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1.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》2005,48(1):51-63
This study was conducted to identify appropriate sites for shrimp farming development in Haiphong province of Vietnam using geographical information systems (GIS). Thirteen base layers (thematic maps) were grouped into four main land use requisites for aquaculture, namely, (1) potential for pond construction (slope, land use type, soil thickness, elevation), (2) soil quality (soil type, soil texture, soil pH), (3) water availability (distance to sea, and water source), and (4) infrastructure and socio-economical status (population density, distance to roads, local markets, and hatcheries). A constraint layer was used to exclude areas from suitability maps that were not allowed to implement shrimp farming. A series of GIS models was developed to identify and prioritize the most suitable areas for shrimp farming.This study shows that the land evaluation model is useful for identifying suitable areas for shrimp farming and for allocating land for efficient income generation, effective conservation, and sustainable land management. It was estimated that about 31% (2604 ha) of the total land area (8281 ha) in Haiphong was highly suitable for shrimp farming. Since existing shrimp farms cover only 1690 ha of land in the study area, the potential for expanding shrimp farms should take into consideration further political and environmental issues. 相似文献
2.
PA Franklin 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(1):112-126
Maintenance of suitable conditions in lowland rivers for both fish passage and resident species is crucial to ensuring the long-term sustainability of fish populations. The dissolved oxygen concentration of water is a key factor controlling habitat quality for fish and a critical measure of stream health. Continued land use intensification and greater exploitation of water resources has contributed towards increasing the frequency and duration of low dissolved oxygen events in lowland rivers and the associated risk of adverse effects on fish communities. Revised guidelines are therefore proposed to support setting of biologically relevant dissolved oxygen limits for the protection of New Zealand freshwater fish communities. These guidelines account for both event magnitude and duration, identify different protection levels based on the risk of negative impacts and are based on current scientific knowledge on the tolerances of New Zealand fish species. 相似文献
3.
Shrimp farming is growing in Bangladesh due to suitable agro-climatic conditions, adequate water resources, cheap labour force, international donor agencies and the involvement of multinational corporations. Although it provides immediate economic benefits, contributes to poverty reduction and food security, as well as generates employment from seed collectors to exporters, it has also been facing a host of challenges. They hinder the sustainable development of this otherwise thriving sector. This paper aims to expound the hindrances and challenges for sustainable shrimp farming in Bangladesh by means of reviewing the available scientific literature. It finds that socioeconomic impacts such as traditional livelihood displacement, social unrests and market fluctuations are hindering the sustainable development of shrimp farming in Bangladesh. Similarly, environmental impacts such as mangrove degradation, salt water intrusion, sedimentation, pollution and disease outbreaks are found to be obstacles for the development of sustainable shrimp farming. Inappropriate management practices and inadequate plans regarding water quality, seed supply, irrigation facilities and fishery resources, added to institutional weaknesses, jeopardize the future growth of shrimp farming. Therefore, this paper shall provide substantial input to set the directions that research for alternatives can take and that can contribute to the sustainability of shrimp farming. 相似文献
4.
《Marine Policy》2013
Around 1.3 million tonnes of tropical shrimp are caught annually throughout the world, primarily using bottom trawls. There are many concerns about the sustainability of these catches and the ecosystems impacts of tropical shrimp trawl fisheries. This paper describes ageneric tropical shrimp trawl blueprint for improvement of management which was developed following a global review of tropical shrimp fisheries and consideration of best practice in fisheries management. The generic blueprint is intended for adaptation through stakeholder consultation and workshops in different countries to reflect country-specific needs, and to result in country- or fisheries-specific shrimp trawl management plans. This process of adaptation has already taken place in Suriname, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Work in these four countries has affirmed the usefulness of the contents and structure of the generic blueprint, as well as the importance of country-specific adaptations. The adaptation process has also generated a number of important lessons in terms of preparation for the adaptation workshops, their completion, and post-workshop activities. Of particular note is that long-term improvements in sustainability are critically dependent on effective and concerted follow-up after the adaptation workshops to ensure the formal adoption of the management plans by government and their coherence with and incorporation into other national and project planning frameworks and developments. 相似文献
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J. O. Z. Abuodha 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(3):199-207
This article addresses both environmental and socioeconomic issues concerned with the development or operation of the envisaged titanium mining project in Kwale District of Kenya. TIOMIN Resources Inc., of Canada, through its wholly owned Kenyan subsidiary, Kenya Titanium Minerals Ltd., is proposing to develop a titanium sands mine and mineral processing plants which will produce high grades of heavy minerals including rutile, ilmenite, and zircon. In addition, TIOMIN has proposed to develop a ship loading facility at Shimoni, a significant marine habitat in Kenya. When properly designed and implemented, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a powerful tool for ensuring that environmental issues are given due consideration during project design, allowing the benefits of the project to be maximized, while reducing the environmental and social costs of development. In Kenya, the EIA has to be conducted according to the requirements of the Kenya Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act (2000) and in compliance with World Bank standards. An EIA document submitted to the enforcement authority, National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA), enables the issuing of an Environmental Impact Assessment License and a Mining License. A number of exploration studies have been undertaken and several sites have been identified for the extraction of titanium minerals and zircon. Many have expressed concern that environmental matters should be considered before a decision about titanium mining is undertaken. Toxic chemicals used in heavy mineral separation processes and disturbance or redistribution of sediment could spell a disaster for the coastal waters. The Wasini channel is home to world class coral reefs, humpback and spotted dolphins, and marine turtles. Another contentious issue is that of radioactivity associated with the minerals zircon and monazite. The coastal zone is a crucial part of the economy, as it supplies a living for a large number of people along the coast. It is envisaged that involuntary resettlement without adequate compensation and viable alternative sites may result in serious socioeconomic consequences. 相似文献
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A radical new concept for delivering Bluefin Tuna to the marketplace is proposed offering offshore technologies to the world's fish industry. The Tuna Offshore Unit is a 190-m length and 56-m breadth vessel that resembles a semisubmersible with a catamaran hull and internal arrangement of fish-pools that can be enlarged in operation by deploying a rigid net for fish cultivation. Using the vessel, juvenile bluefin tuna are purchased at selling centers (e.g., hatcheries), fattened to a total bio-mass of 1200 tons over a period of nine months in warm-water climates and delivered to live fish markets during periods of high demand. This paper describes the main features, working principles, and design challenges of the Tuna Offshore Unit. 相似文献
8.
《Marine Policy》2014
The European Union׳s energy policy aims to increase the proportion of energy derived from renewable sources in Europe. Marine renewable energy, offshore wind energy especially, contributes to the renewable energy mix. Offshore wind farms appear to be clean, and are supported by governments and NGOs as a way to reduce the use of conventional energy resources and thus decrease greenhouse gas emissions. However, developing infrastructure in marine areas can impact marine ecosystems. European directives ask offshore wind farm developers to carry out an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) including a mitigation hierarchy, i.e. envisaging measures that would avoid, reduce, and if possible offset significant adverse effects on ecosystems and human activities. This paper reviews EIA reports from seven European countries and is focused on impacts on the open water marine environment. According to the reports, measures have been taken for avoiding and reducing impacts, so there should be no significant negative residual impacts and hence no need of offsets. But the mitigation hierarchy for ecological impacts seems to have been incompletely implemented, because it is unlikely that there are no significant residual impacts. The paper proposes some technical and ecological explanations, followed by some governance and social explanations, for the absence of biodiversity offsets. 相似文献
9.
国家管辖范围以外区域(Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction,ABNJ)海洋生物多样性养护与可持续利用问题是当前国际社会共同关注的一个焦点。联合国大会2015年通过关于BBNJ(Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction)养护和可持续利用问题的69/292号决议,决定在《联合国海洋法公约》框架下制定具有法律约束力的新协定(BBNJ国际协议)。环境影响评价是BBNJ国际协议的重要组成部分。对ABNJ当前主要的人类活动以及现有环境管理机制进行梳理,结合国际层面和区域组织的环境影响评价框架以及主要国家的环境影响评价实践,对ABNJ主要人类活动的环境影响评价筛选机制进行研究,着重分析以“重大不利影响”作为环境影响评价的启动门槛的正当性;并从项目的选址、项目特征和项目影响这3个主要因素出发,阐明适用于ABNJ的环境影响评价筛选标准;最后,基于不同类型活动的综合分析,就ABNJ环境影响评价的适用活动范围进行初步探讨,并尝试为ABNJ环境影响评价适用的活动清单提出方案设想。 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2017
The incorporation of local and traditional knowledges into environmental governance regimes is increasingly recognised as a critical component of effective and equitable conservation efforts. However, there remain significant barriers to integration of community-based knowledge within mainstream environmental governance. This paper explores community-based knowledge in the context of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), a widely-used governance tool designed to predict and manage the impacts of development. Drawing on a social survey and interviews, the paper documents local community knowledge of environmental changes associated with dredging and the construction of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plants in a large industrial harbour located in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area, and compares this knowledge with public consultation opportunities offered throughout the project lifecycle, including during assessment and after project approval. The findings highlight a misalignment between community knowledge of environmental change, which is acquired largely after impacts become apparent, and the public participation opportunities afforded through EIA, which generally occur before construction or dredging is undertaken. 相似文献
11.
《Marine Policy》2001,25(4):265-279
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of shrimp aquaculture from the perspectives of economics. It is offered as a contribution to the on-going policy debate on this globally important industry. The paper is organised into four sections: the benefits of shrimp aquaculture, the problems of shrimp aquaculture, economic development perspectives on shrimp aquaculture, and conclusions. Four main conclusions are drawn: there is a lack of independent analysis of the factors affecting the production strategies of private firms in the shrimp industry; there is a need to overcome polarisation in order to promote sustainable shrimp aquaculture; wider perspectives on shrimp aquaculture will be beneficial to policy formation; and it is in the long-run self-interest of shrimp producers to incorporate the external costs of production into planning decisions. The paper includes a review of the international literature which provides a valuable resource for policy-makers. 相似文献
12.
《Marine Policy》2014
Currently there is a strong interest in Cuba in improving the performance of the fisheries sector with respect to social, biological, and economic outcomes. Many important fishery resources appear to be overexploited, and previous fishery regulations have had mixed success in restoring fishery stocks. The current fishing pressure could also have adverse impacts on other valuable ecosystem services that support economic activities such as dive tourism and recreational fishing. A new State policy to expand cooperative enterprises to non-agricultural sectors provides an opportunity for fishery cooperatives to be created for the first time since the early years of the Cuban Revolution. This paper explores the potential ecological, social, and economic benefits of adopting fishery cooperatives as a co-management scheme for Cuba's marine fisheries. It concludes that well-designed fishery cooperatives can offer substantial benefits to the management of the fishery sector. Based on an analysis of the relative success of fishing cooperatives worldwide, guidelines are provided for the design of fishery cooperatives in Cuba. 相似文献
13.
褶臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis O.F. Müller，以下简称Bp)和圆形臂尾轮虫(B.rotundiformis Tschugunoff，简称Br)(Segers，1995)是轮虫门(Rotifera)单卵巢纲(Monogononta)的两个海水种或半咸水种，过去曾分别被认为是褶皱臂尾轮虫的L型和S型品系，现统称为褶皱臂尾轮虫复合种(B.plicatilis complex)(Yufera，2001)。由于该种分布广，在世界范围内被广泛用作多种海水鱼的种苗培育的重要开口饵料，因而成为单卵巢纲中最具经济意义和极受各国研究者关注的种类。作为单卵巢纲轮虫的共同特征Bp和Br轮虫进行无性生殖(或孤雌生殖)兼有性生殖，两种生殖世代交替发生而完成其生活周期，休眠卵即是有性生殖的最终产物——卵膜加厚的受精卵(King et al，1977a，b；Snell，1987).在实际生产中，休眠卵是轮虫储存、运输和孵化应用的最理想形式；而在生物学意义上，它不仅是轮虫用以抵抗或度过不良环境期，并向新的生存空间散布或拓展的特殊生活阶段，而且可通过一定时间的休眠和一定条件下的孵化，决定着下一生活周期的起始，从而控制着轮虫生活周期的节奏。尤其是休眠卵经孵化而启动新一轮无性生殖世代，一方面承传和实现了前一世代的遗传特性和基因重组结果，另一方面也为轮虫的生殖表现和遗传特性得以在新环境下产生新的适应性变化提供了条件。鉴于上述重要的实际和理论意义，多年来对休眠卵的休眠与孵化的研究深受各国学者的重视。Gilbert(1974)、 Pourriot等(1983)已就国际上的有关研究进行了详细综述，最近席贻龙等(1999)结合国内的有关报道对该领域的进展亦作了进一步概括。这些论述均泛指单卵巢纲诸多种类的休眠与孵化问题，且多数结果来自淡水轮虫的研究。本文的讨论将主要针对海水或半咸水的褶皱臂尾轮虫复合种，就有关调控或影响其休眠卵孵化的各种内、外因子及其作用机理的研究概况作一综述。 相似文献
14.
Jesús T. Ponce-Palafox Arturo Ruiz-LunaSergio Castillo-Vargasmachuca Manuel García-UlloaJosé Luis Arredondo-Figueroa 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2011,54(7):507-513
In Mexico shrimp pond aquaculture is the main activity and contributes with 45.9% of the total fisheries volume and 74.3% of gross profit generated by the national products, being Sonora, Sinaloa and Nayarit in the east coast of the Gulf of California the states generating around 70% of region gross profit. The main species cultivated is the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, and for this reason academic and government sector devoted much attention in this species, however, still researching on economic feasibility is scarce and needed. In this paper, the technical, economics, production and environment parameters of 80 semi-intensive commercial in these states are analyzed and discussed. The results showed the main external constraints affecting short and long run farm performance. The overall observations pointed out that there is an increase on yield and income when shrimp farms invest in higher quality inputs such as equipment and technology for more efficiency in using water, use of certified post-larvae and better design of farm facility. Nevertheless, further research is needed to adjust shrimp production strategies to specific farm requirement by investing in premium quality inputs. Furthermore, the most serious threat from shrimp aquaculture is the potential effect on water quality and the infrastructure associated, that having more serious effects on the environment, particularly in the coastal wetlands. The economic and the environment care must be driven to lead a more sustainable scenario. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2016
In 2012, the North Pacific Fishery Management Council initiated the process of designing a new management structure for the Gulf of Alaska trawl groundfish fleet. The new program is currently structured as a catch share program and driven by the need to end the ‘race for fish’ and provide the trawl fleet with the tools to reduce bycatch. To date much of the discussion among policy makers and stakeholders has centered on community protection measures and how best to avoid the negative social and economic impacts of catch share programs including impacts to crew, consolidation and the flight of quota and resource wealth from Gulf of Alaska fishery dependent communities. This paper examines how community protection measures related to the distribution of benefits and access to fishery resources are considered and challenged in the North Pacific today. Special attention is given to the ongoing debate surrounding the potential inclusion of an initial allocation to place-based Gulf of Alaska communities via a Community Fishing Association. As part of this effort, this paper examines the political space and underlying power dynamics in which consideration of alternatives to the commodification of fishing rights occurs. 相似文献
17.
G. C. Hewitt 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):463-468
Fourteen hundred trout, mainly Salmo gairdneri, supplied by the four Government and nine Acclimatisation Society hatcheries in New Zealand were examined for the presence of spores of Myxosoma cerebralis (Hofer, 1903) (Protozoa: Myxosporida) in their head cartilage. The only positive result obtained was of a 24% infection rate in fish from the Otago Acclimatisation hatchery at Waitati, near Dunedin, which has since been closed down. Sixty fish were examined from Acclimatisation Societies hatcheries and 200 from Government Hatcheries to give a 95% chance of detecting infections of 5% and 1.5%, respectively, of the fish in these hatcheries. A formula is given for estimating sample sizes on the bases of probable infection rates and the degree of certainty of detection that is required. 相似文献
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Al-Zibdah Mohammad Oqaily Firas Al-Najjar Tariq Manasrah Riyad 《Ocean Science Journal》2008,43(1):9-16
Environmental qualities of coastal water and bottom sediment were assessed at Jordan's northernmost tip of Gulf of Aqaba to
evaluate possible impacts of the bordering fish pen cages in Eilat. Results showed significant differences between surface
and bottom water in the chemical and physical variables in the different months of the year (2004-2005). Chlorophyll a was
also significantly higher in bottom water when compared to that of the offshore water. Nitrate and ammonia were significantly
higher in bottom water than the surface water at each individual station. The upper 2 cm of sediment sample recorded higher
values of total phosphorus and organic matter. Seasonality affected the content of total phosphorus, organic matter, redox
potential and color especially at the sediment layer below 3 cm of the sediment core. The present investigation showed slight
modification of water and sediment qualities but no clear sign of eutrophication was observed. However, to maintain sustainability
of healthy environmental conditions at the northern tip of Gulf of Aqaba potentials of any possible environmental risks arising
from the fish farms or any other coastal investment should be carefully considered. 相似文献
20.
南麂列岛海洋自然保护区虾类群落结构及其多样性 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
南麂列岛海洋自然保护区是国务院批准建立的我国首批5个国家级海洋自然保护区之一,素以海洋生物,特别是贝藻类生物资源丰富、种类繁多而著称,俗称"贝藻王国",也是众多渔业资源繁殖、索饵、生长的良好场所。本文根据2013年11月、2014年2、5、9月在南麂列岛海洋自然保护区开展渔业资源底拖网调查所获得的虾类资料,对南麂列岛海洋自然保护区的虾类种类组成、优势种、物种数量空间分布及多样性、相似性等群落结构特征的影响因素进行了研究。结果得知,调查海域共鉴定出虾类种类25种,隶属于9科17属,不同季节优势种更替较显著,虾类种数各季节间变化较为稳定,岛礁区的虾类种类数高于沿岸区,夏季多样性低于其他季节,虾类种类数和多样性指数平面分布相似,地形、水深和水系等环境因素对虾类群落结构影响较大;分布在南麂列岛调查海域的虾类以季节性的广温广盐性种类为主,虾类一般生活在有利于索饵、成长的泥沙底质沿岸区,夏季受台湾暖流、食物链中的鱼类捕食关系影响,其生物多样性较低,虾类多样性分布随水深变化明显,这可能主要是由于调查海域的主要优势种虾类活动范围与水深有关。 相似文献