共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
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地表温度是地质学、水文学和陆面过程研究中的重要参数.由于地表的三维结构和异质性,大部分不同类型陆地表面均存在不同程度热辐射方向性现象.总结了基于真实结构的地表热辐射方向性计算机模型研究进展,归纳了真实结构模型中蒙特卡罗光线追踪法和辐射度方法的理论基础,阐明了两种方法的区别和联系,并从理论和物理意义上分别推导和阐释了其与几何光学模型及辐射传输模型的关系,指出了真实结构模型在算法效率、非同温系统蒙特卡罗模拟、参数获取、模型反演和应用等方面存在的主要问题,并展望了其在未来的发展趋势. 相似文献
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城市气象与边界层数值模拟研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
综合评述关于城市气象与边界层数值模拟的近期研究进展,主要就城市气候研究、城市能量平衡、城市热岛研究以及城市陆面过程与城市地表能量平衡模式等方面国内外主要研究工作,结合作者近期的研究工作和认识作一评述.从中提出一些现实与观点方面的问题,给出一些看法和讨论.最后,就当今比较流行并显示十分有效的城市气象和城市边界层数值模拟作一些讨论,着重对这一领域面临的现行研究和未来的挑战,提出一些思考.评述结果表明:①今后需针对我国不同气候区、不同城市特点和建筑物形态特征,开展城市气候、城市地表能量平衡、城市热岛等方面的观测与模拟研究;②在城市气象观测方法与技术导则、观测站网布局、新型观测手段的综合使用等方面的深入研究需进一步展开;③需建立基于时间、天气条件、建筑特征的简单的城市热岛强度预报方法;④可探索采用计算流体力学(CFD)模式作为"桥梁",检验并改进中尺度模式对城市地区的模拟效果. 相似文献
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黑河流域上游寒区水文遥感-地面同步观测试验 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
介绍了黑河流域上游寒区水文遥感-地而同步观测试验,论述了试验目标与研究内容、试验区的选择设计以及寒区水文长期观测试验.上游试验以理解寒区水文过程、提高寒区定量遥感水平为主旨,以积雪和冻土为主要研究对象,开展了微波辐射计、高光谱成像仪航空遥感和地面同步观测,并选择典型小流域进行长期寒区水文过程观测与研究.试验集中在冰沟积雪小流域、阿柔草场和扁都口裸露耕地3个不蚓地表覆盖区,以积雪和冻土变量与参数的测量为主.同步试验在流域尺度、重点试验区、加密观测区和观测小区4个尺度上展开,分别布置了加密的地面同步观测、通量和气象水文观测、降雨、径流及其它水文要素观测网络;航空飞行传感器分别采用微波辐射计、高光谱成像仪、热红外成像仪和多光谱CCD相机,收集获取了试验区丰富的可见光/近红外、热红外、主被动微波等卫星数据.通过试验,初步构建了上游寒区航空-卫星-地面综合数据集,可以应用于改进和验证寒区陆面/水文过程模型. 相似文献
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为研究高温目标在短波红外发射辐射的方向性,建立多角度观测物理模型;以燃烧竹炭作为小面元高温目标,在暗室条件下使用ASD FieldSpec3光谱仪对高温目标的辐射亮度进行多角度观测和分析。仅使用一台光谱仪无法同时获取多个角度的观测数据,且以不同角度观测时,高温目标温度发生明显改变,本文采用一种自定义的降温模型计算多角度观测的参比辐射亮度,并提出一个概念-辐射亮度比(多角度辐射亮度/参比辐射亮度),用以消除高温目标降温的影响。结果表明,降温模型精度很高,辐射亮度比这一概念很好地刻画了高温目标在短波红外辐射的方向性,余弦函数、傅里叶级数均可实现对辐射亮度比随角度变化的高精度拟合。 相似文献
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基于时间序列建模的城市热岛时间尺度成分分离方法与应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
城市热岛效应是全球与区域气候变化研究中的焦点问题。基于2001—2012年较长时间序列的北京市MODIS地表温度产品及相关NDVI和反射率产品,给出地表温度时间序列构建方法。基于站点气象观测资料进行的精度验证表明地表温度时间序列构建方法可行,并最终给出城市热岛强度的量化方案。研究选取统计学中X-11-ARIMA时间序列建模方法,分离并分析城市热岛强度时间序列的结构性成分。分析发现,以平均城乡温差为指标的北京城市热岛强度季节性特征明显,与城乡土地利用状况、季节性地表覆盖、地物热特性以及气候因子等联系密切。趋势—循环特征与城市扩张速度及入选城市区域面积相关。以已发生城市热岛区域城乡平均温差为指标的北京城市热岛强度趋势—循环特性在12年间表现平稳。时间序列建模分析提取出不规则变动成分,为定量研究偶然因素对城市热岛的影响提供了可能。 相似文献
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黑河流域遥感—地面观测同步试验：科学目标与试验方案 总被引：44，自引：17，他引：27
介绍了黑河流域遥感-地面观测同步试验的科学背景、科学问题、研究目标以及观测试验方案和观测系统布置.总体目标是,开展航空-卫星遥感与地面观测同步试验,为发展流域科学积累基础数据;发展能够融合多源遥感观测的流域尺度陆面数据同化系统,为实现卫星遥感对流域的动态监测提供方法和范例.以具备鲜明的高寒与干旱区伴生为主要特征的黑河流域为试验区,以水循环为主要研究对象,利用航空遥感、卫星遥感、地面雷达、水文气象观测、通量观测、生态监测等相关设备,开展航空、卫星和地面配合的大型观测试验,精细观测干旱区内陆河流域高山冰雪和冻土带、山区水源涵养林带、中游人工绿洲及天然荒漠绿洲带的水循环和生态过程的各个分量;并且以航空遥感为桥梁,通过高精度的真实性验证,发展尺度转换方法,改善从卫星遥感资料反演和间接估计水循环各分量及与之密切联系的生态和其他地表过程分量的模型和算法.由寒区水文试验、森林水文试验和干旱区水文试验,以及一个集成研究--模拟平台和数据平台建设组成.拟观测的变量划分为5大类,分别是水文与生态变量、驱动数据、植被参数、土壤参数和空气动力参数.同步试验在流域尺度、重点试验区、加密观测区和观测小区4个尺度上展开.布置了加密的地面同步观测、通量和气象水文观测、降雨、径流及其他水文要素观测网络;使用了5类机载遥感传感器,分别是微波辐射计、激光雷达、高光谱成像仪、热红外成像仪和多光谱CCD相机;获取了丰富的可见光/近红外、热红外、主被动微波、激光雷达等卫星数据. 相似文献
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青藏高原复杂地表能量通量研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
“全球能量水循环之亚洲季风青藏高原试验研究”（GAME/Tibet）和“全球协调加强观测计划（CEOP）亚澳季风之青藏高原试验研究”（CAMP/Tibet）的加强期观测和长期观测已经进行了9年多,并且已取得了大量的珍贵资料。首先介绍了GAME/Tibet 和CAMP/Tibet 试验的情况,并利用观测资料给出了局地能量分布（日变化和月际变化）特征。复杂地表区域能量通量研究是青藏高原地气相互作用研究中的重中之重。卫星遥感的应用成为解决这一问题,即实现GAME/Tibet和CAMP/Tibet试验主要初衷的必不可少的手段。利用卫星遥感观测（Landsat 7 ETM）资料结合地面观测的方法,计算得到了相关地区非均匀地表区域上的地表温度、地表反射率、标准化差值植被指数(NDVI)、校准的调整土壤植被指数（MSAVI）、植被覆盖度和叶面指数(LAI)及能量平衡各分量（净辐射通量、土壤热通量、感热和潜热通量）的分布图像,所得结果基本可信。为了得到整个青藏高原复杂地表的热通量分布,中国科学院青藏高原研究所正在与其他研究单位一起建立青藏高原地表和大气过程监测系统（MORP）。最后介绍了该监测计划和已建立的3个综合观测研究站及如何利用建立的台站把站点观测的热通量推广到整个青藏高原的途径。 相似文献
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地表粗糙度参数化研究综述 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
粗糙度反映了地表的起伏程度,是许多陆面过程的关键影响因子。然而,人们对地表系统认识的不足,造成现有的各种地表粗糙度参数化方案均存在一定的问题。从地表测量技术、粗糙度相关参数和遥感研究3个方面对地表粗糙度参数化研究现状进行了综述。针式廓线法和激光廓线法是当前主流的地表测量技术,而三雏激光扫描和摄影测量技术已展示出了较大的潜力。基于统计方法和基于分形理论的粗糙度相关参数具有截然不同的物理意义,但地表复杂的多尺度特性使得很难用一类参数进行描述。光学遥感与微波遥感均具有广阔的前景,其中前者需要注意与经典粗糙度参数化方案相结合,后者则需拓展在下一代遥感平台上的技术与方法。还针对不同尺度粗糙度参数的比较与转换,地表粗糙度的空间异质性与各向异性,以及三维表面粗糙度参数化等当前地表粗糙度参数化研究中的一些关键问题进行了讨论。 相似文献
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基于普适性单通道算法，利用2005年5月6日的TM数据反演北京市区的实际地表温度。在此基础上，分析了北京市区的热环境特征、热岛分布的位置。运用GIS空间分析工具，分析了地表温度与地形特征和地表覆盖类型之间的关系。结果表明，北京市热岛分布具有环状和带状分布特征，高程较低处和坡度较小处更容易形成热岛中心，不同地表覆盖类型的热特征具有显著的差异。 相似文献
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Remotely sensed thermal infrared (TIR) data have been widely used to retrieve land surface temperature (LST). LST is an important parameter in the studies of urban thermal environment and dynamics. In the study, an attempt has been made using LANDSAT 8 thermal imagery to compute LST and the associated land cover parameters viz; land surface emissivity (LSE), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) and normalized difference water index (NDWI). Landsat 8 TIRS band 10 & 11 (thermal bands) during 21 Oct. 2016, 22 Nov.2016, 24 Dec. 2016 and 09 Jan. 2017 were processed for LST analysis. However, band 5 & band 4 of the imagery was processed for NDVI, band 6 & band 5 for NDBI and band 2 & band 5 for NDWI analysis. LST has been derived from both the bands 10 &11 and validated by in-situ observations on the date and time of satellite overpass from the study area. Band 10 derived LST have shown much temperature difference while comparing with the in-situ observations. However, LST derived from band 11 found similar & close to the in-situ measurements. Relationship between band 11 results and in-situ observed measurements were developed, which has showing a strong correlation with (r2 = 0.991). Land surface emissivity were also evaluated which shows variation in different land cover surfaces like vegetation, settlement, forest cover and water body. The study has proven that land surface temperature derived from satellite band 11 is the actual surface temperature of the study area. 相似文献
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The relationship between land surface temperature and land use/land cover in Guangzhou,China 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The integration of remote sensing, geographic information system, landscape ecology and statistical analysis methods was applied
to study the urban thermal environment in Guangzhou. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference
Build-up Index (NDBI), Normalized Difference Barren Index (NDBaI) and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) were
used to analyze the relationships between land surface temperature (LST) and land use/land cover (LULC) qualitatively. The
result revealed that, most urban built-up lands were located in the middle part, and high LST areas mostly and were in the
middle and southern parts. Therefore, the urbanization and thermal environment in the middle and southern parts need to be
determined. Land surface temperature increased with the density of urban built-up and barren land, but decreased with vegetation
cover. The relationship between MNDWI and LST was found to be negative, which implied that pure water would decrease the surface
temperature and the polluted water would increase the surface temperature. A multiple regression between LST and each indices
as well as the elevation was created to elevate the urban thermal environment, which showed that NDVI, NDBI, NDBaI, MNDWI
were effective indicators for quantifying LULC impacts on LST. 相似文献
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Modifications in vegetation cover and surface albedo during rapid urbanization: a case study from South China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The green vegetation fraction (GVF) and surface albedo are important land surface parameters often used for validation of climate and land surface models that are influenced largely by environmental gradients and human activities. In this study, fine resolution GVF and albedo values derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus images from 1990 to 2000 were used to examine the relationship of both GVF and albedo values to the spatial gradients of parameters related to dramatic urbanization in the Greater Guangzhou metropolitan area, Guangdong Province, in South China. Moderate resolution GVF and albedo datasets derived from the MODIS Collection 5 product were used to analyze the seasonal variation of GVF and albedo with rapid urban expansion from 2001 to 2007. The results show that the shortwave albedo had a clear declining trend from the urban center to natural land in 1990. However, no obvious trend in shortwave albedo change was observed along urban–rural gradients caused by the expansion of low-albedo urban buildings and more heterogeneous land cover patterns in 2000. A threshold of GVF (~0.21) was estimated for determining the change of albedo associated with vegetation fraction. Vegetation cover modified by urban expansion changed surface reflectance and influenced the surface energy balance. It is suggested that a large portion of energy absorbed in an urban area is likely to be converted to thermal energy that heating up is near the surface and emitted as longwave radiation. 相似文献
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Urban impervious surfaces are considered as key indicator of urbanization intensity and environmental quality. Due to their significant impact on surface runoff, flood frequency, and water quality, impervious surfaces have been identified as an important indicator for examining the hydrological impact of urbanization. The amount and distribution of impervious surfaces have been estimated using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. Little research, however, has been conducted to predict future impervious surface distributions. To address this problem, we developed an integrated residential/commercial growth and impervious surface distribution model to predict urban impervious surface distribution. Taking Milwaukee River Basin, Wisconsin as a case study, we simulated future residential and commercial developments using a CA model. Further, we developed a linear regression model to predict impervious surface distributions in residential and commercial land uses. Analysis of results suggests that the proposed model performs significantly better than the traditional approaches. 相似文献
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A two-dimensional numerical model is employed to study the effect of the coastal urban heat island on the sea breeze front
and the thermal internal boundary layer height. The temperature at the land surface is determined by solving an energy budget
equation. The effect of the urban heat island is studied by varying the width of the region and its intensity. During the
early afternoon, the presence of the urban heat island enhances the strength of convergence of the sea breeze front and also
reduces its inland penetration. The presence of the urban heat island causes increased thermal internal boundary layer height.
Larger urban width causes larger vertical velocity and higher thermal internal boundary layer. Stronger convergence and higher
thermal internal boundary layer are also obtained in case of larger heat island intensity. 相似文献