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1.
The European Commission (EC) is currently reviewing Council Regulation 4056/86, which includes the proposal by the European Liner Affairs Association (ELAA) to put in place a regulatory instrument for an information exchange system. The White Paper of the EC, issued in 2004, which provides a comprehensive discussion of the key issues including the ELAA proposal, is examined. The implications of the removal of Regulation 4056/86 and the application of this information exchange instrument in its place are studied. Arising from the protection afforded by antitrust immunity for nearly 100 years owners appear to have developed a fear of the unknown regarding an unregulated environment. 相似文献
2.
《Marine Policy》2016
A decade of international discussion on marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction (BBNJ) culminated in 2015 with a United Nations General Assembly Resolution to establish an international legally-binding instrument on the conservation and sustainable use of BBNJ. Proponents of the new instrument therefore consider it as an opportunity to eliminate gaps in the current legal regime and promote better coordination. As the next step in the negotiations begins, substantial lessons can be drawn from the 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA), which has faced many of the same challenges related to gaps in scientific knowledge, uneven governance and regulatory capacities, and inherent unpredictability, both ecologically and in terms of anthropogenic drivers of change. For BBNJ, however, such challenges are far more complex due to the diversity of stakeholder communities and the diversity of resources involved, including fish and mineral resources with tangible economic values, marine genetic resources of unknown value, and the culturally-specific values attached to charismatic species and conservation in general. Drawing on lessons from UNFSA, it is argued that the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) under the BBNJ instrument would be particularly well served by a similar regional approach aligned with existing international agreements. In this regard, it is recommended that the capacity building under the new international instrument on BBNJ should focus inter alia on the secretariats of the regional fishery management organizations in order to enhance intra-regional and inter-regional cooperation and sharing of best practices. 相似文献
3.
Social-ecological complexity challenges conservation-oriented interventions even in settings with a small number of actors and conflicts involved. This article examines the development and trajectory of King and Snow Crab fisheries in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve (BR), the highly remote but globally connected Southern tip of the Americas. The feasibility of the Chilean legal instrument of Marine Management Areas (MMA) is assessed as a tool for mitigating impacts of overfishing in the area. Examining the local fishers’ perspectives in complement to a context analysis we find that external management models such as the MMA are not suited to make Cape Horn fisheries sustainable. Instead, efforts should be dedicated to a continuous process of stakeholder collaboration for developing site-specific management concepts and structures. These should be embedded in the larger BR initiative. Considering the area's particular conditions, several recommendations for such a process are formulated. 相似文献
4.
《Marine Policy》2014
This paper is a comparative analysis of the contribution to UK marine governance of two recent EU initiatives: the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and Marine Spatial Planning (MSP). MSFD imposed a duty on Member States to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) in four regional seas, while MSP required Member States to replace their fragmented, sector-based system of maritime decision making with an integrated approach. This paper explains MSFD and MSP, examines their relationship, and compares their practicability, concluding that MSP is both the more dominant and the more practicable instrument, reflecting the UK's preference for sustainable development over conservationism in marine policy. A recent proposal by the European Commission to make MSP and integrated coastal management a Directive reinforces the UK position. 相似文献
5.
Following the successful launch of the SARAL space mission in February 2013, the reliability of the innovative AltiKa altimeter has been demonstrated for deep ocean applications, where Ka-band performances are excellent. With the objective to ensure the complementarity but also the continuity with the altimeter Level-2 products provided in the open ocean, the Prototype for Expertise on AltiKa for Coastal, Hydrology and Ice (PEACHI) project has been set up as an initiative of the French space agency, CNES, to provide a data set of research-grade Level-2 parameters that might be interesting for SARAL secondary objectives on the study of coastal dynamics, inland waters, polar oceans, or continental and sea ices. Thus, the PEACHI prototype has been developed to process and accurately tune dedicated algorithms for the assessment of Ka-band parameters, from the instrument processing to geophysical corrections. As a result, the PEACHI prototype routinely provides end users with new or improved altimeter corrections for scientific applications dedicated to mesoscale monitoring but also synergistic science. 相似文献
6.
《Marine Policy》2017
Given competing objectives vying for space in the marine environment, the island of Bermuda may be an ideal candidate for comprehensive marine spatial planning (MSP). However, faced with other pressing issues, ocean management reform has not yet received significant traction from the government, a pattern seen in many locations. Spatial planning processes often struggle during the proposal, planning, or implementation phases due to stakeholder opposition and/or government wariness to change. Conflict among stakeholders about management reform has also proven to be a deterrent to MSP application in many locations. With these obstacles in mind, a detailed stakeholder survey was conducted in Bermuda to determine awareness, attitudes and perceptions regarding ocean health, threats to ocean environments, the effectiveness of current ocean management, and possible future changes to management. How perceptions vary for different types of stakeholders and how attitudes about specific concerns relate to attitudes about management changes were examined. Overall, the results indicate a high degree of support for spatial planning and ocean zoning and a high level of concordance even among stakeholder groups that are typically assumed to have conflicting agendas. However, attitudes were not entirely homogeneous, particularly when delving into details about specific management changes. For example, commercial fishers were generally less in favor, relative to other stakeholder groups, of increasing regulations on ocean uses with the notable exception of regulations for recreational fishing. Given the results of this survey, public support is likely to be high for government action focused on ocean management reform in Bermuda. 相似文献
7.
为了降低成本,维持滩海油田的开敞式开发,提出了滩海油田泥沙运移控制初步方案,并进行了物模试验验证。该方案充分利用自然力,通过人工干预促使防护区外泥沙起动,借助海上潮流使高含沙海水流经防护区,实现岸滩蚀退的快速防护,对滩海油田的防护具有指导意义。 相似文献
8.
A comparison experiment has been taken in the Kiaochow Bay between a newly designed mooring turbulence observation instrument (MTOI) and microstructure profiler MSS60 made by Sea & Sun. The whole observing system is based on a submerged buoy, in which the turbulence observation instrument is embedded, with a streamline-shape floating body, which is made of buoyancy material of glass microsphere. For the movement of seawater and the cable shaking strongly anytime influence the behaviors of the floating body, the accelerate sensors are used for the vibration measurement in the instrument together with the shear probe sensor. Both the vibration data and the shear data are acquired by the instrument at the same time. During data processing, the vibration signals can be removed and leave the shear data which we really need. In order to prove the reliability of the new turbulence instrument MTOI, a comparison experiment was designed. The measuring conditions are the same both in time and space. By this way, the two groups of data are comparable. In this paper, the conclusion gives a good similarity of 0.93 for the two groups of shear data in dissipation rate. The processing of the data acquired by MTOI is based on the cross-spectrum analysis, and the dissipation rate of it matches the Nasmyth spectrum well. 相似文献
9.
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the largest organic carbon reservoir in sea water and plays an imporrant role in the marine carbon cycle and other biogeochemical processes in the ocean. Accurate and precise determinalion of the bOC concentration in sea water is thus a prerequisite for any interpretation of DOC biogeochemistry. A key factor in analytical quality control is an accurate determination of the blank. The assessment and distinction of DOC blanks are essential for the precise measurements of oceanic DOC. The total DOC blank includes instrument and water blanks in the high temperature catalytic oxidation (HTCO) method. DOC can be measured accurately using the HTCO method only when the instrument blank is correctly distinguished from the total DOC blank and corrected in the sample measurements. Low DOC blanks can be achieved by extensive conditioning of new catalysts and the whole instrument system, whereas instrument blanks can be quantified by subtracting the water blank from the total DOC blank. We have been able to produce low carbon nanopure water [≤2μmol/dm3(C)] and have a low instrumental blank [< 5-6 μmol/dm3(C)] when using the HTCO method. Results of concentrations and distributions of DOC in the Gulf of Mexico and the North Atlantic are oceanographically consistent. Results from DOC measurements on samples from the international DOC methods comparison program further confirmed our low values of both nenopure water and the instrument blank. 相似文献
10.
Ian S. Robinson Alison R. Weeks Bruce A. Booty 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》1995,42(11-12)
An underwater optical instrument, the Lighfish, measures near-surface irradiance reflectance in six spectral channels while it is towed from a research vessel at a depth of a few metres. The detectors are configured such that all downward-looking detectors observe the same instrument shadow. Effects of self-shading are negligible for waters and wavelengths having absorption coefficients less than 0.3 m−1. Variance in the derived spectral reflectance ratios is shown to be significantly reduced compared with that in single channel irradiance measurements. The instrument can be used to develop remote sensing algorithms as well as for other oceanographic applications. 相似文献
11.
William Mansfield Adams 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(1):15-26
The tsunami which follows a strong local earthquake occurs within a few minutes of the origin time. This requires that any warning system for such local tsunamis be decentralized, as in the system used by the Japan Meterological Agency. Thus, decisions are being made by local officials rather than in a central office. This usually means that the level of training, the education, and the preparation is not as intense in such a local office as in a central office. Therefore, the decision making should be assisted by instrumentation that discriminates tsunamigenic earthquakes from non‐tsunamigenic earthquakes. This is not yet possible in real time; however, since only very large earthquakes (more than 6.5) generate significant tsunamis, an instrument to inform the local official of the tsunami prospects can be implemented. An instrument for assisting the local decision maker has been developed. This instrument consists of an analog computer (an inverted pendulum having a period of 0.75 sec and damping about 0.3) and a digital computer (a hardwired signal‐recognition circuit), providing output to a display of status or alarm. The level of displacement (or velocity or acceleration) , the number of times that the threshold must be exceeded, and the time window within which the excedance must occur are all adjustable. Initial settings require about 0.06 g three times, not more than ten seconds apart. Battery back‐up and test circuitry are provided. Since the operating instructions require that motion be felt before the instrument alarm be considered valid, great weight is given to assuring that the instrument will operate when required. The instru‐ment is always “ON,”; with the earthquake turning it “OFF”; thus, it is continually self‐testing. Twelve units have been installed in police stations, fire stations, or similar locations around the State of Hawaii, which funded the system developed at Indiana University. This tsunami seismic trigger should be considered whenever the primary objective is to trigger an alarm rather than to record data; the emphasis in design and development has been on reminding the local official when there may be a tsunami hazard and not on recording research data. 相似文献
12.
基于我国南海海域环境条件,对一座深水圆筒型钻井平台设计一套张紧式系泊定位系统,利用SESAM软件对平台运动响应和缆索张力进行分析计算,得到主要运动响应为纵荡、纵摇和垂荡。分别考虑0°和180°的环境载荷方向,对比得到0°方向的缆索张力更大,且6号和7号缆承受了主要的环境力。分析了平台运动的影响因素,认为缆索夹角设定为35°时较优,适度增大系泊缆初始长度和减小两端锚链长度可较为有效地降低系泊缆受力,系泊缆总根数保持12时（4根×3组）为最优方案。根据分析结果对初始系泊方案进行了优化,在风暴工况下系泊缆最大受力减小了约14.8%。钻井作业工况和一根系泊缆破断工况下,系泊缆受力和平台位移均能满足规范要求。 相似文献
13.
红外实时测沙仪研制及其应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
环形水槽是研究细颗粒泥沙的理想装置,但测沙技术的相对滞后极大地制约了环形水槽的使用.为改进环形水槽的传统测沙技术,自主研发完全开放式的实时在线测沙仪器,力求在水槽中实验水样的自然流态下实时测量垂线悬浮泥沙含量.采用光源调制技术,结合特殊的光路设计,将含沙量转换为现代实验技术易于处理的电信号.并针对环形水槽的特殊工作方式,设计数据采集和无线传输接口,送入计算机进行数据后处理及综合分析,实现了含沙量的在线实时量测.实测实验表明数据线性度高,重复性好,有较大的实用价值和创新意义. 相似文献
14.
I~IOXThe sea level rise threatens China's coastal plains and river deltas and makes them the vulnerable areas due to their loW elevation.Since the 1980s, the Chinese scientists have paid great attention to the problem of the sealevel rise caused by the global warming. They have analyZed and calculated the trend of the relative sea level change along the China's coast in the past 50 a. The result of study shows that therising rate of the sea level along China's coast is (1. 7 i 0. 3) rum/a.… 相似文献
15.
There is a need to obtain the hydrologic data including ocean current,wave,temperature and so on in the South China Sea.A new profiling instrument which does not suffer from the damage due to nature forces or incidents caused by passing ships,is under development to acquire data from this area.This device is based on a taut single point mid-water mooring system.It incorporates a small,instrumented vertically profiling float attached via an electromechanical cable to a winch integral with the main subsurface flotation.On a pre-set schedule,the instrument float with sensors is winched up to the surface if there is no ship passing by,which is defined by an on-board miniature sonar.And it can be immediately winched down to a certain depth if the sonar sensor finds something is coming.Since,because of logistics,the area can only be visited once for a long time and a minimum of 10 times per day profiles are desired,energy demands are severe.To respond to these concerns,the system has been designed to conserve a substantial portion of the potential energy lost during the ascent phase of each profile and subsequently use this energy to pull the instrument down.Compared with the previous single-point layered measuring mode,it is advanced and economica1.At last the paper introduces the test in the South China Sea. 相似文献
16.
根据光学后散射传感器(Optical Backscatter Sensor,OBS)和声学后散射传感器(Acoustic Backscatting Sensor,ABS)估算悬浮沉积物质量浓度(Suspended sediment concentration,SSC)的原理,在水槽实验室不同波况产生较高悬浮沉积物质量浓度的条件下运用OBS仪器ASM-IV(激光边界层泥沙剖面仪)和ABS仪器AQUAscat1000(多频声学悬沙剖面仪)观测并记录数据。然后用水槽实验抽取的水样标定光学和声学仪器,反演得到高精度的垂向泥沙浓度分布剖面。结果表明,OBS仪器ASM-IV上的不同光学探头测得的浊度与SSC可以用同一个线性关系描述,相关系数高达0.996,进而能够高精度(垂向间距1cm)地反演垂向的SSC剖面;对于本组水槽实验的粉土底质和不同的波况而言,声学仪器比光学仪器的量测精度低;不同频率声学仪器换能器的量测值可相差几个数量级,不同波况条件下的声学仪器反演值与实测SSC的相关性系数在0.716~0.974变化。 相似文献
17.
Umesh Dayal 《Applied Ocean Research》1980,2(1):39-43
The application of a free fall penetrometer for determining the in situ shear strength properties of marine sediments is discussed. The penetrometer is instrumented with three sensors for measuring the acceleration/deceleration, cone thrust and local side friction simultaneously and continuously. The instrument is simple and fast in operation (the entire operation of deploying, testing and retrieving the instrument takes only 20 minutes) and may prove to be a useful ground truth equipment for deep toe acoustic surveys. Recent trials offshore Newfoundland are discussed. Preliminary field test results indicate that with this system the dynamic strength profile, the soil type and the location and depth of different stratigraphic layers can be directly evaluated up to penetrated depths. A procedure is outlined for estimating the static strength profile from the dynamic strength profile by applying the correction for penetration rate effects.The penetrometer developed to date is capable of penetrating to a maximum depth of about 4 m but, in the future, it may be possible to obtain soil profiles to a depth of approximately 15 m (50 ft) with some modifications in the instrument design. 相似文献
18.
The feeding and spawning habitats of the overfished Atlantic bluefin tuna (BFT) are mapped in the Mediterranean Sea and used in the present proposal for selecting restricted fishing grounds. The feeding habitat is mainly traced by oceanic fronts of satellite-derived temperature and chlorophyll while the spawning habitat is mostly characterized by an important heating of surface waters. The proposal recommends opening the fishery in feeding areas in case the BFT stock is low (current situation). Only spawning areas at its latest stage could be opened once the stock has recovered to its optimum yield. Due to the possible concentration of fishing vessels if fishing areas are restricted (e.g. four-fold increase with a 1/16th restriction of the Mediterranean Sea) the inspection activities could be better targeted. Identified spawning grounds, opened or closed to fishing, could also be particularly monitored by control operations. Within the authorized areas, the habitat maps would guide fishermen to the favourable habitat reducing their costs. The habitat guided management could be able to adapt the spatial and temporal distribution of the effort to the requirements of both the fisheries’ control and the resource. Its implementation is likely to protect the stock (a) by apparently decreasing illegal fishing which accounts in the recent years for more than 1/3rd of total catches, (b) by protecting the spawners to ensure a suitable recruitment and (c) by distributing the effort to respect the population structure. The first species studied is the emblematic bluefin tuna which is at high risk of collapse due to overfishing. The approach is a priori transposable to other epipelagic species of commercial importance. 相似文献
19.
20.
Fishing industry and related perspectives on the issues raised by no-take marine protected area proposals 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
In the face of growing calls for no-take marine protected areas (NTMPAs), the views of fishing industry representatives in south-west (SW) England on related issues are analysed. Only 23% thought NTMPAs were the way forward and a range of concerns were expressed, e.g. that the ‘terrestrial’ protected areas approach and related biodiversity conservation objectives will be extended to the seas, and that fish yield reductions from the loss of access to NTMPAs are very unlikely to be compensated for through spillover/export. Some interesting approaches to ameliorating these concerns emerged, such as being open and honest that NTMPAs are primarily intended to achieve biodiversity conservation benefits, reducing uncertainty concerning the potential for any secondary fisheries spillover/export benefits, justifying NTMPAs on an objective, rational basis rather than on a subjective, precautionary basis, and the quid pro quo streamlining of wider fisheries management approaches. This research reveals a more diverse range of perspectives amongst fishing industry representatives on the issues raised by NTMPA proposals than is often assumed. 相似文献