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1.
The present study investigates the difference in interdecadal variability of the spring and summer sensible heat fluxes over Northwest China by using station observations from 1960 to 2000. It was found that the spring sensible heat flux over Northwest China was greater during the period from the late 1970s to the 1990s than during the period from the 1960s to the mid-1970s. The summer sensible heat flux was smaller in the late 1980s through the 1990s than it was in the 1970s through the early 1980s. Both the spring and summer land-air temperature differences over Northwest China displayed an obvious interdecadal increase in the late 1970s. Both the spring and summer surface wind speeds experienced an obvious interdecadal weakening in the late 1970s. The change in the surface wind speed played a more important role in the interdecadal variations in sensible heat flux during the summer, whereas the change in the land-air temperature difference was more important for the interdecadal variations in sensible heat flux in the spring. This difference was related to seasonal changes in the mean land-air temperature difference and the surface wind speed. Further analysis indicated that the increase in the spring land surface temperature in Northwest China was related to an increase in surface net radiation.  相似文献   

2.
The present study compares seasonal and interdecadal variations in surface sensible heat flux over Northwest China between station observations and ERA-40 and NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data for the period 1960-2000.While the seasonal variation in sensible heat flux is found to be consistent between station observations and the two reanalysis datasets,both land-air temperatures difference and surface wind speed show remarkable systematic differences.The sensible heat flux displays obvious interdecadal variability that is season-dependent.In the ERA-40 data,the sensible heat flux in spring,fall,and winter shows interdecadal variations that are similar to observations.In the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data,sensible heat flux variations are inconsistent with and sometimes even opposite to observations.While surface wind speeds from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data show interdecadal changes consistent with station observations,variations in land-air temperature difference differ greatly from the observed dataset.In terms of land-air temperature difference and surface wind speed,almost no consistency with observations can be identified in the ERA-40 data,apart from the land-air temperature difference in fall and winter.These inconsistencies pose a major obstacle to the application in climate studies of surface sensible heat flux derived from reanalysis data.  相似文献   

3.
This study documents the variability of surface sensible and latent heat fluxes in five regions of China (Northwest China, the Tibetan Plateau, Northeast China, North China, and Southeast China) using the ERA-40 reanalysis for the years 1960–2000. The surface sensible and latent heat flux variations are remarkably different in Northwest and Southeast China. The seasonal variation of the surface sensible heat fluxes is largest in Northwest China and smallest in Southeast China. In contrast, the seasonal variation in latent heat flux is largest in Southeast China and smallest in Northwest China. The interdecadal variation of surface sensible and surface latent heat fluxes strongly depends on both the region and season. The trends in surface sensible and latent heat fluxes in all four seasons are mainly caused by variations in both the land–air temperature difference and in the specific humidity. There is also a limited contribution of wind speed in some regions, depending on the season.  相似文献   

4.
The spatio-temporal variation of surface sensible heat flux (SHF) in southern China (SC) is studied based on the data evaluated from conventional observational meteorological data. There exist prominent increasing trends in all seasonal surface sensible heat fluxes in the western SC and decreasing trends in the central-eastern part of southern China. The variations of surface sensible heat flux in all seasons are dominant on interannual time-scales. The land-air temperature difference and the near-surface wind speed are two key factors for the interannual variations of SHF, but the former is more important. The first two major anomalous patterns of SHF are presented as the region-wide in-phase anomalies and the east-west dipole anomalies, respectively, based on the EOF analysis results.  相似文献   

5.
半干旱区不同下垫面近地层湍流通量特征分析   总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8  
涂钢  刘辉志  董文杰 《大气科学》2009,33(4):719-725
本文分析了2003～2005年半干旱区退化草地和农田下垫面近地层湍流通量日、季、年的变化特征, 探讨了不同年份的气候背景和下垫面土地覆被对地气交换过程的影响。结果表明: 半干旱区退化草地和农田近地层湍流通量具有明显的日变化、季变化周期; 地气间通量交换年际间的差异主要受当年的气候背景影响, 尤其是降水的影响; 同时还受到下垫面覆被的影响。潜热通量和感热通量的能量分配比率呈反位相变化, 且农田和退化草地的变化趋势相似, 在夏季潜热通量所占比例均超过感热通量; 两种下垫面的波恩比月均值变化趋势十分相似, 量级接近, 夏季低, 春、秋季高; 夏季退化草地和农田下垫面波恩比均小于或等于1。  相似文献   

6.
本文简要介绍了青藏高原东坡理塘大气综合观测站的情况。利用该站20072008年观测资料, 分析比较了青藏高原东坡地区高原草甸下垫面情况下近地层气象要素及能量输送的季节变化特征。结果表明:理塘地区近地层气象要素及能量输送的季节变化显著, 具有明显的水热同期特点。各个季节近地层气象要素和湍流通量, 如风、气温、感热通量、潜热通量等, 日变化显著。风速、动量通量、摩擦速度等要素的平均日最大值和最小值分别出现在下午和日出前。比湿的峰值出现在日出前。辐射和热平衡分量的日均最大值与最小值分别出现在正午及日出前。地表热源强度分析表明, 理塘白天为热源, 在春夏秋三季夜间为弱的热源与冷源交替出现。在雨季, 潜热输送在陆气间热量交换过程中占主导作用, 感热输送是次要的;干季的结果与雨季相反, 感热是首要的。   相似文献   

7.
盘锦湿地芦苇生态系统长期通量观测研究   总被引：14，自引：3，他引：11       下载免费PDF全文
针对2004年5月26日-2005年10月15日盘锦湿地芦苇生态系统碳通量、感热通量和潜热通量资料进行分析。结果表明:芦苇湿地具有较强的碳汇作用;2005年芦苇湿地固定二氧化碳为13.32 t/hm2,日平均感热通量和潜热通量分别为2 464 kJ/m2和3 880 kJ/m2。2004年和2005年6～9月的日累积值波文比平均值均为0.15。芦苇湿地碳通量、感热通量和潜热通量的日动态呈单峰单谷型变化,极值出现在中午前后,夜间线形平直。芦苇生长季白天通量绝对值远较夜间大,白天碳吸收,夜间碳排放。CO2浓度年平均日变化曲线亦为单谷单峰型,夜间浓度较高且逐渐升高,直到日出前达到峰值;日出后急剧下降,傍晚又开始逐渐增加。芦苇湿地感热通量昼正夜负,潜热通量与林地不同,全天为正。各通量季节变化明显,冬季CO2通量日变化不明显,趋近于零;感热通量总体向上输送,春季数值较大,生长季数值较小;潜热通量冬季最小,接近0,春季开始显著增加,生长季达到最大。  相似文献   

8.
根据动力与热力指标,2004和2005年南海季风建立前后可分成明显的4个阶段——季风建立前的雨期、非雨期;季风建立后的活跃期与非活跃期。对2004和2005年南海季风建立前后的广州番禺综合外场观测资料进行分析,得到了这4个阶段陆气热量交换与热力边界层的主要特征:净辐射与净短波辐射的变化趋势基本一致,净短波辐射与净长波辐射之比为3.49—4.81,净短波辐射是净辐射的主要贡献项,云量与降水是控制净短波辐射与净辐射的直接因素;季风活跃期间午间对流云系对太阳辐射衰减显著,造成了辐射各分量以及热通量的峰值区变窄,量值急剧变小;季风建立前后感热与潜热均是净辐射的主要消耗项,占净辐射的90%以上,潜热明显大于感热,2005年较2004年潜热的分配额有明显的增加,其原因可能与近地层的风速较大,总是维持向上的湿度梯度有关;季风建立前后除季风活跃期外边界层位温结构均具有明显的日变化特征,午间混合层可发展至1070m,而季风活跃期间午间混合层发展受到对流云释放潜热的抑制,导致季风活跃期混合层消失的现象,分析还发现季风建立前后各阶段夜间残余混合层均不明显。分析表明引起陆气能量过程及边界层热力结构差异的关键因素之一是云系与降水,加强边界层过程与降水宏微观过程相互作用的研究是深入认识陆气过程与边界层结构特征的关键。  相似文献   

9.
It is well known that the sum of the turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes as measured by the eddy-covariance method is systematically lower than the available energy (i.e., the net radiation minus the ground heat flux). We examine the separate and joint effects of diurnal and spatial variations of surface temperature on this flux imbalance in a dry convective boundary layer using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Results show that, over homogeneous surfaces, the flux due to turbulent-organized structures is responsible for the imbalance, whereas over heterogeneous surfaces, the flux due to mesoscale or secondary circulations is the main contributor to the imbalance. Over homogeneous surfaces, the flux imbalance in free convective conditions exhibits a clear diurnal cycle, showing that the flux-imbalance magnitude slowly decreases during the morning period and rapidly increases during the afternoon period. However, in shear convective conditions, the flux-imbalance magnitude is much smaller, but slightly increases with time. The flux imbalance over heterogeneous surfaces exhibits a diurnal cycle under both free and shear convective conditions, which is similar to that over homogeneous surfaces in free convective conditions, and is also consistent with the general trend in the global observations. The rapid increase in the flux-imbalance magnitude during the afternoon period is mainly caused by the afternoon decay of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). Interestingly, over heterogeneous surfaces, the flux imbalance is linearly related to the TKE and the difference between the potential temperature and surface temperature, ΔT; the larger the TKE and ΔT values, the smaller the flux-imbalance magnitude.  相似文献   

10.
中国西北干旱区戈壁下垫面夏季的热力输送   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  
以敦煌戈壁站2004年6月和2008年8月的常规观测和超声观测为例,分析了西北干旱区戈壁下垫面夏季热力输送的一般过程及特征。首先评价了湍流通量的观测质量以及仪器观测的地表能量通量闭合问题,结果表明敦煌戈壁站的观测在白天总体较好。夏季地表能量通量的平均日变化显示,潜热通量整天都很小,可以忽略,白天到达地表的短波辐射以及地表向上的长波辐射非常强,地表净辐射主要转化为感热输送（敦煌戈壁站在中午时平均分别达380W·m-2以上和250W·m-2以上）;夜间土壤释放热量以平衡地表的辐射冷却,感热通量略低于0。白天时地表大气经常触发自由对流活动,影响动量通量的观测质量,并有效输送地表热力至上层大气中,有助于形成超厚大气边界层。分析了戈壁下垫面的动量粗糙度特征和热力粗糙度特征（敦煌戈壁站动量粗糙度约为0．6mm）,热力粗糙度基本小于动量粗糙度一个量级,这符合目前对干旱区戈壁下垫面热力输送特征的初步认识。  相似文献   

11.
Surface energy balance measurements over a banana plantation in South China   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
The land surface energy exchange depends highly on the surface properties. Little is known of the energy balance over a typical banana plantation of humid tropics. In this study, we examine the characteristics of surface energy exchange over a typical banana field in South China during the period of May 2010 to April 2011 by using the eddy covariance and micrometeorological tower. The results showed that the diurnal and seasonal variations in surface latent heat flux were larger compared with those over the nearby grassland. The dominant energy partitioning varies with season. The latent heat flux was the main consumer of net radiation in summer, whereas the sensible heat flux was the main consumer in winter. The increasing cloud coverage and rain appear to control the surface energy balance with the development of the monsoon. Due to increased afternoon convective cloud systems in the monsoon active period, downward shortwave radiation was dramatically diminished around 14:00?pm. The annual mean Bowen ratio was 0.69, which fell within the range of other vegetated surfaces. The observed surface energy components were not closed, and the ratio of turbulent fluxes to the available energy was about 77 % in October–January and about 85 % in the other months after considering soil heat and air heat storage.  相似文献   

12.
周连童  黄荣辉 《大气科学》2008,32(6):1276-1288
利用1951～2000年我国西北干旱、 半干旱区地温、 气温和表面风场逐日4个时次 (02、 08、 14和20时) 的台站观测资料, 计算并分析了我国西北干旱、 半干旱区春、 夏季感热的年代际变化特征。分析结果表明: 中国西北干旱、 半干旱区春、 夏季感热输送出现相反的年代际变化特征, 春季感热从20世纪70年代中期开始增强, 而夏季感热却减弱了。并且还分析了中国西北干旱、 半干旱区4月感热与中国夏季降水的相关关系, 其结果表明了中国西北干旱、 半干旱区的春季感热输送与中国夏季降水有很好的相关关系, 其中正相关区分别位于东北地区和长江中下游地区, 而负相关区分别位于华北地区和西南地区。作者还利用欧洲中心 (ECMWF) 1958～2000年再分析资料分析水平和垂直环流的年代际变化特征, 在1977～2000年期间, 中国西北地区春季感热增强, 使此地区上升气流增强, 华北地区上空下沉气流增强, 不利于华北地区夏季降水偏多, 并出现持续性干旱, 而长江流域的上升气流增强有利于长江中下游地区夏季降水增多, 出现洪涝。因此, 西北地区春季感热异常可以作为我国夏季降水的一个预报因子。  相似文献   

13.
The diurnal surface temperature range(DTR) has become significantly smaller over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) but larger in southeastern China, despite the daily mean surface temperature having increased steadily in both areas during recent decades.Based on ERA-Interim reanalysis data covering 1979–2012, this study shows that the weakened DTR over TP is caused by stronger warming of daily minimum surface temperature(Tmin) and a weak cooling of the daily maximum surface temperature(Tmax); meanwhile, the enhanced DTR over southeastern China is mainly associated with a relatively stronger/weaker warming of Tmax/Tmin. A further quantitative analysis of DTR changes through a process-based decomposition method—the Coupled Surface–Atmosphere Climate Feedback Response Analysis Method(CFRAM)—indicates that changes in radiative processes are mainly responsible for the decreased DTR over the TP. In particular, the increased low-level cloud cover tends to induce the radiative cooling/warming during daytime/nighttime, and the increased water vapor helps to decrease the DTR through the stronger radiative warming during nighttime than daytime. Contributions from the changes in all radiative processes(over-2?C) are compensated for by those from the stronger decreased surface sensible heat flux during daytime than during nighttime(approximately 2.5?C), but are co-contributed by the changes in atmospheric dynamics(approximately-0.4?C) and the stronger increased latent heat flux during daytime(approximately-0.8?C). In contrast, the increased DTR over southeastern China is mainly contributed by the changes in cloud, water vapor and atmospheric dynamics. The changes in surface heat fluxes have resulted in a decrease in DTR over southeastern China.  相似文献   

14.
热带太平洋和印度洋热源对大气影响的季节变化特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
本文利用1970—1979年COADS2°×2°格点月平均资料,计算了30°S—30°N热带太平洋和印度洋洋面上的有效长波辐射、感热和潜热通量以及它们的季节变化和年变化。结果指出:在冬季半球热带海洋外侧有大量的长波辐射、感热和潜热向大气输送,输送通量的季节变化大;热带太平洋地区西北部热通量的季节变化最大,赤道洋面地区热通量的年变化最小,潜热是洋面上热量输送的最大项,季节变化也最大;感热的输送量虽不及有效长波辐射,但其季节变化与有效长波辐射的变化相当;赤道地区是有效长波辐射和潜热通量的低值区,暖池地区是有效长波辐射的低值中心,靠近秘鲁海域的东南赤道太平洋是感热通量的负值区;热带太平洋西北部和阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾地区的热通量及年、季变化与亚洲季风有密切的关系,同时对我国和南亚地区的气候有重要的影响。   相似文献   

15.
周德刚 《大气科学》2016,40(2):411-422
气象台站观测的气象要素可能受城市化等因子的影响而与野外试验站的观测存在一定的差异,这影响野外试验获取的热力参数直接应用于西北干旱区台站感热通量的估算。本文选取了一些常用的热力参数化方案(包括Z10、B82、Z98、Y08和Z12等方案),通过敦煌站夏季估算的感热通量与野外观测的比较以及对整个西北干旱区夏季感热通量的估算,评价了这些热力参数化对动量粗糙度的敏感性和在西北干旱区的适用性。结果显示,热力输送系数取定值的方案计算西北干旱区的感热通量可能存在较大不确定;台站的动量粗糙度可能受城市化等因子的影响,但在感热通量计算时建议取台站下垫面的动量粗糙度;Y08方案估算的感热通量相对比较合理,可以用来研究西北干旱区的夏季地表感热输送特征。  相似文献   

16.
张盈盈  李忠贤  刘伯奇 《大气科学》2015,39(6):1059-1072
本文基于日本气象厅(JMA)的JRA-25再分析资料,分析了春季青藏高原表面感热加热年际变化的时空特征,及其对印度夏季风爆发过程的影响。EOF分析结果表明,春季高原感热加热的年际变化在高原中西部最为明显,这主要与局地地-气温差的年际变率有关。统计分析表明,当春季高原中西部表面感热偏强(弱)时,印度夏季风爆发偏早(晚),且高原中西部表面感热与ENSO事件无显著相关。春季高原中西部感热能够通过改变印度季风区对流层高层和低层的经向热力结构来影响印度夏季风的爆发时间。当春季高原中西部感热偏强时,造成的上升气流在高原以西的印度季风区北部下沉,通过绝热增暖引起局地对流层中上部的异常暖中心,令印度季风区对流层中上部平均温度经向梯度由冬至夏的季节性反转提早。同时,印度季风区北部的下沉运动能够抑制当地降水,令陆面温度升高,并通过非绝热过程造成对流层低层的异常暖中心,进一步增强了印度季风区的海陆热力对比。在印度季风区以北地区对流层高、低层异常增暖的共同作用下,印度夏季风提前爆发。  相似文献   

17.
基于NCAR大气模式CAM3.1模式,设计了有、无土壤湿度年际异常两组试验对中国区域近40a(1961-2000年)气候进行了模拟。从气候态和年际变率的角度,通过分析两组试验的差值场来探讨土壤湿度年际异常对气候模拟的影响,并初步探讨了影响的可能机制。结果表明:模式模拟的温度和降水对土壤湿度的年际异常非常敏感,土壤湿度的年际变化对中国春夏季气候及其年际变率均有显著影响。当不考虑土壤湿度年际异常时,模式模拟的春夏季平均温度、最高温度、最低温度在我国大范围内降低,春夏季降水在东部大部分地区明显减少,西部增加。而模式模拟的春夏季温度、降水年际变率在中国大部分地区减弱。但当考虑土壤湿度的年际变化,则能在一定程度上提高模式对气候年际变率的模拟能力。在进一步分析表明土壤湿度年际异常时,主要通过改变地表能量通量和环流场,对温度、降水产生影响。当不考虑土壤湿度年际异常时,地表净辐射通量减少,地表温度降低,感热通量减少。感热通量差值场的空间变化和温度差值场的空间变化一致,感热通量对温度有一定影响。而潜热通量差值场的空间变化和降水的差值场的空间变化一致,可见降水受地表潜热通量的影响。土壤湿度年际异常引起的环流场的变化也是导致气候变化的原因之一,地表能量和环流场年际变率的改变对春夏季气候年际变率存在一定影响。  相似文献   

18.
王慧  胡泽勇  马伟强 《大气科学》2008,32(6):1458-1470
利用在甘肃酒泉金塔地区进行的 “绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测与数值研究” 野外试验中的鼎新戈壁下垫面近地层2年的微气象观测资料, 分析了鼎新戈壁下垫面近地层小气候和能量平衡特征的季节变化规律。结果表明: 鼎新戈壁地区四季的平均风速在2～6 m/s之间, 没有明显的地方性风, 局地环流和局地相互作用可忽略; 冬季8 m向上比湿梯度垂直减小, 其他季节接近等比湿分布。7月, 典型晴天天气下, 能量平衡各量表现出标准的日循环形态, 白天感热通量峰值达到574 W/m2, 地热流量峰值为101 W/m2, 潜热很小, 在夜间和正午时刻存在负水汽输送现象; 然而降水天气下, 地气之间能量传输却以潜热蒸发为主, 感热很小, 地热流量为负值; 无论晴天和阴天, 地表和浅层 (5 cm和10 cm) 土壤温度都表现为准正弦曲线变化; 与敦煌戈壁相同, 土壤温度的活动层基本在10 cm范围以内, 40 cm以下地温已不存在日变化特征; 降水天气下, 地表和浅层土壤温度有随时间减小的趋势。能量平衡各分量均具有明显的季节变化规律, 感热通量季节平均的峰值在250～400 W/m2之间, 在夏季最大, 冬季最小; 潜热通量季节平均的最大值只有15 W/m2; 地气之间能量传输全年都以感热输送为主; 云和降水使夏季能量平衡各分量与晴天相比减少25％左右, 这种影响程度比极端干旱的敦煌荒漠戈壁地区稍大, 而小于半干旱的陇中黄土高原地区。另外, 在这一地区干旱情况很严重, 夏季的Bowen比极值达到62.4, 季节平均值也高达16.5。  相似文献   

19.
半干旱地区吉林通榆"干旱化和有序人类活动"长期观测实验   总被引：38，自引：10，他引：28  
简单介绍了吉林通榆"干旱化和有序人类活动"长期观测实验,该实验站同时也是国际协同加强观测计划(CEOP)的地面观测站.分析了2002年10月～2003年3月(CEOP-EOP3)非生长季观测到的近地面层微气象及能量通量资料.结果表明,在非生长季,半干旱地区农田和退化草地下垫面近地面层能量收支基本一致;感热通量占主要地位,占净辐射通量的70%左右;潜热通量及地热流都很小,通常小于30 W m-2.土壤温度日变化主要集中在地表以下20 cm土壤层,20 cm以下土壤温度日变化很小,但存在明显的季节变化.在非生长季,土壤表层10 cm厚度内,草地下垫面土壤体积含水量比农田大;20 cm以下深度土壤体积含水量的日变化很小,同样存在季节变化.  相似文献   

20.
介绍了国家自然科学基金重点项目 "地表通量参数化与大气边界层过程的基础研究" 在河北省白洋淀地区进行的两次综合观测实验(时间分别是2004年11月16～22日和2005年9月8～27日),这两次实验获得了大量宝贵的资料,全面深入的资料分析正在进行中.此文主要限于白洋淀地区水陆不均匀地表近地面层微气象特征的分析.结果表明: 陆地上近地面层的气温日变化比水域上的大,而风速比水域上的小,其中9月份陆地上白天的气温比水域上的高,夜间比水域上的低,11月份两地白天气温接近,但夜间陆地上的气温明显偏低; 无论是9月还是11月,水域上近地面层都是以下沉气流为主,而陆地则在中午前后存在弱的上升运动; 9月份,两地的近地面层短波射入辐射比较接近,但水域上的短波射出辐射比陆地上的大; 长波射入辐射则是陆地比水域的大,而长波射出辐射则是水域的比陆地的大; 两地的净辐射白天接近,夜间水域地区负的净辐射值明显比陆地的大; 9月份,水陆两地的感热通量相差不大,为150～200 W/m2,而潜热通量比感热通量大,天气晴朗时可达到300 W/m2; 11月份,陆地的感热通量比潜热通量大,为100～120 W/m2,而水域地区的感热通量则与潜热通量相当; 两地的潜热通量相差不大,一般不超过50 W/m2.无论是9月还是11月,水域地区夜间都存在水汽向下输送的逆湿现象,而陆地只在9月份存在逆湿现象.2005年9月份的水温观测结果表明,白洋淀水体平均温度比水表平均温度明显偏高,而且日变化幅度很小,水表平均温度则日变化较大.  相似文献   

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