共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
根据1998年南海季风试验西沙海面铁塔梯度观测资料，利用总体（Bulk）系数法和多层结通量廓线法对西沙海面的海-气通量进行了估算，得出两种方法估算的潜热通量、感热通量基本一致。总体系数法估算的潜热通量比多层结通量廓线法略大1～3 W·m-2，感热通量小0～1.5 W·m-2。一般而言，季风爆发期间潜热输送逐渐增加；季风爆发前期夜间潜热通量比季风爆发后期大；季风爆发后期，白天潜热通量明显大于爆发初期和中期。感热通量季风爆发前海面向大气输送，爆发后期大气向海面输送。动量通量和摩擦速度随风速增加。 相似文献
2.
青藏高原不同地区夏季近地层能量输送与微气象特征比较分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2009年7月在青藏高原理塘、林芝、海北、拉萨获得的气象观测资料,对比分析了这些地区近地层气象要素、辐射收支及湍流通量日变化特征。结果表明:无论是高原东部、中部还是北部,无论是高原台地还是高山峡谷区,7月份近地层各气象要素、湍流通量、辐射收支都有明显的日变化。各地区的地表辐射、感热、潜热等最高值都出现在中午,最低值出现在早晨。地表反照率日变化均呈早晚高中午低的“U”型分布。地面热源强度在白天均为热源,正午为强热源,在夜间表现为弱的冷、热源交替出现。7月份近地层地气热量交换中,感热输送作用小,潜热输送占主导地位。动量通量和摩擦速度均在风速较大的下午较大,风速小的早晨小。 相似文献
3.
We examine the efficacy of two methods commonly used to estimate the vertical turbulent fluxes of momentum and sensible heat
from routinely observed mean quantities in the surface layer under stable stratification. The single-level method uses mean
wind speed and temperature measurements at a single height, whereas the two-level method uses mean wind speed measurements
at a single height and mean temperature measurements at two heights. These methods are used in popular meteorological processors
such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency approved AERMET and CALMET to generate inputs for dispersion simulations.
We use data from a flux station of the U.K. Met Office at Cardington for comparison. It is found that the single-level method
does not describe the flux variation in the weakly stable regime at all, because of its assumption that the temperature scale,
i.e. the ratio of the kinematic sensible heat flux to the friction velocity, is constant, which is plausible only under strongly
stable conditions. On the other hand, the two-level method provides a physically realistic variation of the fluxes with stability,
but the required temperature measurements at two levels are usually not available on a routine basis. If measurements of the
standard deviation of temperature are also available, in addition to the mean temperature at a single level, then they can
be usefully employed in a third (single-level) method, with the consequence that the computed fluxes are very similar to those
obtained from the two-level method. An improvement to the original single-level method is considered, and flux calculations
under low wind conditions are also discussed. 相似文献
4.
Measurements of ozone concentrations, and meteorological and surface parameters were carried out over a flat green grassland in northwest Spain, in July 1995. Turbulent parameters and sensible and latent heat fluxes were calculated using the gradient technique. Fluxes and deposition velocity and resistances were evaluated assuming that the diffusivity for heat fluxes was equal to pollutant diffusivity. The daily average value of dry deposition velocity was 6 mm s-1 but it was influenced by wind velocity and atmospheric stability. Resistances have been calculated according to a simple resistance model and a comparison between theoretical and measured values has been made. 相似文献
5.
半干旱区不同下垫面近地层湍流通量特征分析 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
本文分析了2003～2005年半干旱区退化草地和农田下垫面近地层湍流通量日、季、年的变化特征, 探讨了不同年份的气候背景和下垫面土地覆被对地气交换过程的影响。结果表明: 半干旱区退化草地和农田近地层湍流通量具有明显的日变化、季变化周期; 地气间通量交换年际间的差异主要受当年的气候背景影响, 尤其是降水的影响; 同时还受到下垫面覆被的影响。潜热通量和感热通量的能量分配比率呈反位相变化, 且农田和退化草地的变化趋势相似, 在夏季潜热通量所占比例均超过感热通量; 两种下垫面的波恩比月均值变化趋势十分相似, 量级接近, 夏季低, 春、秋季高; 夏季退化草地和农田下垫面波恩比均小于或等于1。 相似文献
6.
青藏高原作为世界第三极,其热力强迫作用不仅对亚洲季风系统的发展和维持十分重要,也会对大气环流场产生深远影响。利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）的ERA-Interim中1979-2016年3-10月青藏高原及其周边地区的地表热通量月平均再分析资料,通过分析得出以下结论:3-5月青藏高原主体由感热占据,感热强度快速上升且呈西高东低的分布态势,潜热强度较小但随时间而增强。季风爆发后的6-8月,青藏高原感热强度减弱,潜热强度迅速增强且呈东高西低的分布特征。季风消退后的9-10月,感热与潜热强度相当,但感热呈现出西高东低的分布特征。过去38年,青藏高原地表感热总体呈现微弱下降趋势,潜热呈较弱上升趋势。青藏高原西部地区感热呈微弱下降趋势,潜热呈上升趋势。东部感热呈较为明显的下降趋势且近年来变化趋势增强,东部潜热通量则呈现较为明显的上升趋势,分析结论与近期全球变暖条件下青藏高原气候变暖变湿这一变化状况一致,通过对青藏高原地表热通量的变化分析为下一步运用第三次青藏高原大气科学试验所获资料分析青藏高原上空大气热源的变化以及地表加热场如何影响大气环流奠定基础。 相似文献
7.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBULENT TRANSPORT IN THE SURFACE LAYER OVER EASTERN TIBET DURING SUMMER 1986 
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下载免费PDF全文 Ma Shufen 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1991,5(4):456-464
The turbulent fluxes for sensible and latent heat and momentum are computed and analyses are carried outabout the factors in terms of the fluxes,with the profile methods,based on the data from the Tibetan(Xi-zang)Plateau Meteorological Experiment in 1986(TIPMEX-86).It is shown that the fluxes of various kindshave evident diurnal variation,and each decade mean diurnal variation is quite different from others.Thesensible heat flux is about 2/3 less in July than in June.The results indicate that the averaged drag coefficient,C_d,and the averaged bulk transfer coefficient of sensible heat,C_h,are 0.0052 and 0.0075 respectively,for theperiod 13 to 28 in June for Nagqu.But for Lhasa,the mean C_d is 0.0056,and the mean C_h is 0.0085,for the period of June 11 to July 20.It is found that C_d and C_h are not only the function of wind velocity,but also influenced by stability conditions and wind and temperature gradients. 相似文献
8.
利用位于青藏高原东侧理塘大气综合观测站2008年观测资料,分析了高寒草甸下垫面上地表通量的时间变化特征,确定了温度、水汽和CO2的归一化标准差在不稳定情况下随稳定度变化的通量方差关系,应用通量方差法对感热、潜热和CO2通量进行了计算,并与涡旋相关系统的观测结果进行了比较。结果表明：地表通量月平均日变化呈较为规则的日循环特征,季节变化特征也很明显,雨季（5-9月）潜热大于感热,干季则以感热为主,CO2通量以6-9月值最大。在不稳定条件下,温度、水汽和CO2的归一化标准差随稳定度的变化均满足-1/3规律,其通量方差相似性常数分别为1.2,1.4和0.9。通量方差法估算出的通量值与涡旋相关观测得到的通量值有较好的一致性,但感热通量的效果优于潜热通量和CO2通量。该方法高估了感热通量尤其是潜热通量,而低估了CO2通量。采用直接观测的感热通量值计算潜热通量和CO2通量可改善计算结果。 相似文献
9.
10.
In this paper,the observational data from Marine and Meteorological Observation Platform(MMOP)at Bohe,Maoming and buoys located in Shanwei and Maoming are used to study the characteristics of air-sea temperature and specific humidity difference and the relationship between wind and wave with the tropical cyclones over the South China Sea(SCS).The heat and momentum fluxes from eddy covariance measurement(EC)are compared with these fluxes calculated by the COARE 3.0 algorithm for Typhoon Koppu.The results show that at the developing and weakening stages of Koppu,both these differences between the sea surface and the near-surface atmosphere from the MMOP are negative,and data from the buoys also indicate that the differences are negative between the sea surface and near-surface atmosphere on the right rear portion of tropical cyclones(TCs)Molave and Chanthu.However,the differences are positive on the left front portion of Molave and Chanthu.These positive differences suggest that the heat flux is transferred from the ocean to the atmosphere,thus intensifying and maintaining the two TCs.The negative differences indicate that the ocean removes heat fluxes from the atmosphere,thus weakening the TCs.The wind-wave curves of TCs Molave and Chanthu show that significant wave height increases linearly with 2-min wind speed at 10-m height when the wind speed is less than 25 m/s,but when the wind speed is greater than 25 m/s,the significant wave height increases slightly with the wind speed.By comparing the observed sensible heat,latent heat,and friction velocity from EC with these variables from COARE 3.0 algorithm,a great bias between the observed and calculated sensible heat and latent heat fluxes is revealed,and the observed friction velocity is found to be almost the same as the calculated friction velocity. 相似文献
11.
模式评估是模式发展中的重要一环。本文利用来自FLUXNET2015数据集的30个站点的涡动相关系统观测数据,重点关注能量通量,对通用陆面模式（Common Land Model version 2014,CoLM2014）在不同典型下垫面的模拟能力进行评估。结果表明,模式总体上能抓住感热、潜热和净辐射通量在日、季节和年平均等不同时间尺度上的变化特征,对感热、潜热和净辐射通量都有较好的模拟能力,净辐射的模拟效果最好,潜热通量次之。季节变化模拟中,感热、潜热通量在夏季不同植被型下站点的空间离散程度大于冬季,不同站点间模拟效果相差较大,净辐射多站点标准差变化幅度要小于感热、潜热,不同站点间模拟效果偏差较小。CoLM在常绿针叶林、稀树林地、草地、农田模拟感热、潜热通量的效果相对较好,在永久湿地、落叶阔叶林下模拟感热通量较差。本研究对CoLM2014在未来的改进和发展中提供了有用的参考。 相似文献
12.
1998年南海季风爆发期间近海面层大气湍流结构和通量输送的观测研究 总被引：28，自引：1，他引：27
1998年5月14日至6月22日,在西沙永兴岛近海铁塔上进行了一次海-气通量观测试验,观测期包括了西南季风爆发前、爆发、爆发后风速加强等几个阶段。这次试验获得该年西南季风爆发的天气特征以及由涡度相关法、廓线法计算的动量、感热、潜热通量及湍流强度等一些统计量分布。分析结果表明,观测期湍流强度σu、σv、σw与平均风速之比为0.096、0.066、0.045;在近中性条件下（z/L≈0）,各相似函数基本为常数,σu/u＊≈3,σv/u＊≈2,σw/u＊≈1.25;在稳定条件下u、v、w三方向σ/u＊近似相等;在稳定与不稳定条件下σt/t＊随稳定度参数z/L的变化趋势相似,但符号相反。摩擦速度u＊随风速的变化接近于关系式u＊=0.029U10+0.006（U10为10m高度30min平均风速）,空气动力粗糙度长度z0变化在0.01～0.35mm之间。观测期动量通量变化在0.05～0.30N/m2之间,季风爆发期明显增大;曳力系数CD平均为1.12×10-3,它随平均风速变化可以表示为关系式103CD=0.003U210+0.020U10+0.836或103CD=0.056U10+0.732。感热通量由海洋输向大气,平均值为7.8W/m2,数值在0～15W/m2之间变化,季风爆发后明显增大;潜热通量数值一般变化于50～200W/m2,白天中午数值较高,夜间较低。季风爆发后也明显增大。观测期间鲍恩比（BowenRatio）日平均为0.05左右。 相似文献
13.
Edgar L. Andreas Reginald J. Hill James R. Gosz Douglas I. Moore William D. Otto Achanta D. Sarma 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,86(3):409-420
From a set of turbulence data collected with a three-axis sonic anemometer/thermometer and described in a companion paper, we simulate the eddy-accumulation process for sensible heat and momentum fluxes. The resulting eddy-accumulation coefficient for momentum clearly depends on surface-layer stability; at neutral stability, its value is 0.63. On supplementing the scalar eddy-accumulation coefficients that we derive from our sensible heat flux data with values of sensible and latent heat flux coefficients reported by Businger and Oncley, we also find that scalar eddy-accumulation coefficients depend on stability, though more weakly than does the momentum coefficient. The coefficients for sensible and latent heat show no significant difference; we, thus, fit them with one function of stability whose value is 0.52 for neutral stratification. 相似文献
14.
城市近地层湍流通量及CO2通量变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用北京325m气象塔47m高度上2006年全年连续观测获得的湍流资料,分析了北京城市近地层动量通量、感热通量、潜热通量和CO2通量的典型日变化、月平均日变化和季节变化特征。分析结果显示:动量通量具有明显的单波峰日变化特征,在15时(北京时间)左右达到最大,季节变化中春季最大,冬季次之,夏、秋季最小;感热通量和潜热通量全年变化范围分别为-92～389W.m-2和-75～376W.m-2,其日变化也表现为单波峰特征。感热通量的日变化受城市下垫面和人为热源影响,入夜后虽然降为负值,但只略小于0。阴雨天感热通量和潜热通量均很小,降雨前后有明显区别。感热和潜热最大值分别在春季3月和夏季6月,最小值都在冬季1月;城市下垫面CO2通量总表现为正值,即净排放,最大值为3.88mg.m-2.s-1,不稳定情况下最小值小于-2mg.m-2.s-1。受到人类活动的影响,CO2通量的日变化特征在工作日与周末有明显区别;由于冬季采暖,CO2通量明显大于夏季;在夜间,CO2通量受进城车辆的影响也出现高值。 相似文献
15.
青藏高原五道梁地区湍流输送特征的研究 总被引：25，自引：11，他引：25
根据１９９４年６－７月在青藏高原五道梁地区的湍流脉动观测资料，分析了该地区近地层能量平衡、感热和谱热的日变化及湍流强度和端流谱特征。结果表明：晴天该地区近地层能量基本平衡，各能量分量的日变化与常情况相同；白天感热通量的输送占主导地位，潜热通量占次要地位，符合半干旱的一般特征。 相似文献
16.
城市边界层动量和保守物通量的特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用2005年1-5月北京325 m气象塔47 m高度的湍流脉动资料(风速、温度、水汽和CO2),对城市边界层冠层内的湍流运动统计特征(相似关系、高阶矩、通量和谱等)进行了分析。其中,谱分析的结果表明,城市冠层内稳定度对湍流谱的影响比较小,而水平风速的影响比较大。因此,速度和温度的相似关系在夜间稳定条件下也成立。但是,由于水汽和CO2还受其他因素的影响,相似关系并不适用。更高阶矩的研究表明它们的陡峭度与偏斜度之间存在平方关系。而水汽和CO2之间也存在差异,它们的通量日变化特征明显不同,CO2通量的日变化更能体现人类活动的影响。同时,感热通量、潜热通量和CO2通量存在季节变化,尤其是潜热通量季节差异很大。 相似文献
17.
P.D. Blanken 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,89(1):109-140
Turbulent flux measurements both above and beneath the canopy of a boreal aspen forest are described. Velocity skewness showed that, beneath the aspen canopy, turbulence was dominated by intermittent, downward penetrating gusts. Eulerian horizontal length scales calculated from integration of the autocorrelation function or spectral peaks were 9.0 and 1.4 times the mean aspen height of 21.5 m respectively. Above-canopy power spectral slopes for all velocity components followed the -2/3 power law, whereas beneath-canopy slopes were closer to -1 and showed a spectral short cut in the horizontal and vertical components. Cospectral patterns were similar both above and beneath the canopy. The Monin–Obukhov similarity function for the vertical wind velocity variance was a well-defined function of atmospheric stability, both above and beneath the canopy. Nocturnal flux underestimation and departures of this similarity function from that expected from Monin–Obukhov theory were a function of friction velocity. Energy balance closure greater than 80% was achieved at friction velocities greater than 0.30 and 0.10 m s-1, above and below the aspen canopy, respectively. Recalculating the latent heat flux using various averaging periods revealed a minimum of 15 min were required to capture 90% of the 30-min flux. Linear detrending reduced the flux at shorter averaging periods compared to block averaging. Lack of energy balance closure and erratic flux behaviour led to the recalculation of the latent and sensible heat fluxes using the ratio of net radiation to the sum of the energy balance terms. 相似文献
18.
利用2013年7月1日—2014年6月30日鄱阳湖东岸70 m铁塔的涡动相关观测资料,统计分析了风、温度、通量足迹的分布,重点分析了湍流通量的变化及其影响因素,结果表明:1)鄱阳湖地区夏季主要以南风、西南偏南风和东南偏南风为主,冬季风向多变,主要以西北风、西北偏北风等偏北风为主.秋季风速较强,春季次之,夏季最小.通量足迹在南、北方向密集,在西南和东北方向稀疏.2)动量通量表现为夏、秋季较大,冬、春季较小.感热通量表现为秋季最大,春季次之,夏季最小;秋季整体的变化幅度都较大,夏季整体较小.潜热通量夏季最大,冬季最小;潜热通量夏季整体的变化幅度较大,冬季整体较小.3)随着下垫面粗糙度的增大,摩擦速度和动量通量显著增大.潜热通量与水的相变密切相关,来自湖面的潜热通量较大,而来自陆地的较小;感热通量与大气稳定度有关,在稳定状态时为负,在不稳定状态感热通量显著增大. 相似文献
19.
Theodore V. Blanc 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1983,26(3):243-267
An analytical error analysis of profile-derived fluxes of heat, moisture, and momentum, along with stability and roughness length, is performed using the accuracies of the constituent temperature, humidity, and wind speed measurements. Five experiments, representing more than two thirds of the existing marine profile data presently contained in the literature, are compared. Much of the profile data examined was used to develop the transfer coefficients presently employed by a large number of competing bulk aerodynamic flux schemes. Depending upon the experiment, typical profile-method measurement errors were found to range from 15 to 35% for a sensible heat flux of ± 10 W m-2, from 15 to 105% for a latent heat flux of ± 100 W m-2, from 10 to 40% for a stress of 0.05 N m-2, from 15 to 60% for a Monin-Obukhov stability of ± 0.05, and from 25 to 100% for a roughness length of 2 × 10-4 m. Smaller magnitude flux values were found to contain typical errors as large as 100% for sensible heat flux, 300% for latent heat flux, and 60% for stress. 相似文献
20.
利用2008年4~5月大理国家气候观象台近地面层观测系统的梯度、涡动相关通量观测资料,结合背景场环流分析,分析了西南季风爆发前后大理近地面层的风速、风向变化特征、风速廓线和垂直切变变化特征以及动量、感热和潜热通量变化特征。结果显示:西南季风爆发前,大理近地层风向以东南风为主,平均风速较大;风速日变化的双峰型特征较显著,风速的垂直切变大,动量通量数值较大且日变化特征较明显。西南季风爆发后,大理近地层西北风频率显著增加,平均风速减小;风速日变化以单锋型为主,风速垂直切变较前期显著减小,动量通量数值减小而日变化特征较不显著。西南季风开始前后大理地气热量交换都以潜热为主,西南季风开始前一旬期间,潜热通量的逐日变化特点是随时间逐渐减少,感热通量逐渐增大,二者差值逐渐减小;西南季风开始后潜热通量的逐日变化为逐渐增大而感热通量逐渐减少,二者差值逐渐增大。就月平均值的日变化而言,潜热通量峰值变化不大,雨季略低于干季的4月;感热通量4~6月的月平均逐月降低。其原因既与雨季天气的变化有关,也与下垫面状况的改变相联系。 相似文献