE ∞M
0
τ
0
2
f(v)
r
, i. e.E is proportional to the seismic momentM
0 and the square of the ambient shear stressτ
0
2
and increases with the rupture velocityv
r
.
In frequency domain, integrating the square of source velocity spectrum derived from our the scaling law model, we have also
obtained the seismic wave energyE released by earthquake and earthquake radiated effficiencyη.E ∞M
0
τ
0
2
also. If takingτ
0 = 10.0 MPa, E=4.79M
0. This result is consistent with the estimate by Vassiliou and Kanamori (1982). Theη=5.26%. The distribution of the seismic wave energy is that most of the energy contains in the frequency range between the
first corner frequencyf
c1 and thirdf
c3, amount to 92.3% the energy in the rangef<f
c1 is about 3.85% and 3.85% whenf>f
c3. Thef
c3 is about 8Hz forM ⩾ 6, thus most of radiated energy is below 2Hz. This phenomenon had been verified by Vassiliou Kanamori.
Previous results show the energy radiated by earthquake to be strongly dependent on ambient shear stress.
The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 146–152, 1993.
This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn, F. R. Germany. The support is grateful acknowledged.
The authors are also grateful to Professor Klussmann and Mr. Hasthoff for their lots of help. 相似文献
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To understand the sedimentary development of the Boso Forearc Basin, central Japan, since ~ 3 Ma, we investigated paleothermal structure and consolidation trends in the central and eastern parts of the forearc basin through vitrinite reflectance measurements and consolidation tests. Vitrinite reflectance (Rm) was in the range 0.33 % to 0.61 % for the Miura Group in the central part of the forearc basin and 0.34 % to 0.41 % for the Miura and Kazusa Groups in the eastern. These values suggest a roughly uniform vitrinite reflectance for the Miura Group from the central to eastern parts. No significant vitrinite reflectance difference is observed across the ~ 3 Ma Kurotaki Unconformity in the eastern part of the basin. The consolidation yield stress (pc) was calculated as 27.5 MPa and 32.2 MPa for the Kiyosumi and Amatsu Formations of the Miura Group in the eastern part, respectively. Both the pc values are consistent quantitatively with represent the trend of the maximum overburden pressure estimated from the thickness and density of overlying sediments, and the difference in pc is expected by the maximum burial depths of the strata at the sampling localities. Values of pc in the eastern part of the basin increase with thickness of overlying sediment, showing no break across the Kurotaki Unconformity. Considering the eroded thickness of the Miura Group, the continuous trends in vitrinite reflectance and consolidation between the Miura and Kazusa Groups in the eastern part reflect the greater deposition of the eastern part of the Boso Forearc Basin since ~ 2.3 Ma. 相似文献
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Source extent parameters of the 1988 Lancang earthquake (M
s=7.6) were estimated by computing the second-central moment of displacement pulses of far field long period SH waves. We inverted
the source duration T, the fault length L and the directivity parameter D by the least squares, and obtained that T=11.77 s, D=15.05 km·s, and L=70.94 km. We also find that this event is a symmetrically bilateral rupture and fault segments in two opposite rupture directions
have the same value of 35 km in length. Combining analysis of aftershock distribution, the results would imply that there
is an area in the joint part of the rupture area of two main shocks, which is not broken yet during the main shocks. Due to
the dislocation accompanied during the main shocks, the strain would be rearranged. The joint part has enough strength to
accumulate enough strain energy to excite a larger aftershock. 相似文献
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This study develops a straightforward approximate method to estimate inelastic displacement ratio, C1 for base‐isolated structures subjected to near‐fault and far‐fault ground motions. Taking into account the inelastic behavior of isolator and superstructure, a 2 degrees of freedom model is employed. A total of 90 earthquake ground motions are selected and classified into different clusters according to the frequency content features of records represented by the peak ground acceleration to peak ground velocity ratio, Ap/Vp. A parametric study is conducted, and effective factors in C1 (i.e., fundamental vibration period of the superstructure, Ts; postyield stiffness ratio of the superstructure, αs; strength reduction ratio, R; vibration period of the isolator, Tb; strength of the isolator, Q; ratio of superstructure mass to total mass of the system, γm) are recognized. The results indicate that the practical range of C1 values could be expected for base‐isolated structures. Subsequently, effective parameters are included in simple predictive equations. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed approximate equations is evaluated and verified through error measurement, and comparisons are made in the analyses. 相似文献
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Duration of high frequency (5–25 Hz) radiation of energy from earthquake sources in California is consistent with the estimates of fault length and with dislocation velocity estimates of 2–3 km/sec. This duration can be described by an exponential function of magnitude for 2·5 < M < 7·5. It is related to the times it takes the dislocation to spread over the fault width (1/f2), and the fault length (～ 1/f1), and to reach its ultimate amplitude (T0). The results in this paper can be used to estimate the range of amplitudes and the duration of long period pulses of strong ground motion near faults, as these long period pulses can be related to the properties of high-frequency radiation from the source. Such pulses must be considered in the analyses of yielding structures, when the average peak acceleration of the pulse exceeds the yield resistance seismic coefficient of the structure. 相似文献