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1.
安徽巢湖下志留统高家边组页岩储集性能初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
巢湖地区下志留统高家边组页岩XRD衍射分析表明,页岩主要由伊利石,绿泥石和石英组成。根据沉降法获得石英等脆性矿物平均含量约为67.8%,黏土矿物平均含量约为25.12%。场发射环境扫描电镜对样品进行微观孔隙结构观察,发现页岩的孔隙主要有4种类型,即粒间孔隙、粒内孔隙、裂缝孔隙和溶蚀孔隙。其中粒间孔隙和溶蚀孔隙大量发育,它们是页岩气的重要的储集空间;裂缝孔隙发育良好,是页岩气运移的主要通道。页岩成分和结构之间关系进一步分析表明,页岩中石英等大量脆性矿物的存在,有利于页岩中裂缝的形成;而黏土矿物的存在,不仅能增加有机质含量,并且有利于页岩气的储集。综合分析认为,巢湖地区下志留统高家边组页岩具有较好的储集性能。 相似文献
2.
页岩孔隙结构是决定储层储集与运移能力的关键,对完善我国陆相页岩气产能评估方法和压裂技术具有重要意义。本文选取鄂尔多斯盆地陆相延长组7段页岩,利用氩离子抛光-扫描电镜和微米X射线显微镜方法研究其孔隙结构特征与三维空间分布特征。扫描电镜结果表明,延长7段页岩中主要发育粒间孔(300～600nm)和微裂缝,是页岩气的主要储集空间。微裂缝多由黏土矿物沉淀形成,以平直状为主,易引发井壁坍塌等严重问题。有机孔发育较少,一般与有机黏土矿物共存,绝大部分有机质呈致密状。微米X射线显微镜测试进一步表明,长7段页岩在三维空间具有微米级纹层结构,其中有机质纹层厚10～20μm,揭示了延长组7段页岩层具有较强塑性,不利于水平压裂。该研究成果将为构建延长7段页岩气渗流模型、改进压裂技术提供重要数据支持。 相似文献
3.
页岩气储层孔隙发育特征及主控因素分析:以上扬子地区龙马溪组为例 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
运用扫描电镜、氩离子抛光场发射电子扫描显微成像与核磁共振测试技术,对渝东南地区Y1井龙马溪组页岩的微米级孔隙、纳米级孔隙和微裂缝发育特征3个层面分别进行定量表征。结合总有机碳含量、有机质显微组分及成熟度、黏土矿物及全岩X射线衍射分析等测试数据,对孔隙发育特征主控因素进行分析。对页岩微米级孔隙发育有促进作用的因素有石英含量和伊利石含量,具有抑制作用的因素有碳酸盐含量和埋藏深度;对有机质纳米级孔隙发育有促进作用的因素有有机质成熟度和伊蒙混层含量,具有抑制作用的因素为方解石含量;对微裂缝发育有促进作用的因素有石英含量、有机质成熟度和总有机碳含量,具有抑制作用的因素是碳酸盐含量。 相似文献
4.
5.
《地质科技情报》2021,40(5)
为了更全面地表征潜江凹陷潜江组页岩油储层孔隙结构特征,系统选取了距物源不同距离的A井和B井多块页岩样品进行了分析测试,通过场发射扫描电镜、低温氮气吸附和高压压汞实验综合分析了页岩孔隙结构特征;通过对比抽提前后场发射扫描电镜图像、低温氮气吸附和高压压汞实验数据,进一步研究了页岩中滞留烃的赋存空间特征;通过对典型页岩样品的二次压汞实验,探讨了页岩中连通孔隙的孔径分布特征。结果显示:潜江凹陷潜江组页岩油储层孔隙大小为纳米-微米级,孔径2～180 nm的黏土矿物层间孔和白云石晶间孔是该区发育最主要的两种孔隙类型;A井页岩中的滞留烃主要赋存在孔径2～20 nm的黏土矿物层间孔中,滞留烃含量较低,连通孔径主要集中在3～15 nm范围内,B井页岩中的滞留烃赋存在孔径8～100 nm的白云石晶间孔中,滞留烃含量多,连通孔径主要分布在10～130 nm范围内;白云石和黏土矿物的存在都有利于页岩储层储集空间的发育,但远离物源的生物成因的白云石更有利于滞留烃的赋存和可动性。研究成果可以为潜江凹陷页岩油的勘探和开发提供一定的理论支撑。 相似文献
6.
随着页岩储层研究的不断深入,取得了一系列重要进展和认识,主要体现在对页岩储层孔隙空间类型、储层物性控制因素以及页岩气预测与评价3方面。主要的认识有:①页岩储层中的纳米孔隙及微裂缝是重要的储集空间;②矿物组成是影响储层储集性能及产能的重要因素,黏土矿物含量是影响页岩气吸附性及孔隙大小的主要因素,而脆性矿物可以有效改善储层物性并提高压裂的成功率;③有机质含量和热成熟度是影响页岩储层有机质纳米孔隙发育的关键因素;④基于页岩岩性精细划分,可以根据页岩储层岩性及岩相层段预测有利层段;⑤提出了利用层序地层学的方法对页岩储层进行研究的理念。这些成果和认识推动了页岩气储层研究的步伐,但仍存在许多科学难题尚未解决。 相似文献
7.
《煤田地质与勘探》2015,(6)
通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射、压汞实验及等温吸附实验等对沁水盆地太原组泥页岩进行了实验分析,从地球化学特征、岩石学特征、物性与储集空间特征等方面对泥页岩储层特征进行了研究。结果表明,研究区太原组页岩气储层泥页岩厚50~70 m,储层有利层段为太原组上段,最大连续厚度为10.7~25.13 m;有机碳质量分数为0.12%~22.78%,平均为2.5%以上;成熟度为1.72%~3.6%,总体偏高,处于高-过成熟阶段;矿物成分以黏土矿物和石英为主,脆性矿物平均为32.12%~45.25%;微孔裂隙发育,类型多样。孔隙结构以微孔、小孔和超大孔为主,孔隙间连通性比较好。沁水盆地太原组泥页岩具有储层埋藏深度适中,泥页岩累计厚度大,有机碳含量高,脆性矿物含量高,微孔裂隙发育,孔隙间连通性好等特征,是页岩气的有利储集层。其不利条件主要表现在单层厚度小,黏土矿物含量高,成熟度较高等。 相似文献
8.
以川南长宁页岩气示范区A井页岩气优质产层龙一1小层与非优质产层龙一2小层及龙二段为主要研究对象,从储层矿物组成、纳米孔隙发育特征和赋存载体组合样式及其主控因素等微观层面进行系统对比,进一步明确了两者的差异及相互关系。研究结果显示:1）龙一1小层富含有机质、石英和黄铁矿,页岩孔径分布呈前峰型,纳米孔隙发育主要受TOC含量控制,有机孔是纳米孔隙主要类型,有机质颗粒充填于矿物粒间孔内,被石英和碳酸盐岩等脆性矿物包围,构成“纳米级气藏”;2）龙一2小层和龙二段相对富含黏土矿物和碳酸盐岩,页岩孔径分布以后峰型为主,纳米孔隙发育主要受黏土矿物含量控制,黏土矿物粒间孔/层间孔是纳米孔隙主要类型,黏土矿物颗粒内部充填纳米孔隙不发育的方解石和白云石,对页岩气运移起到有效阻滞。因此,非优质产层龙一2小层和龙二段实际上是下伏优质产层龙一1小层的有效盖层。川南龙马溪组页岩气选区需同时关注龙一1小层的储集能力和龙一2小层与龙二段等上覆地层的封闭能力。 相似文献
9.
《矿物学报》2016,(4)
页岩的矿物成分和孔隙特征对页岩气成藏和开采具有重要意义。四川盆地渝东石柱县打风坳地区五峰组-龙马溪组富有机质页岩广泛发育,应用X射线衍射技术对其矿物成分特征进行研究,发现五峰组-龙马溪组页岩矿物成分包含石英、长石、方解石、白云石、黄铁矿、伊利石、伊/蒙混层和绿泥石。脆性矿物含量(50%)和黏土矿物组合特征表明五峰组-龙马溪组是宜于页岩气形成与开采的有利层位。应用氩离子抛光-扫描电镜方法对页岩微纳孔隙特征展开研究,发现无机孔、微裂缝和有机孔3种孔隙类型。无机孔主要包括粒间孔、黄铁矿晶间孔、黏土矿物层间孔和溶蚀孔,孔径数百纳米至数微米;微裂缝包括构造裂缝和解理缝,缝长集中于3~10μm,缝宽数百纳米。有机孔主要发育在有机质内部,呈片麻状或蜂窝状,孔径30~200 nm,连通性较好。总体而言,五峰组页岩中最主要的孔隙类型是溶蚀孔,龙马溪组页岩中主要发育粒间孔和有机孔。 相似文献
10.
通过薄片分析、扫描电镜及氩离子抛光技术,对渝东南下古生界含气页岩中的孔隙类型及特征进行了分类观察、描述,结合有机碳含量、X衍射、岩石物性、氮气吸附及甲烷等温吸附实验测试,分析了页岩气储层中各类孔隙的储气贡献,探讨这些孔隙对页岩中烃类运移的影响。研究认为,有机质孔隙、颗粒内孔、粒间孔隙及微裂隙是页岩气储层孔隙的4种类型,有机质表面的分散状孔隙多为nm级,石英碎屑可形成粒内或粒间孔隙,黄铁矿颗粒内部小晶体排列分布产生孔隙空间,黏土絮状沉淀形成片粒状结构孔隙,微裂隙普遍发育在页岩基质中,可达mm级。不同类型的孔隙能够为页岩气的赋存提供不同尺度的储集空间,页岩吸附含气量与表征孔隙特征的参数(TOC、BET比表面积、BJH总孔体积)具有显著的正相关关系。微裂隙与粒间孔隙对页岩中烃类的运移最有利。 相似文献
11.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
12.
Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km2 and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world. 相似文献
13.
《Geoforum》2017
This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South. 相似文献
14.
I. Bejarano-Ramirez Jose M. Jurado R. Muñiz-Valencia Á. Alcázar Silvia G. Ceballos-Magaña A. Olivos-Ortiz O. Rangel 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(6):1333-1342
The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments). 相似文献
15.
Hirokazu Fujimaki 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1986,94(1):42-45
Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite. 相似文献
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17.
《Chemical Geology》2007,236(1-2):13-26
We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO2. 相似文献
18.
Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability. 相似文献
19.
Pools,riffles, and channelization 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Edward A. Keller 《Environmental Geology》1978,2(2):119-127
The addition of regularly spaced deeps (pools) and shallows (riffles) that provide a variety of flow conditions, areal sorting
of stream-bed material, cover for wildlife, and a positive aesthetic experience, may be desirable in many channel projects.
Such designs will reduce adverse environmental impacts of stream channel modifications.
Analysis of variance for pool-to-pool spacing data suggests that there is no significant difference with respect to channel
width between pools that form in natural streams and those in streams affected by a variety of human uses. Short of channelization,
which changes the channel width, pools and riffles, within limits, are not particularly sensitive to environmental stress.
Experiments in Gum Branch near Charlotte, North Carolina, support the hypothesis that channel form and process evolve in harmony
and that manipulation of cross-channel morphology can influence the development of desired channel processes. Planned manipulation
of its channel form induced Gum Branch to develop as desired. Morphologic stability consisting of incipient point bars, pools,
and riffles was maintained over a period of high magnitude flood events, only to be degraded later by a wave of sediment derived
from upstream construction and stream-bank failures. Thus, environmentally desirable channel morphology in urban streams cannot
remain stable if changes in the sediment load or storm-water runoff exceed the limits of the stream's ability to make internal
adjustments while maintaining morphologic stability. 相似文献
20.
Preston Cloud 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1977,66(1):678-696
Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.
Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.
Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.
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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians 相似文献