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1.
近年来,各国持续关注国家管辖范围外海洋生物多样性保护和可持续利用国际协定(The Convention on Marine Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Utilization beyond Areas of National Jurisdiction,以下简称BBNJ国际协定)谈判问题。文章从BBNJ国际协定谈判发展历程,分析海洋遗传资源惠益分享、区域管理工具、环境影响评价、能力建设和技术转让等重点问题,探讨了制定BBNJ国际协定需要考虑的因素,指出我国应加强海洋事务法律及相关政策的研究,提高我国参与国家管辖外海域治理能力的应对策略。 相似文献
2.
海洋遗传资源是国家管辖范围外区域(Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction,以下简称ABNJ)海洋生物多样性谈判的重要内容之一，其管理面临诸多瓶颈，如管理范围未明确、管理主体未确定、法律地位未界定、获取问题和惠益分享问题未解决等。本文梳理分析ABNJ渔业资源和矿产资源管理的现状及特点，通过借鉴其管理经验，建议在开展ABNJ海洋遗传资源管理时应当明确管理范围，减少与现有管理框架之间的重复与冲突；加强国际合作，通过一个全球性机构进行统一管理；将海洋遗传资源确定为“人类共同继承财产”;在管理中应用预防性措施，并明确管理规制对非缔约方的强制性；根据不同的惠益分享类型开展管理等。 相似文献
3.
随着海洋认知加深和海洋生物技术发展,海洋遗传资源已成为全球关注的新兴战略资源,如何开展国家管辖范围以外区域（ABNJ）海洋遗传资源国际治理已经成为国际生物多样性保护领域的热点问题。文章通过梳理国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性（BBNJ）国际谈判中的大国博弈与争议焦点,尝试从海洋命运共同体视域分析中国参与海洋遗传资源国际治理的模式,提出在坚持“原生境自由获取”原则和坚持“公平合理惠益分享”原则下,深度参与BBNJ第四次政府间大会。加强MGRs获取能力和技术研发能力建设;加强MGRs治理的国际合作;加强海洋涉外谈判人才队伍建设做好“后BBNJ时代”海洋治理准备等对策建议。 相似文献
4.
为适应国际海洋事务发展形势，促进我国积极参与国际海底区域活动，文章通过分析国际海底区域活动与其他海洋开发利用活动的内涵、范围适用、支配原则和理论依据等，提出二者产生冲突的原因，并探讨协调途径。研究结果表明：国际海底区域活动与其他海洋开发利用活动产生冲突的本质是人类共同继承财产原则与公海自由原则适用的冲突；公海自由原则不适用于国际海底区域；协调国际海底区域活动与其他海洋开发利用活动的核心是坚持国际海底区域的人类共同继承财产原则，发挥国际海底管理局职能，促进国际合作，相关国际组织和国际海底区域组织建立沟通机制，进一步建立健全国际和国内的立法和技术规范。 相似文献
5.
《BBNJ国际协定》创建海洋遗传资源惠益分享制度，变革既有立法关于该资源“先到先得”的商业利用规则；建立划区管理工具与环境影响评估的全球机制，完善现有养护规则相对独立且缺乏协调与合作的局限性。然而，已公布的《BBNJ国际协定(草案)》存在海洋遗传资源惠益分享制度分歧巨大、忽视科学基础与客观实际需要、执行与监管机制乏力、未妥善处理与已有制度的衔接等一系列问题，影响协定的成立、普遍性与规制效果。中国应明确发展中国家与发达国家的差异性需求，以交换正义兼顾各方利益；深度参与政府间谈判，以海洋命运共同体理念在全球层面引导更加公正合理国际海洋秩序的构建；加强BBNJ的采样和商业研发进程，维护与拓展海洋权益。 相似文献
6.
由于自然因素和人类活动的影响等原因,世界很多海滩经受着侵蚀和破坏。而利用人工养护工程来保护和恢复海滩具有养护效果较明显、干滩面积明显增加以及不破坏环境景观的优点,目前得到越来越多国家的认可。国外由于养滩历史较久,养滩工程后的监测和质量评价不仅开展得早,而且已经成为工程的一个重要部分。评价指标已经比较完善,甚至有些国家已经将养滩效果评价列入法规框架之中。我国的海滩养护工程在十几年前才开始,虽然工程量逐年增长,但是对海滩养护工程施工后的工程监测和工程评价却较少涉及。本文对美国、荷兰、英国、丹麦以及我国等国家的海滩养护工程的工程评价工作进行总结,从而提出适用于我国工程特点的养滩工程质量评价因子和方法。 相似文献
7.
实现海洋渔业资源的可持续开发和利用已成为全球海洋渔业资源管理的重心。预警原则作为一种新颖的环境资源管理手段,其对海洋渔业资源养护的有效性已为一些国际协定和一些国家的国内立法所确认。目前中国海洋渔业资源管理实践和相关法规并没有明确采用预警原则。因而,针对中国近海渔业资源养护不利的现状,中国有必要增订相关立法,将预警原则规定为中国海洋渔业资源管理的基本原则,并根据中国各海域的具体情况,有针对性的适用预警原则,以顺应全球海洋渔业资源养护的大趋势。 相似文献
8.
金建才 《海洋与海岸带开发》2011,(4):35-37
国’际海域泛指大洋,是指国家管辖范围以外的公海和国际海底区域,面积约2．5亿平方千米,占地球表面积的49％。国际海域的战略地位根植于其广阔的空间和蕴藏的丰富资源。公海自由和国际海底作为人类共同继承财产的原则是各国在国际海域开展相关活动的基本准则。 相似文献
9.
在人类活动向海洋不断扩张和海洋环境面临严重生态危机的现实背景下,欧美等海洋发达国家逐步形成了以生态系
统为基础的海洋空间规划理念。自2006 年联合国教科文组织召开第一届海洋空间规划国际研讨会以来,国外海洋空间规划
比较重视建立系统的空间规划理论与方法体系。一方面,注重构建海洋空间规划的理论基础,包括多类型的空间范畴,多目
标的规划管理,基于生态系统的管理,跨部门的综合管理等;另一方面,注重建立海洋空间规划的实施框架和方法,包括逐
步走向生态系统管理的技术框架,相关利益者的识别,海洋环境影响评价和生态价值评估等;此外,欧美等海洋发达国家从
用海现状、环境影响、海洋生态价值功能等进行区域实践论证,产生了许多对我国有借鉴意义的区域实践经验。 相似文献
10.
海洋氢能作为一种清洁、低碳、高效且可再生的能源，逐渐成为目前我国实现“双碳”目标的重要能源载体，其开发对我国具有重大战略意义。但由于海洋氢能起步晚，目前存在技术成熟度不高、政策支撑较少、法律配套不完善等诸多困难。同时存在海域管辖权竞合、海洋环境污染、海洋生物多样性破坏以及国际合作开发难等问题。关于海洋氢能开发法律规制问题，在国际法层面，以《联合国宪章》《联合国海洋法公约》等基本法构建海洋氢能国际合作开发以及海洋环境保护的基本法律框架，以《生物多样性公约》和《BBNJ协定》为基础进一步对海洋环境污染和保护海洋生物多样性提出法律规范；在国内法层面，通过现有能源领域法律法规可知，《可再生能源法》填补海洋氢能开发法律空白；在海洋环境领域，我国法律法规对海洋氢能开发提出了环境影响评价的要求，以保障海洋生态环境不受侵害。综上所述，海洋氢能开发利用应当完善国内相关立法，制定有针对性的海洋氢能领域环境影响评价制度，以促成国际开发与合作。这些完善建议旨在为海洋氢能开发提供清晰的法律指导，促进其可持续发展和利用，同时保护海洋环境和社会稳定。 相似文献
11.
《Marine Policy》2014
For nearly a decade, governments have been discussing the need to improve efforts to conserve and sustainably use marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). Support for a new international agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) – an Implementing Agreement – on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in ABNJ has been growing. In June 2012, at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, States agreed to take a decision on the development of an international instrument under UNCLOS before the end of the 69th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), which runs from September 2014 to August 2015. In follow-up to this commitment, it was agreed to consider the “scope, parameters and feasibility” of this instrument. To inform these international discussions, this article highlights some potential options for the content of a new UNCLOS Implementing Agreement. It first reviews the history of UN discussions, and then elaborates on options to address key elements identified as priorities for States in 2011: marine genetic resources, including the sharing of benefits, area-based management tools, including marine protected areas, environmental impact assessments, capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology. It addresses cross-cutting issues such as the governing principles, institutional structure as well as on other critical points such as High Seas fishing and flag State responsibilities. The article concludes with suggestions on possible next steps in order to succeed in the negotiations for an agreement. 相似文献
12.
《Marine Policy》2016
A decade of international discussion on marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction (BBNJ) culminated in 2015 with a United Nations General Assembly Resolution to establish an international legally-binding instrument on the conservation and sustainable use of BBNJ. Proponents of the new instrument therefore consider it as an opportunity to eliminate gaps in the current legal regime and promote better coordination. As the next step in the negotiations begins, substantial lessons can be drawn from the 1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA), which has faced many of the same challenges related to gaps in scientific knowledge, uneven governance and regulatory capacities, and inherent unpredictability, both ecologically and in terms of anthropogenic drivers of change. For BBNJ, however, such challenges are far more complex due to the diversity of stakeholder communities and the diversity of resources involved, including fish and mineral resources with tangible economic values, marine genetic resources of unknown value, and the culturally-specific values attached to charismatic species and conservation in general. Drawing on lessons from UNFSA, it is argued that the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) under the BBNJ instrument would be particularly well served by a similar regional approach aligned with existing international agreements. In this regard, it is recommended that the capacity building under the new international instrument on BBNJ should focus inter alia on the secretariats of the regional fishery management organizations in order to enhance intra-regional and inter-regional cooperation and sharing of best practices. 相似文献
13.
《Marine Policy》2014
Past decades have shown a constant increase in the number of international agreements regulating marine areas. Environmental changes as well as technological developments resulting in an increased use of oceans ensure the need for further governance in the future of high seas. At the same time, compliance by States with international obligations remains a considerable challenge in international law. In particular, regulations governing areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) are at risk of not being obeyed due to factual challenges posed to the control of high seas territories and the (legal) limits of the law of the sea. This article evaluates a stronger cooperation between States through the incorporation of compliance control systems in agreements regulating ABNJ in order to enhance compliance by States. For this purpose, provisions on compliance control measures which have already been established in two agreements regulating ABNJ, namely the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling and the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement, are analyzed. It is argued that the incorporation of compliance control elements into agreements regulating ABNJ is a promising avenue to secure improved compliance among States Parties and further implementation of this approach is recommended. 相似文献
14.
The role of NGOs in negotiating the use of biodiversity in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction
《Marine Policy》2017
In 2004, the UN General Assembly resolved to establish a working group to consider issues pertaining to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). The group met nine times between 2006 and 2015 before concluding its mandate by recommending the development of an international legally binding instrument on BBNJ under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Based on in-depth interviews with working group participants, this research examines how NGOs contributed to the working group process. Respondents from government delegations highlighted the usefulness of workshops and side events convened by NGOs, and the role of NGOs in bringing experts on technical issues – particularly marine genetic resources and the sharing of benefits – into the BBNJ negotiations. Respondents from both NGOs and government delegations emphasized the importance of fostering personal relationships in order to ensure a steady and constructive information flow. Social media efforts by NGOs were considered by some government representatives to have occasionally hampered open discussion, although they noted that conditions have improved. The lengthy working group process was marked by substantial fluctuation in participation, particularly within government delegations from developing states. Of 1523 individuals who participated in at least one of the working group meetings, only 45 attended more than half of the meetings, and 80% of these were representing NGOs or highly industrialized countries. Respondents felt that this comparatively small number of individuals provided a source of continuity that was crucial for moving the discussions forward. 相似文献
15.
《Marine Policy》2016
Marine scientific research is crucial to forge solutions in the development of a new international legally binding instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . The transfer of marine technology, capacity development and marine genetic resources are key issues. This paper examines how the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), as a competent international organisation for marine scientific research and technology transfer, can inform the development of the instrument. Synergies between marine technology transfer and non-monetary benefit sharing of genetic resources are illustrated. Four key lessons from the IOC are examined: 1. Coordinating international cooperation in marine scientific research; 2. Enabling open access to data and knowledge; 3. Facilitating capacity development through scientific training and education; and 4. Governance of marine scientific research. Realising the potential of the IOC to advance governance solutions for ABNJ will depend on increased political will from Member States and strengthened partnerships to reduce resource constraints and enhance the IOC's capacity at global and regional scales. 相似文献
16.
《Marine Policy》2014
While the international community debates the desirability and possible content of a new global instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, alternative approaches to improving the application and implementation of existing agreements for the protection of biodiversity appear to have fallen off the agenda. Recent practice under existing global and regional agreements suggests that, given political will, significantly greater protections could be achieved through the more effective implementation of individual sectoral agreements. However, while single-sector measures have the potential to make a valuable contribution, ultimately only multi-sectoral, integrated, cooperative management can ensure the conservation and long-term sustainable use of marine biodiversity in ABNJ. This requires establishing mechanisms for cooperation both intra and inter-sectorally, as well as between the sectoral and global and regional conservation agreements. This paper examines recent initiatives within various sectoral and conservation treaty regimes aimed at improving their application within ABNJ as well as some of the challenges to, and options for, further and better cooperation and coordination among and between existing regimes, and it identifies a range of possible mechanisms for achieving more effective implementation and coordination among them. Greater use of existing mechanisms represents a sensible approach to making the most of existing arrangements without in any way foreclosing the possibility of the adoption of a more comprehensive, integrated global agreement for the protection of marine biodiversity in ABNJ. 相似文献
17.
《Marine Policy》2014
This paper seeks to illustrate the role of principles in an emerging regime for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). While certainly not a standalone solution for a complex issue, principles nonetheless serve an essential function in regime-building, bridging legal and governance processes to identify new ways forward. Given the fundamental questions of international law at hand – the restriction of the freedoms of the high seas, the nature of UNCLOS as a “living instrument” and the need to engage in innovative practice spanning law and governance – it comes as no surprise that discussions on the future of ABNJ have been highly polarized. Principles offer points of convergence to address both the “regulatory gaps” and “implementation gaps” identified and serve the structural needs of both law and governance to produce dynamic change in the protection of marine biodiversity in ABNJ. Through their function as precursors to rules, principles prepare a common space for the emergence of a regime and give it a set of mechanisms through which it can strengthen its connections to the diversity of instruments and institutions involved in addressing a multifaceted problem. A statement of principles to strengthen the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in ABNJ – many of which constitute customary international law – would therefore be a logical and constructive next step in this on-going process. 相似文献
18.
《Marine Policy》2014
Marine genetic resources are a subject of a growing body of research and development activities, as demonstrated by the abundance of marine patented genes reported in GenBank. Given the lack of a comprehensive legal regime for the management of marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction, the General Assembly of the United Nations met in 2006 to discuss whether there are regulatory or governance gaps and how to address them. Besides the crystallization of the different political positions, the process is now advancing towards making a decision about whether to develop an international instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity, within which the regulation of access to genetic resources and the sharing of benefits from their utilization has emerged as an in-dissociable issue. In order to propose concrete options to be considered for the establishment of a legal framework addressing these issues, policy-makers need to better understand the feasibility, the costs and the modalities of scientific activities undertaken, together with the actual level of commercialization of new products. They also need to be aware of the already advanced practices in place within the scientific community, especially regarding sharing of non-monetary benefits. This paper particularly highlights and discusses practical scenarios to advance in the international process, based on the approaches adopted in other regional and international regimes for the management of genetic resources and on the best practices developed within the scientific community. 相似文献
19.
Fragmentation in high seas fisheries: Preliminary reflections on a global oceans governance approach
《Marine Policy》2017
Notwithstanding the wide range of actions taken to strengthen the legal regime of international fisheries, overexploitation and the risk of depletion of stocks have been strong concerns for decades. Indeed, the regime of international fisheries law is currently not rooted in sustainability, and it does not adequately take into consideration the impact of fishing activities on the wider marine environment. One of the main causes lies in fragmentation of international fisheries law: a lack of coordination between instruments and institutions, and gaps in effective coherent structures for fisheries management. Areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ), including the high seas, are particularly prone to this lack of coordination and integration.One alternative to reach a durable management of high seas fisheries might be found in a ‘global oceans governance approach’. This paper explores how this approach could impact the fragmented regime of fisheries. It suggests that governance-based perspectives underline concepts rooted in adaptability and interactions, concepts that suggest to approach international fisheries law not as a static set of rules but as an evolutive process. Reflecting on an overarching goal of coordination and possible management challenges in ABNJ provides an interesting starting point to develop a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of oceans governance on the fragmented legal regime of high seas fisheries. We now need to see how to give effect to governance, a task that remains, at this point, a work in progress. 相似文献