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1.
In this paper we show that thermodynamic forward modelling, using Gibbs energy minimisation with consideration of element fractionation into refractory phases and/or liberated fluids, is able to extract information about the complex physical and chemical evolution of a deeply subducted rock volume. By comparing complex compositional growth zonations in garnets from high-and ultra-high pressure samples with those derived from thermodynamic forward modelling, we yield an insight into the effects of element fractionation on composition and modes of the co-genetic metamorphic phase assemblage. Our results demonstrate that fractionation effects cause discontinuous growth and re-crystallisation of metamorphic minerals in high pressure rocks. Reduced or hindered mineral growth at UHP conditions can control the inclusion and preservation of minerals indicative for UHP metamorphism, such as coesite, thus masking peak pressure conditions reached in subducted rocks.Further, our results demonstrate that fractional garnet crystallisation leads to strong compositional gradients and step-like zonation patterns in garnet, a feature often observed in high-and ultra-high pressure rocks. Thermodynamic forward modelling allows the interpretation of commonly observed garnet growth zonation patterns in terms of garnet forming reactions and the relative timing of garnet growth with respect to the rock's pressure–temperature path. Such a correlation is essential for the determination of tectonic and metamorphic rates in subduction zones as well as for the understanding of trace element signatures in subduction related rocks. It therefore should be commonplace in the investigation of metamorphic processes in subduction zones.  相似文献   

2.
The strong partitioning of many trace elements into garnet and their slow diffusivities in both garnet and the rock matrix means that their distribution may record valuable petrogenetic information not documented by major elements in metamorphic rocks. Complex trace element growth zoning in garnet porphyroblasts from a garnet-grade metapelite from the Barrovian sequence of the Sikkim Himalaya is assessed using quantified LA-ICP-MS raster mapping coupled with X-ray micro-computed tomography. The data document systematic changes in the zoning patterns from early- to late-nucleated crystals, and also suggest that the REE+Y chemistry incorporated into garnet is dependent on persistent disequilibrium in the rock volume. There is evidence for HREE+Y diffusion haloes surrounding growing garnets and a heterogeneous HREE+Y distribution in the rock matrix. Annuli superimposed on oscillatory zoning are not consistent with formation during some rock-wide event, but are dependent on the spatial disposition of the garnet. Annuli are interpreted to reflect an integrated history of varying growth rates and the incorporation of pre-existing heterogeneities due to relatively slow matrix diffusivities. Conversely, smooth zoning of many transition metals indicate that their distribution in garnet may be controlled by equilibrium partitioning between garnet and the rock matrix. Significant rotation of garnet porphyroblasts during growth is revealed due to immobility of Cr over the duration of the crystallisation interval and overprinting of the heterogenous precursor Cr distribution. Strain rate estimates derived from this zoning are on the order of \(10^{-11}\)–\(10^{-12}\, \hbox {s}^{-1}\).  相似文献   

3.
Two types of garnet porphyroblast occur in the Schneeberg Complex of the Italian Alps. Type 1 porphyroblasts form ellipsoidal pods with a centre consisting of unstrained quartz, decussate mica and small garnet grains, and a margin containing large garnet grains. Orientation contrast imaging using the scanning electron microscope shows that the larger marginal garnet grains comprise a number of orientation subdomains. Individual garnet grains without subdomains are small (< 50 µm), faceted and idioblastic, and have simple zoning profiles with Ca‐rich cores and Ca‐poor rims. Subdomains of larger garnet grains are similar in size to the individual, small garnet grains. Type 2 porphyroblasts comprise only ellipsoidal garnet, with small subdomains in the centre and larger subdomains at the margin. Each subdomain has its own Ca high, Ca dropping towards subdomain boundaries. Garnet grains, with or without subdomains, all have the same Ca‐poor composition at rims in contact with other minerals. The compositional zonation patterns are best explained by simultaneous, multiple nucleation, followed by growth and amalgamation of individual garnet grains. The range of individual garnet and garnet subdomain sizes can be explained by a faster growth rate at the porphyroblast margin than in the centre. The difference between Type 1 and Type 2 porphyroblasts is probably related to the growth rate differential across the porphyroblast. Electron backscatter diffraction shows that small, individual garnet grains are randomly oriented. Large marginal garnet grains and subdomain‐bearing garnet grains have a strong preferred orientation, clustering around a single garnet orientation. Misorientations across subdomain boundaries are small and misorientation axes are randomly oriented with respect to crystallographic orientations. The only explanation that fits the observational data is that individual garnet grains rotated towards coincident orientations once they came into contact with each other. This process was driven by the reduction of subdomain boundary energy associated with misorientation loss. Rotation of garnet grains was accommodated by diffusion in the subdomain boundary and diffusional creep and rigid body rotation of other minerals (quartz and mica) around the garnet. An analytical model, in which the kinetics of garnet rotation are controlled by the rheology of surrounding quartz, suggests that, at the conditions of metamorphism, the rotation required to give a strong preferred orientation can occur on a similar time‐scale to that of porphyroblast growth.  相似文献   

4.
雅鲁藏布江缝合带米林地区的石英片岩糜棱岩化强烈,线理及面理构造发育。S-C组构、"σ"残斑以及不对称褶皱等指示了上盘相对下盘向NW下滑的剪切运动趋势。电子背散射衍射(EBSD)测试结果表明:雪球状石榴子石变斑晶边部面理(S2)中石英包裹体晶格优选方位模式图指示的运动指向与石英岩基质面理(或外部面理;S3)中石英包裹体晶格优选方位模式图指示的运动指向一致,都是上盘向NW正滑。然而,雪球状石榴子石的核部(S1)石英包裹体优选方位(LPO)模式图指示相反运动指向。能量色散显微分析(EDS)测试结果表明石榴子石的成分环带显示连续生长环带特征。连接石榴子石核部面理(S1)可以恢复得到石英岩早期不对称褶皱形状的面理轨迹。这些说明文章样品中雪球状石榴子石变斑晶是生长在不对称褶皱之上的。此过程主要是剪切方向发生了旋转,而不是石榴子石自身旋转。这种雪球状石榴子石变斑晶的存在说明南迦巴瓦地区雅鲁藏布江缝合带西侧岩石最初经历向SE的逆冲作用,后期经历由SE向NW的拆离滑脱事件。  相似文献   

5.
The compositional zoning of a garnet population contained within a garnet-grade metapelitic schist from the Lesser Himalayan Sequence of Sikkim (India) provides insight into the rates and kinetic controls of metamorphism, and the extent of chemical equilibration during porphyroblast crystallisation in the sample. Compositional profiles across centrally sectioned garnet crystals representative of the observed crystal size distribution indicate a strong correlation between garnet crystal size and core composition with respect to major end-member components. Systematic steepening of compositional gradients observed from large to small grains is interpreted to reflect a progressive decrease in the growth rate of relatively late-nucleated garnet as a result of an increase in interfacial energies during progressive crystallisation. Numerical simulation of garnet nucleation and growth using an equilibrium approach accounting for chemical fractionation associated with garnet crystallisation reproduces both the observed crystal size distribution and the chemical zoning of the entire garnet population. Simulation of multicomponent intracrystalline diffusion within the population indicates rapid heating along the pressure–temperature path, in excess of 100 \(^{\circ }\)C Myr\(^{-1}\). Radial garnet growth is correspondingly rapid, with minimum rates of 1.4 mm Myr\(^{-1}\). As a consequence of such rapid crystallisation, the sample analysed in this study provides a close to primary record of the integrated history of garnet nucleation and growth. Our model suggests that nucleation of garnet occurred continuously between incipient garnet crystallisation at \(\sim\)520 \(^{\circ }\)C, 4.5 kbar and peak metamorphic conditions at \(\sim\)565 \(^{\circ }\)C, 5.6 kbar. The good fit between the observed and predicted garnet growth zoning suggests that the departure from equilibrium associated with garnet nucleation and growth was negligible, despite the particularly fast rates of metamorphic heating. Consequently, rates of major element diffusion in the intergranular medium during garnet crystallisation are interpreted to have been correspondingly rapid. It is, therefore, possible to simulate the prograde metamorphic history of our sample as a succession of equilibrium states of a chemical system modified by chemical fractionation associated with garnet crystallisation.  相似文献   

6.
Strain rates from snowball garnet   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
Spiral inclusion trails in garnet porphyroblasts are likely to have formed due to simultaneous growth and rotation of the crystals, during syn‐metamorphic deformation. Thus, they contain information on the strain rate of the rock. Strain rates may be interpreted from such inclusion trails if two functions are known: (1) The relationship between rotation rate and shear strain rate; (2) the growth rate of the crystal. We have investigated details of both functions using a garnetiferous mica schist from the eastern European Alps as an example. The rotation rate of garnet porphyroblasts was determined using finite element modelling of the geometrical arrangement of the crystals in the rock. The growth rate of the porphyroblasts was determined by using the major and trace element distributions in garnet crystals, thermodynamic pseudosections and information on the grain size distribution. For the largest porphyroblast size fraction (size L=12 mm) we constrain a growth interval between 540 and 590 °C during the prograde evolution of the rock. Assuming a reasonable heating rate and using the angular geometry of the spiral inclusion trails we are able to suggest that the mean strain rate during crystal growth was of the order of =6.6 × 10?14 s?1. These estimates are consistent with independent estimates for the strain rates during the evolution of this part of the Alpine orogen.  相似文献   

7.
ZEH  A. 《Journal of Petrology》2006,47(12):2335-2356
A mathematical approach is presented for the calculation ofthe major and trace element fractionation that is caused bygrowth of zoned garnet in metamorphic rocks. This approach isbased on textural and compositional parameters directly obtainedfrom natural examples. It takes into account the mode and compositionof all unzoned minerals, as well as the mode, crystal size distributionand zonation patterns of garnet grains of different sizes withina certain rock volume. These parameters can be used to fit functionsfrom which the amount of garnet fractionation at each step ofa garnet growth history can be calculated. The approach is testedfor two compositionally distinct domains within a single garnet–biotitegneiss sample from the Ruhla Crystalline Complex. This samplecontains unusual flat-top garnet grains with Y2O3-rich cores.It is shown that MnO, FeO and Y2O3 are extremely fractionatedduring garnet growth, but in different ways, and that MnO fractionationdoes not obey a Rayleigh function. To demonstrate the influenceof garnet fractionation on P–T path estimates, quantitativephase diagrams in the model system Na2O–K2O–CaO–MnO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–TiO2–SiO2–H2Oare constructed by means of the computer software THERMOCALC.The good agreement between calculated and observed mineral assemblagesand garnet compositions for all fractionation steps indicatesthat the new approach can be used to infer detailed P–Tpaths, even for rocks that contain complexly zoned garnet grains.The results indicate that garnet growth in the metapelite underinvestigation occurred along a linear P–T path from 470°Cand 2·7 kbar to 580°C and 8·5 kbar. The resultsalso show that garnet cores with high Y2O3 contents of about1 wt % nucleated over a temperature interval of c. 90°C,indicating that Y in garnet is relatively insensitive to temperaturechanges. KEY WORDS: garnet; fractionation; pseudosection; yttrium; THERMOCALC  相似文献   

8.
In this study, the chemistry and microstructure of garnet aggregates within a metamorphic vein are investigated. Garnet‐bearing veins in the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt, Japan, occur subparallel to the foliation of a host mafic schist, but some cut the foliation at low angle. Backscattered electron image and compositional mapping using EPMA and crystallographic orientation maps from electron‐backscattered diffraction (EBSD) reveal that numerous small garnet (10–100 μm diameter) coalesce to form large porphyroblasts within the vein. Individual small garnet commonly exhibits xenomorphic shape at garnet/garnet grain boundaries, whereas it is idiomorphic at garnet/quartz boundaries. EBSD microstructural analysis of the garnet porphyroblasts reveals that misorientation angles of neighbour‐pair garnet grains within the vein have a random distribution. This contrasts with previous studies that found coalescence of garnet in mica schist leads to an increased frequency of low angle misorientation boundaries by misorientation‐driven rotation. As garnet nucleated with random orientation, the difference in misorientation between the two studies is due to the difference in the extent of grain rotation. A simple kinetic model that assumes grain rotation of garnet is rate‐limited by grain boundary diffusion creep of matrix quartz, shows that (i) the substantial rotation of a fine garnet grain could occur for the conditions of the Sanbagawa metamorphism, but (ii) the rotation rate drastically decreased as garnet grains formed large clusters during growth. Therefore, the random misorientation distribution of garnet porphyroblasts in the Sanbagawa vein is interpreted as follows: (i) garnet within the vein grew so fast that substantial grain rotation did not occur through porphyroblast formation, and thus (ii) random orientations at the nucleation stage were preserved. The extent of misorientation‐driven rotation indicated by deviation from random orientation distribution may be useful to constrain the growth rate of constituent grains of porphyroblast that formed by multiple nucleation and coalescence.  相似文献   

9.
Results from the modeling of compositional zoning patterns in garnet porphyroblasts from the medium-grade metapelitic schist of northern Ladoga area are considered. The P-T pseudosections in the model KMnFMASH system were calculated for this purpose using THERMOCALC software (Powell et al., 1998). Particular emphasis is placed upon the effect of garnet growth kinetics on the model zoning profiles for Mn (Gulbin, 2013). They fit the observed profiles if intergranular diffusion-controlled growth is assumed for porphyroblasts. Additionally, a model of metamorphic fractional crystallization is used to characterize the oscillations in both the garnet core and rim. Starting from the assumption that a reservoir, where garnet grows, consists of chlorite, and that this mineral is intensely replaced with biotite and staurolite at the onset of crystallization, a partial release of Mn from the chlorite structure and the concentration of this component in intergranular space is inferred. In terms of the model under consideration, the coefficient of the Mn partition between garnet and reservoir temporarily increases at the early stage of garnet growth, giving rise to the enrichment of the intermediate zone of porphyroblasts in Mn. In addition to the modeling of garnet growth zoning, its subsequent diffusion modification is estimated on the basis of intracrystalline diffusion profile simulation. The reverse zoned, Mn-rich and Mg-poor garnet rims are related to retrograde growth of garnet at the late stage of porphyroblast formation. The data obtained are used to constrain metamorphic evolution and the P-T-t path of staurolite-bearing rocks in the northern domain of the studied area.  相似文献   

10.
Chemically zoned porphyroblasts in metamorphic rocks indicate that diffusional processes could not maintain equilibrium conditions on a grain scale during porphyroblast growth or establish it afterwards. An effect of this inability to maintain equilibrium is the progressive removal of elements forming garnet cores from any metamorphic reaction that occurs at the porphyroblast boundaries or in the matrix of the rock. To examine this effect on mineral assemblages, the Bence–Albee matrix correction was applied to X‐ray intensity maps collected using eclogite samples from northern New Caledonia in order to determine the chemical composition of all parts of the sample. The manipulation of these element maps allows a quantitative analysis of the fractionation of the bulk rock composition between garnet cores and the matrix. A series of calculated equilibrium‐volume compositions represents the change in matrix chemistry with progressive elemental fractionation as a consequence of prograde garnet growth under high‐P conditions. Pressure–temperature pseudosections are calculated for these compositions, in the CaO–Na2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O system. Assemblages, modal proportions and mineral textures observed in the New Caledonian eclogites can be closely modelled by progressively ‘removing’ elements forming garnet cores from the bulk rock composition. The pseudosections demonstrate how chemical fractionation effects the peak metamorphic assemblage, prograde textures and the development of retrograde assemblages.  相似文献   

11.
THERIA_G: a software program to numerically model prograde garnet growth   总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2  
We present the software program THERIA_G, which allows for numerical simulation of garnet growth in a given volume of rock along any pressure–temperature–time (P–T–t) path. THERIA_G assumes thermodynamic equilibrium between the garnet rim and the rock matrix during growth and accounts for component fractionation associated with garnet formation as well as for intracrystalline diffusion within garnet. In addition, THERIA_G keeps track of changes in the equilibrium phase relations, which occur during garnet growth along the specified P–T–t trajectory. This is accomplished by the combination of two major modules: a Gibbs free energy minimization routine is used to calculate equilibrium phase relations including the volume and composition of successive garnet growth increments as P and T and the effective bulk rock composition change. With the second module intragranular multi-component diffusion is modelled for spherical garnet geometry. THERIA_G allows to simulate the formation of an entire garnet population, the nucleation and growth history of which is specified via the garnet crystal size frequency distribution. Garnet growth simulations with THERIA_G produce compositional profiles for the garnet porphyroblasts of each size class of a population and full information on equilibrium phase assemblages for any point along the specified P–T–t trajectory. The results of garnet growth simulation can be used to infer the P–T–t path of metamorphism from the chemical zoning of garnet porphyroblasts. With a hypothetical example of garnet growth in a pelitic rock we demonstrate that it is essential for the interpretation of the chemical zoning of garnet to account for the combined effects of the thermodynamic conditions of garnet growth, the nucleation history and intracrystalline diffusion. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
F. GaidiesEmail:
  相似文献   

12.
Three-dimensional quantitative textural analysis coupled with numerical modelling has been used to assess the dominant mechanisms governing crystallization of garnet porphyroblasts in rocks from diverse regional metamorphic environments. In every case, spatial dispositions, crystal size distributions, and compositional zoning patterns of porphyroblasts indicate the dominance of diffusion-controlled nucleation and growth mechanisms.
Nine samples from three geological areas were studied: a suite of semi-pelitic rocks from the Picuris Mountains, New Mexico (USA); a suite of mafic samples from the Llano Uplift, Texas (USA); and a kyanite schist from Mica Dam, British Columbia (Canada). The semi-pelitic suite exhibits post-deformational garnet growth, whereas garnet in the mafic suite and in the kyanite schist grew synkinematically in rocks displaying weak and strong penetrative fabrics, respectively.
For each sample, the centres and radii of thousands of garnet crystals were located and measured in three dimensions, using images produced by high-resolution computed X-ray tomography. Statistical measures of the degree of ordering and clustering of nucleation sites, and estimates of crystal isolation for each porphyroblast, were then computed from the measured spatial dispositions. These measures can be reproduced in simple numerical models only by diffusion-controlled nucleation and growth mechanisms. Normalized radius-rate relations computed from compositional zoning patterns in the garnets require thermally accelerated diffusion-controlled growth, providing independent confirmation of the conclusions based on textural analysis. The unexpected similarity of results from all samples indicates that diffusion-controlled nucleation and growth mechanisms may govern porphyroblast crystallization in many metamorphic regimes.  相似文献   

13.
The sequence of growth of garnet, staurolite and aluminosilicate in Fe-rich metapelitic rocks from the Canigou massif, Pyrenees, is established using evidence of inclusion, reaction and pseudomorphing textures between the different minerals, compositional zoning patterns in garnet and staurolite (that can be related to the KFMASH reaction grid), and the geometric relations between inclusion trails in the porphyroblasts and the matrix microstructures. The evidence indicates that garnet and staurolite commenced growth before aluminosilicate in all cases, even where all three are in textural equilibrium. Interpretation of the reaction textures between the porphyroblasts and of the compositional zoning in garnet and staurolite in terms of the KFMASH reaction grid indicates the importance of continuous reactions in the development of these phases. Some garnet and staurolite porphyroblasts underwent renewed growth during breakdown, producing rims enriched in Mn and Zn respectively. The presence of aluminosilicate in these assemblages (i.e. the absence of a clear andalusite-absent zone in the field) is attributed to a strong pressure-dependence for the aluminosilicate-producing reactions. Porphyroblast-matrix microstructural relations indicate that Hercynian metamorphism in the massif was synchronous with the development of the regional subhorizontal foliation (S3).  相似文献   

14.
《Journal of Structural Geology》2002,24(6-7):1109-1123
This study uses compositional analyses of garnet porphyroblasts to test a previously published microstructure-based model of garnet growth in the Fleur de Lys Supergroup. X-ray maps reveal significant compositional anomalies within garnet, including zoning reversals and steepened compositional gradients. These anomalies occur at the margin of the proposed first stage of garnet growth (G1), and coincide with truncations of inclusion trails and changes in the inclusion assemblage. Intervals of reversed composition zoning and steepened compositional gradients across this boundary are interpreted to represent a hiatus in garnet growth, possibly accompanied by garnet consumption, during which changes in the garnet-forming reaction, P–T conditions and deformation kinematics occurred. The junction of the proposed second and third stages of garnet growth (G2 and G3) coincides with the transition between successive crenulation cleavages, without substantial microstructural truncations or changes in the inclusion assemblage. The G2–G3 boundary is generally marked by uninterrupted normal zoning, with subtle compositional anomalies in some samples. This boundary may in fact record continuous garnet growth, or alternatively mark a relatively short intra-orogenic pause in garnet growth with minimal affect on zoning patterns. Individual porphyroblasts with contrasting inclusion trail microstructures also have different zoning patterns, and this supports the previous recognition of contrasting growth histories between individual porphyroblasts. A combined structural–metamorphic model is presented that integrates the timing of garnet growth and foliation development, reaction history and the P–T–t path in the Fleur de Lys Supergroup.  相似文献   

15.
Garnets in continentally derived high-pressure (HP) rocks ofthe Sesia Zone (Western Alps) exhibit three different chemicalzonation patterns, depending on sample locality. Comparisonof observed garnet zonation patterns with thermodynamicallymodelled patterns shows that the different patterns are causedby differences in the water content of the subducted protolithsduring prograde metamorphism. Zonation patterns of garnets inwater-saturated host rocks show typical prograde chemical zonationswith steadily increasing pyrope content and increasing XMg,together with bell-shaped spessartine patterns. In contrast,garnets in water-undersaturated rocks have more complex zonationpatterns with a characteristic decrease in pyrope and XMg betweencore and inner rim. In some cases, garnets show an abrupt compositionalchange in core-to-rim profiles, possibly due to water-undersaturationprior to HP metamorphism. Garnets from both water-saturatedand water-undersaturated rocks show signs of intervening growthinterruptions and core resorption. This growth interruptionresults from bulk-rock depletion caused by fractional garnetcrystallization. The water content during burial influences significantly thephysical properties of the subducted rocks. Due to enhancedgarnet crystallization, water-undersaturated rocks, i.e. thoselacking a free fluid phase, become denser than their water-saturatedequivalents, facilitating the subduction of continental material.Although water-bearing phases such as phengite and epidote arestable up to eclogite-facies conditions in these rocks, dehydrationreactions during subduction are lacking in water-undersaturatedrocks up to the transition to the eclogite facies, due to thethermodynamic stability of such hydrous phases at high P–Tconditions. Our calculations show that garnet zonation patternsstrongly depend on the mineral parageneses stable during garnetgrowth and that certain co-genetic mineral assemblages causedistinct garnet zonation patterns. This observation enablesinterpretation of complex garnet growth zonation patterns interms of garnet-forming reactions and water content during HPmetamorphism, as well determination of detailed P–T paths. KEY WORDS: dehydration; high-pressure metamorphism; Sesia Zone; subduction; thermodynamic modelling  相似文献   

16.
严溶  杨建军 《岩石学报》2013,29(5):1621-1633
青龙山部分榴辉岩以含绿帘石、蓝晶石和滑石变斑晶为特征,但是其峰变质矿物组合由基质中细粒的石榴石+绿辉石+多硅白云母+柯石英+金红石+绿帘石构成,它们定向分布形成片理构造。相图中石榴石组成等值线温压计确定的峰变质组合为:石榴石+绿辉石+多硅白云母+蓝晶石+金红石+柯石英+硬柱石+滑石,与岩相学观察结果不符。这可能是超高压变质流体显著偏离计算相图假设的流体相为纯水所致。无定向的变斑晶切割片理,晚于峰变质组合结晶于弱剪切应力的环境。岩相学观察和相图模拟结果显示,变斑晶的形成顺序为蓝晶石-绿帘石-滑石。绿帘石在<2GPa大量生长形成变斑晶,它包含柯石英并不一定说明二者平衡共生,更可能是温压快速下降后峰变质组合被绿帘石变斑晶包含。由矿物组合限定的青龙山变斑状榴辉岩P-T路径为典型的"发卡式"。含水矿物出现于岩石的各个变质组合,并且沿退变质P-T路径陆续结晶数量增多,表明在退变质过程中不断有流体渗入岩石。  相似文献   

17.
Garnet porphyroblasts in sillimanite‐bearing pelitic schists contain complex textural and compositional zoning, with considerable variation both within and between adjacent samples. The sillimanite‐bearing schists locally occur in regional Barrovian garnet zone assemblages and are indicative of a persistent lack of equilibrium during prograde metamorphism. Garnet in these Dalradian rocks from the Scottish Highlands preserves evidence of a range of metamorphic responses including initial growth and patchy coupled dissolution–reprecipitation followed by partial dissolution. Individual porphyroblasts each have a unique and variable response to prograde metamorphism and garnet with mainly flat compositional profiles co‐exists with those containing largely unmodified characteristic bell‐shaped Mn profiles. This highlights the need for caution in applying traditional interpretations of effective volume diffusion eliminating compositional variation. Cloudy garnet with abundant fluid inclusions is produced during incomplete modification of the initial porphyroblasts and these porous garnet are then particularly prone to partial replacement in sillimanite‐producing reactions. The modification of garnet via a dissolution–reprecipitation process releases Ca into the effective whole‐rock composition, displacing the pressure–temperature positions of subsequent isograd reactions. This represents the first report of internal metasomatism controlling reaction pathways. The behaviour of garnet highlights the importance of kinetic factors, especially deformation and fluids, in controlling reaction progress and how the resulting variability influences subsequent prograde history. The lack of a consistent metamorphic response, within and between adjacent schists, suggests that on both local and regional scales these rocks have largely not equilibrated at peak metamorphic conditions.  相似文献   

18.
Quantitative compositional and microstructural analysis of garnet porphyroblasts in kyanite–staurolite–garnet grade rocks from the northeastern flank of the Pelham dome, north central Massachusetts, distinguishes the effects of Acadian deformation and metamorphism from extensive overprinting Alleghanian shearing. The P–T conditions and the metamorphic path during the Acadian were determined using samples preserving well defined stages in a lengthy tectonic history revealed by a succession of five foliation intersection axis trends preserved within porphyroblasts (FIAs). This Acadian succession extends at least 120 km to the north into rocks where no evidence has been found of an Alleghanian overprint. For each sample where garnet first nucleated during one of these stages in the tectonic history, the PT of core growth was determined by plotting the intersection of the Mn, Fe and Ca isopleths calculated for the core composition on a P–T pseudosection for that sample using THERMOCALC. Combining the PT data from all these samples indicates that the temperature and pressure increased throughout Acadian orogenesis, causing episodic garnet growth. During the Alleghanian, locally intense shearing, especially against the margin of the Pelham dome, formed the dominant schistosity, which truncated all foliations defined by inclusion trails in porphyroblasts and obliterated all remains of Acadian deformation and metamorphism in the rock matrix. Shearing was accompanied by near complete homogenization of the compositional zoning in garnet porphyroblasts and an associated apparent increase in the temperature of the matrix to 700°C in those rocks lying directly adjacent to the Pelham dome, and resulted from the rocks of the Northfield syncline being thrust a large distance southwards over the gneisses in the dome.  相似文献   

19.
Results from forward modelling of garnet growth and U–Th–Pb chemical dating suggest three periods of metamorphism that affected metapelitic rocks of the Rappold Complex (Eastern European Alps). Garnet first grew during Barrovian-type metamorphism, possibly during the Carboniferous Variscan orogeny. The second period of metamorphism produced monazite and resulted in minor garnet growth in some samples. Variable garnet growth was controlled by changes to the effective bulk rock composition resulting from resorption of older garnet porphyroblasts. Monazite crystals have variable morphology, textures and composition, but all yield Permian ages (267 ± 12 to 274 ± 17 Ma). In samples in which there was Permian garnet growth, monazite forms isolated and randomly distributed grains. In other samples, monazite formed pseudomorphous clusters after allanite. This difference is attributed to higher transport rates of monazite-forming elements in samples which underwent dehydration reactions during renewed garnet growth. The third and final period of garnet growth took place during Eo-Alpine (Cretaceous) metamorphism. Garnet of this age displays a wart-like texture. This may reflect transport-limited growth, possibly as a result of repeated dehydration during polyphase metamorphism.  相似文献   

20.
The integration of information which can be gained from accessory [i.e. age (t)] and rock‐forming minerals [i.e. temperature (T) and pressure (P)] requires a more profound understanding of the equilibration kinetics during metamorphic processes. This paper presents an approach comparing conventional P–T estimate from equilibrated assemblages of rock‐forming minerals with temperature data derived from yttrium‐garnet‐monazite (YGM) and yttrium‐garnet‐xenotime (YGX) geothermometry. Such a comparison provides an initial indication on differences between equilibration of major and trace elements. Regarding this purpose, two migmatites, two polycyclic and one monocyclic gneiss from the Central Alps (Switzerland, northern Italy) were investigated. While the polycyclic samples exhibit trace‐element equilibration between monazite and garnet grains assigned to the same metamorphic event, there are relics of monazite and garnet obviously surviving independent of their textural position. These observations suggest that surface processes dominate transport processes during equilibration of those samples. The monocyclic gneiss, on the contrary, displays rare isolated monazite with equilibration of all elements, despite comparably large transport distances. With a nearly linear crystal‐size distribution of the garnet grain population, growth kinetics, related to the major elements, were likely surface‐controlled in this sample. In contrast to these completely equilibrated examples, the migmatites indicate disequilibrium between garnet and monazite with a change in REE patterns on garnet transects. The cause for this disequilibrium may be related to a potential disequilibrium initiated by a changing bulk chemistry during melt segregation. While migmatite environments are expected to support high transport rates (i.e. high temperatures and melt presence), the evolution of equilibration in migmatites is additionaly related to change in chemistry. As a key finding, surface‐controlled equilibration kinetics seem to dominate transport‐controlled processes in the investigated samples. This may be decisive information towards the understanding of age data derived from monazite.  相似文献   

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