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1.
Drilled shafts are, typically, designed by considering the axial ultimate limit state. In this design methodology, the axial
displacement requirements are verified once the design is completed. As an alternative, drilled shafts may be designed by
considering the axial service limit state. Service limit state foundation design is more efficient when done using the load
and resistance factor design (LRFD) approach. Furthermore, reliability may be rationally incorporated into the design process
that utilizes the LRFD method. In this paper, we develop probabilistic approaches for axial service limit state analysis of
drilled shafts. The variability of shaft-soil interface properties is modeled by lognormal probability distribution functions.
The probability distributions are combined with a closed-form analytical relationship of axial load-displacement curves for
drilled shafts. The closed-form analytical relationship is derived based upon the “t–z” approach. This analytical relationship
is used with the Monte Carlo simulation method to obtain probabilistic load-displacement curves, which are analyzed to develop
methods for determining the probability of drilled shaft failure at the service limit state. The developed method may be utilized
to obtain resistance factors that can be applied to LRFD based service limit state design. 相似文献
2.
Osterberg-Cell (O-Cell) tests are widely used to predict the load–settlement behavior of large-diameter drilled shafts socketed in rock. The loading direction of O-Cell tests for shaft resistance is opposite to that of conventional downward load tests, meaning that the equivalent top load–settlement curve determined by the summation of the mobilized shaft resistance and end bearing at the same deflection neglects the pile-toe settlement caused by the load transmitted along the pile shaft. The emphasis is on quantifying the effect of coupled shaft resistance, which is closely related to the ratios of pile diameter to soil modulus (D/Es) and total shaft resistance to total applied load (Rs/Q) in rock-socketed drilled shafts, using the coupled load-transfer method. The proposed analytical method, which takes into account the effect of coupled shaft resistance, was developed using a modified Mindlin’s point load solution. Through comparisons with field case studies, it was found that the proposed method reasonably estimated the load-transfer behavior of piles and coupling effects due to the transfer of shaft shear loading. These results represent a significant improvement in the prediction of load–settlement behaviors of drilled shafts subjected to bi-directional loading from the O-Cell test. 相似文献
3.
Two‐dimensional slope stability analysis for a slope with a row of drilled shafts needs a mechanism to take into account the three‐dimensional effect of the soil arching due to the spaced drilled shafts on slope. To gain a better understanding of the arching mechanisms in a slope with evenly spaced drilled shafts socketed into a stable stratum (or a rock layer), the three‐dimensional finite element modelling technique was used for a comprehensive parametric study, where the nonlinear and plastic nature of the soil and the elastic behavior of the drilled shafts as well as the interface frictions were modelled. Various factors were varied in the parametric study to include (1) the rigidity of the drilled shafts as influenced by its diameter, modulus of elasticity, and total length; (2) shafts spacing and location on the slope; (3) the material properties of rock and the socket length of shaft; and (4) the soil movement and strength parameters. Evidences of soil arching and reduction in the stresses and displacements through the load transfer mechanisms due to the presence of the drilled shafts were elucidated through the finite element method (FEM) simulation results. Design charts based on regression analysis of FEM simulation results were created to obtain a numerical value of the load transfer factor for the arching mechanism provided by the drilled shafts on the slope. Observations of the arching behavior learned from the FEM simulations provide an insight into the behavior of drilled shafts stabilized slope. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
The load distribution and deformation of rock-socketed drilled shafts subjected to axial loads are evaluated by a load transfer method. The emphasis is on quantifying the effect of coupled soil resistance in rock-socketed drilled shafts using 2D elasto-plastic finite element analysis. Slippage and shear-load transfer behavior at the pile–soil interface are investigated by using a user-subroutine interface model (FRIC). It is shown that the coupled soil resistance acts as pile-toe settlement as the shaft resistance is increased to its ultimate limit state. Based on the results obtained, the coupling effect is closely related to the ratio of the pile diameter to soil modulus (D/Es) and the ratio of total shaft resistance against total applied load (Rs/Q). Through comparison with field case studies, the 2D numerical analysis reasonably estimated load transfer of pile and coupling effect, and thus represents a significant improvement in the prediction of load deflections of drilled shafts. 相似文献
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7.
Numerical analysis on post-grouted drilled shafts: A case study at the Brazo River Bridge,TX 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper investigates the effects of post-grouting on the behavior of drilled shafts using a case study carried out at the Brazo River, Texas. Commercial finite element software, PLAXIS, was used to quantify the improvement of the tip resistance and side shear resistance of post-grouted drilled shafts (PGDS). The input material parameters of PLAXIS were initially estimated using CPT sounding results, and then the parameters were updated by calibrating the numerical results against full-scale STATNAMIC load test results. Based on the numerical analysis, the authors concluded that (1) the increase in total resistance of PGDS resulted from soil improvement at the shaft tip, (2) the apparent increase in side shear resistance resulted from side shear reversal that occurred during post-grouting, and (3) the apparent increase in the tip resistance of PGDS may be caused by stress relief of the grout. In addition, two approaches to estimate the resistance of PGDS were compared against numerical results. In this case study, the Axial Capacity Multiplier (ACM) approach over-predicted the total resistance whereas the Tip Capacity Multiplier (TCM) approach reasonably predicted the increase in total resistance. 相似文献
8.
This paper presents a shear load transfer function and an analytical method for estimating the load transfer characteristics
of rock-socketed drilled shafts subjected to axial loads. A shear load transfer (f–w) function of rock-socketed drilled shafts is proposed based on the constant normal stiffness (CNS) direct shear tests. It
is presented in terms of the borehole roughness and the geological strength index (GSI) so that the structural discontinuities
and the surface conditions of the rock mass can be considered. An analytical method that takes into account the coupled soil
resistance effects is proposed using a modified Mindlin’s point load solution. Through comparisons with load test results,
the proposed methodology is in good agreement with the general trend observed in in situ measurements and represents an improvement
in the prediction of the shear behavior of rock-socketed drilled shafts. 相似文献
9.
Extrapolation of O-cell drilled shaft tests for load and resistance factor design (LRFD) calibration
Load tests of drilled shafts are often performed using Osterberg cell (O-cell) testing, a popular load test method for drilled shafts, which measures both side and tip resistance. However, it is common that only one of the resistance components can be fully mobilized. Therefore, extrapolation of the partially mobilized resistance is often required to determine the total resistance or the equivalent top-down curve. The extrapolation tends to introduce errors to the constructed total resistance values, which subsequently affect the calibrated resistance factors required for the LRFD design of drilled shafts. In this study, eight O-cell tests of drilled shafts with total measured resistances close to the failure criteria defined by FHWA, 5% of the shaft diameter (B), were collected among 64 drilled shaft load tests from Louisiana and Mississippi. For each of the eight cases, extrapolation was performed on both tip and side movement curves for the construction of the equivalent top-down load-settlement (ELT) curves. Data points from the measured side or tip movement curve were removed systematically to create a total of 80 cases with partially mobilized movement curves, and extrapolation exercises were performed on each fabricated case to obtain its equivalent top-down curve. The error of bias for each fabricated case was determined for statistical analyses. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed on the bias errors to model the bias errors caused by extrapolation. Calibrated resistance factors were determined and compared between the original database and fabricated database needing extrapolation. A correction method is proposed, based on a linear regression relationship, to estimate and minimize the extrapolation error of bias for less mobilized databases.
相似文献10.
A bridge pier supported on two drilled shafts collapsed due to the impact by a 130-ton rock in a landslide event. A series
of static and dynamic numerical simulations is conducted using a nonlinear finite element analysis program to investigate
the bearing behavior and responses of the bridge foundation under rock impact. The rock impact load is evaluated according
to the site conditions. The deflection histories at the striking point and the internal forces in the drilled shafts during
rock impacts in different directions are analyzed. The bridge pier exhibits significant system effects: the failure of the
bridge pier is initiated by the failure of one pier column or one drilled shaft first, followed by the failure of the entire
pier. The effects of impact loading direction, striking location, and characteristics of impact load on the behavior of the
bridge pier are examined through a parametric study. The capacities of the pier along different loading directions are different
due to differences in the group effects of the drilled shafts. The bridge pier is strongest when the impact load is along
the 45° direction with respect to the shaft row, and weakest when the impact load is perpendicular to the shaft row. 相似文献
11.
The pressure grouting of drilled shaft tips has become popular worldwide due to its effectiveness in mobilizing a larger portion of the available tip resistance under service displacements. This paper presents experimental and numerical studies on the load transfer mechanism and factors controlling the axial response of base grouted drilled shafts in cohesionless soils. The study found that the increased axial capacity of grout-tipped drilled shafts under service loads and displacements depended mainly on preloading effects and the increased tip area provided by the grouting process. A simple prediction approach for estimating the tip capacity of grouted shafts utilizing cone penetration resistance was suggested based on the results of the study. The validity of the proposed approach was verified by the analysis of full-scale case studies of grouted shafts reported in the literature. 相似文献
12.
The use of drilled shafts to stabilize an unstable slope has been a widely accepted practice. There are two basic design and analysis issues involved: one is to determine the global factor of safety of the drilled shafts stabilized slope and the other one is to determine the design earth thrust on the drilled shafts for structural design of the shafts. In this paper, a limiting equilibrium method of slices based solution for calculating global factor of safety (FS) of a slope with the presence of a row of drilled shafts is developed. The arching mechanisms due to the presence of the drilled shafts on slope were taken into account by a load transfer factor. The method for calculating the net force applied to the drilled shaft from the soil mass was also developed. The interrelationships among the drilled shaft location on the slope, the load transfer factor, and the global FS of the slope/shaft system were derived utilizing the developed numerical closed‐form solution. An illustrative example is presented to elucidate the use of the solution in optimizing the location of the drilled shafts on slope to achieve the desired global factor of safety of the slope/shaft system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
Ali Bouafia 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2007,25(3):283-301
Lateral load-deflection behaviour of single piles is often analysed in practice on the basis of methods of load-transfer P–Y curves. The paper is aimed at presenting the results of the interpretation of five full-scale horizontal loading tests of
single instrumented piles in two sandy soils, in order to define the parameters of P–Y curves, namely the initial lateral reaction modulus and the lateral soil resistance, in correlation with the pressuremeter
test parameters. P–Y curve parameters were found varying as a power of lateral pile/soil stiffness, on the basis of which hyperbolic P–Y curves in sand were proposed. The predictive capabilities of the proposed P–Y curves were assessed by predicting the soil/pile response in full-scale tests as well as in centrifuge tests and a very good
agreement was found between the computed deflections and bending moments, and the measured ones. Small-sized database of full-scale
pile loading tests in sand was built and a comparative study of some commonly used P–Y curve methods was undertaken. Moreover, it was shown that the load-deflection curves of these test piles may be normalised
in a practical form for an approximate evaluation of pile deflection in a preliminary stage of pile design. At last, a parametric
study undertaken on the basis of the proposed P–Y curves showed the significant influence of the lateral pile/soil stiffness on the non-linear load-deflection response. 相似文献
14.
The drilled shafts have been widely used to support lateral loads (active load case) or as a means to stabilize an unstable slope (passive load case) due to their large lateral load resistance and structural capacity for shear and bending moments. However, there is a need to develop an analytical procedure that can use the actual measured deflection data of a drilled shaft subject to either active or passive load case to interpret the soil‐drilled shaft interaction behavior. The mathematical formulation and the accompanied numerical procedure based on the principle of superposition were developed in this paper to allow for deducing the relevant soil‐drilled shaft interaction behavior under the applied lateral load (i.e. net soil reaction force on the drilled shaft, the shear and bending moment in the shaft) from the measured deflection data. Both compatibility and force equilibrium conditions were utilized in formulating the mathematical equations for common single drilled shaft boundary conditions (free head and fixed bottom). The current application is limited to small deformation to meet the requirement that the drilled shaft responds in a linear elastic range. A total of three theoretical cases, along with two actual field cases, were used to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method and its engineering applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
In most limit state design codes, the serviceability limit checks for drilled shafts still use deterministic approaches. Moreover, different limit states are usually considered separately. This paper develops a probabilistic framework to assess the serviceability performance with the consideration of soil spatial variability in reliability analysis. Specifically, the performance of a drilled shaft is defined in terms of the vertical settlement, lateral deflection, and angular distortion at the top of the shaft, corresponding to three limit states in the reliability analysis. Failure is defined as the event that the displacements exceed the corresponding tolerable displacements. The spatial variability of soil properties is considered using random field modeling. To illustrate the proposed framework, this study assesses the reliability of each limit state and the system reliability of a numerical example of a drilled shaft. The results show the system reliability should be considered for the serviceability performance. The importance measures of the random variables indicate that the external loads, the performance criteria, the model errors of load transfer curves and soil strength parameter are the most important factors in reliability analysis. Moreover, it is shown that the correlation length and coefficient of variation of soil strength can exert significant impacts on the calculated failure probability. 相似文献
16.
The increase of pile resistance with time is referred to as ‘set-up’. This behaviour of driven piles has been widely discussed in many studies by researchers. Meanwhile, there has been little, if any, information regarding this aspect for drilled shafts. Performing a bearing capacity test for a shaft over time, however, requires higher costs and more complicated rigs compared to a driven pile. A database including results from five Osterberg cell-tested drilled shafts conducted at two different stages is considered, from which the set-up effect is statistically analysed. The reliability-based analysis technique using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is used to develop separate resistance factors to account for different degrees of uncertainties associated with the predicted reference resistance and the predicted set-up resistance in the framework of the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) method. By incorporating set-up into design, shaft length or number of shafts can be reduced and economical design of drilled shafts can be achieved. 相似文献
17.
An empirical method is developed for estimating the load transfer and deformation of drilled, in situ formed piles subjected
to axial loading. Firstly, governing equations for soil–pile interaction are developed theoretically, taking into account
spatial variations in: (a) shaft resistance distribution and (b) ratio of load sharing between the shaft and base. Then generic
load transfer models are formulated based on examination of data from 10 instrumented test piles found in the literature.
The governing equations and load transfer models are then combined and appropriate boundary conditions defined. Using an incremental-iterative
algorithm whereby all the boundary conditions are satisfied simultaneously, a numerical scheme for solving the combined set
of equations is developed. The algorithm is then developed into an interactive computer program, which can be used to predict
the load-settlement and axial force distribution in piles. To demonstrate its validity, the program is used to analyse four
published case records of test piles, which other researchers had analysed using the following three computationally demanding
tools: (a) load transfer (t–z), (b) finite difference and (c) finite element methods. It is shown that the proposed method which is much less resource-intensive,
predicts both the load-settlement variation and axial force distribution more accurately than methods: (a–c) above. 相似文献
18.
Bipin K. Gupta 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2020,15(1):10-28
ABSTRACTShort stubby piles like monopiles and large diameter drilled shafts undergo rigid body translation and rotation when subjected to a lateral force and/or a moment at the head. A method of analysis for these piles embedded in multi-layered elastic soil is developed using the variational principles of mechanics. Using this analysis, the soil resistance against pile movement can be rigorously related to the soil elastic constants, and the pile head displacement and rotation can be quickly calculated. The equilibrium equations for pile and soil displacements are obtained using the principle of virtual work and solved using an iterative algorithm. Pile responses obtained from the analysis match well with those obtained from three-dimensional finite element analyses in which the same inputs of loads, geometry, and material properties are given. Based on the new analysis, fitted equations for soil resistance parameters are developed, which can be used to directly calculate the pile head displacement and rotation without the use of the iterative algorithm. Numerical examples are provided that demonstrate how the method can be used to analyse practical problems. 相似文献
19.
Analytical methods for the axial responses of piles can be classified under three broad categories of (1) simple but approximate analytical solutions, (2) one-dimensional numerical algorithms, (3) full axisymmetric analyses using boundary or finite element approaches. The first two categories rely on the so-called load transfer approach, with interaction between pile and soil determined by independent springs distributed along the pile shaft and at the pile base. The non-linear spring stiffness is related to the elastic–plastic properties of the actual soil partly by empirically based correlations and partly by theoretical arguments based on simplified models of the pile–soil system. This paper presents new closed-form solutions for the axial response of piles in elastic–plastic, non-homogeneous, media. The solutions fall in the first of the three categories above, and have been verified through extensive parametric studies using more rigorous one-dimensional and continuum analyses. The effect of non-homogeneity and partial slip on the load and displacement profiles along the pile shaft is explored, and comparisons are presented with experimental data. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
Sergey Oladyshkin Holger Class Rainer Helmig Wolfgang Nowak 《Computational Geosciences》2011,15(3):565-577
CO2 storage in geological formations is currently being discussed intensively as a technology with a high potential for mitigating
CO2 emissions. However, any large-scale application requires a thorough analysis of the potential risks. Current numerical simulation
models are too expensive for probabilistic risk analysis or stochastic approaches based on a brute-force approach of repeated
simulation. Even single deterministic simulations may require parallel high-performance computing. The multiphase flow processes
involved are too non-linear for quasi-linear error propagation and other simplified stochastic tools. As an alternative approach,
we propose a massive stochastic model reduction based on the probabilistic collocation method. The model response is projected
onto a higher-order orthogonal basis of polynomials to approximate dependence on uncertain parameters (porosity, permeability,
etc.) and design parameters (injection rate, depth, etc.). This allows for a non-linear propagation of model uncertainty affecting
the predicted risk, ensures fast computation, and provides a powerful tool for combining design variables and uncertain variables
into one approach based on an integrative response surface. Thus, the design task of finding optimal injection regimes explicitly
includes uncertainty, which leads to robust designs with a minimum failure probability. We validate our proposed stochastic
approach by Monte Carlo simulation using a common 3D benchmark problem (Class et al., Comput Geosci 13:451–467, 2009). A reasonable compromise between computational efforts and precision was reached already with second-order polynomials.
In our case study, the proposed approach yields a significant computational speed-up by a factor of 100 compared with the
Monte Carlo evaluation. We demonstrate that, due to the non-linearity of the flow and transport processes during CO2 injection, including uncertainty in the analysis leads to a systematic and significant shift of the predicted leakage rates
toward higher values compared with deterministic simulations, affecting both risk estimates and the design of injection scenarios. 相似文献