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河北阳原东连第四纪叠层石古环境分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
组成阳原县东目连湖积台地的第四纪“泥河湾”地层中，发育多层藻迹层和一层“菜花形”，“锥体状”大叠层石（个体高20cm)，大叠层石层延伸1km，构成古藻坪微地貌。经OSL和古地磁测试，大叠层石年龄推测为220ka左右。镜下叠层石片子中见蓝藻门的纤细席藻种Phormidium tenue(Menegh)Genegh和湖泊鞘丝藻种Lyngbya Linnetica Lemmermann等。不同形态叠层石反映不同发育阶段，藻迹发育于高水位边缘部位，大叠层石发育于高水位与代水位之间边缘部位。亮层和暗层交替出现的纹层构造是组成叠层石的基本结构构造，它们是由蓝藻丝体生长代谢活动所致。据同位素，磁化率，粒度，地球化学元素，X衍射，孢粉和生物化石等分析，认为气候暖干，盐度高及大量苔藓虫，介形虫，龙介科蠕虫等生物存在的环境有利于大叠层石形成。叠层石可能属半咸水湖，滨湖浅水环境，但据首次在第四纪泥河湾层中发现的苔藓虫和龙介科蠕虫管分析，其成因是否与海水有过联系尚待进一步研究。 相似文献
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河北阳原东目连第四纪叠层石古环境分析 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7
组成阳原县东目连湖积台地的第四纪“泥河湾层”地层中,发育多层藻迹层和一层“菜花形”、“锥体状”大叠层石(个体高20 cm),大叠层石层延伸1 km,构成古藻坪微地貌。经OSL和古地磁测试,大叠层石年龄推测为220 ka左右。镜下叠层石片子中见蓝藻门的纤细席藻种Phormidium tenue(Menegh)Genegh和湖泊鞘丝藻种Lyngbya Limnetica Lemmermann等。不同形态叠层石反映不同发育阶段,藻迹发育于高水位边缘部位,大叠层石发育于高水位与低水位之间边缘部位。亮层和暗层交替出现的纹层构造是组成叠层石的基本结构构造,它们是由蓝藻丝体生长代谢活动所致。据同位素、磁化率、粒度、地球化学元素、X衍射、孢粉和生物化石等分析,认为气候暖干、盐度高及大量苔藓虫、介形虫、龙介科蠕虫等生物存在的环境有利于大叠层石形成。叠层石可能属半咸水湖、滨湖浅水环境,但据首次在第四纪泥河湾层中发现的苔藓虫和龙介科蠕虫管分析,其成因是否与海水有过联系尚待进一步研究。 相似文献
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河北阳原东目连第四纪湖相叠层石 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
河北省阳原县东目连村泥河湾组发现的第四纪湖相叠石，形态有柱状、包心菜状和皱纹状。叠层中的微生物主要为蓝藻门中的纤细席藻（Phormidium tenue(Menegh)Gomont)，湖泊鞘丝藻（Lyhgbya limnetica Lemmermannn)，色球藻科（Chroococaceae)，念球藻科（Nostocaceae)等。依据叠层石的生态环境特征，结合沉积物中的环境信息，重建泥河湾古湖的古环境、古气候特点，属温和略干的淡水－半咸水滨浅湖，其周围植被属森林－稀树草原。 相似文献
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石灰华的生物成因研究——以四川九寨沟和贵州黄果树等地石灰华为例 总被引：16，自引：3，他引：13
通过考察与实验室显微观察研究,发现四川九寨沟和贵州黄果树等岩溶区的石地表面及表层以及尚水完全固结的部位,都附生有生长中的微生物（蓝藻等）种类及尚处在活动期的微生物（蓝藻等）藻席;以以下完全固结的部位,则发育了成层加积的微生物（蓝藻等）层纹结构。由此认为这种石灰华是生物成因的,其发生和形成过程受微生物（蓝藻等）作用控制,即微生物（蓝藻等）的“裂点”附生及沉积。文中还初步提出研究区微生物（蓝藻等）起控 相似文献
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硅藻群落对环境变化十分敏感,是自然河流水质变化的指示生物。为了解黄龙风景区藻席及藻席嗜冷硅藻群落结构与环境变量的关系,对景区内8个典型景点进行水样和藻席的采集并分析。结果表明,黄龙风景区藻席是以钙华作为基底,丝状藻作为骨架,栖息着大量硅藻的高寒岩溶微生态系统,共鉴定出25属72种硅藻,其中优势种13种,以桥弯藻属（Cymbella）为主。通过冗余分析发现,水温（F=2.8,P=0.02）和溶解硅（F=2.3,P=0.04）是影响黄龙风景区藻席嗜冷硅藻群落结构特征的主要驱动因子,TN是潜在驱动因子。硅藻可以为高寒岩溶区地表水监测提供重要的补充信息,建立完整的硅藻物种数据库,有利于区域水质监测。 相似文献
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地表钙华,是喀斯特地区普遍存在的一种沉积体,是陆相碳酸钙沉积的重要类型。长期以来陆相碳酸钙沉积的水动力成因观点为大多数人所熟悉(1)（2）,生物成因观点则研究较少,在实际中生物作用过程也是不可忽略的,特别是藻类的沉积作用。论文以几种典型的蓝藻为例,通过对自然界水动力条件的模拟,对蓝藻藻类进行了几种水动力条件下的碳酸钙生物沉积试验研究,对比研究了在不同水动力条件下,蓝藻钙化沉积过程。试验得出了钙藻生长与钙化沉积的最适宜水动力为0~60 rpm,在过强的水动力条件下,蓝藻的生长将受到抑制,从而降低蓝藻的钙化沉积速率。文章讨论了在瀑布条件下的陆相碳酸钙沉积是以水动力成因为主导,而在水动力条件较弱的河流中以生物成因为主导,从而提出了,陆相碳酸钙沉积的水动力-生物双成因观点。文章还探讨了在静止状态下,藻类沉积对碳酸钙沉积的贡献大小,叠层石所指示的安静的沉积环境。 相似文献
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藻席钙华对彩池边坝的颜色及钙华的沉积具有调控作用,会影响彩池边壁稳定性,导致独特景观破坏。文章选取黄龙争艳彩池作为研究对象,通过对藻席钙华的基本理化特征和微观形貌观察与分析,明确藻席钙华的沉积特性。结果表明：藻席钙华含水率为5.70 %,密度为1.56 g.cm-3,具有较强吸水能力;通过XRD确定其主要矿物相为方解石;利用元素分析仪确定总碳含量为12.06 %,在生物作用下,受次生有机碳影响较大;藻席钙华的微观形貌显示,硅藻与钙华颗粒是构成藻席钙华的基本单元,是一个复合型生物集合体。 相似文献
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藻席钙华对彩池边坝的颜色及钙华的沉积具有调控作用,会影响彩池边壁稳定性,导致独特景观破坏。文章选取黄龙争艳彩池作为研究对象,通过对藻席钙华的基本理化特征和微观形貌观察与分析,明确藻席钙华的沉积特性。结果表明:藻席钙华含水率为5.70 %,密度为1.56 g.cm-3,具有较强吸水能力;通过XRD确定其主要矿物相为方解石;利用元素分析仪确定总碳含量为12.06 %,在生物作用下,受次生有机碳影响较大;藻席钙华的微观形貌显示,硅藻与钙华颗粒是构成藻席钙华的基本单元,是一个复合型生物集合体。 相似文献
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Christopher T. Perry 《Geological Journal》1994,29(2):119-135
Recent interpretations of the tufaceous limestones from within the ‘Caps Beds’ on the Isle of Portland have suggested a depositional environment of intertidal flats and lagoons with typically higher than normal marine salinity levels, a stark contrast with earlier ideas of a freshwater origin. However, evidence is presented in this paper to show that these deposits are indeed most likely to be freshwater in origin. The micro-fabrics observed are typical of those seen in freshwater tufas forming at the present day, and contrast with those observed within intertidal/subtidal stromatolites. Furthermore, the Portland deposits lack syndepositional evaporite deposits, they lack recognizable intertidal deposits, and any lagoonal sediments observed are depositionally distinct from the tufas. Finally, the soil horizons observed are clear evidence of periodic subaerial exposure and isolation from marine influences. Four facies types are identified on Portland: (1) tufaceous limestone; (2) littoral grainstones; (3) subaerial stromatolites; and (4) paleosols. Each facies is repeated a number of times through the sequence, and evidence is presented to show that these formed in a marginal marine setting as a response to a series of minor transgressive (soils to freshwater lakes/lagoon to saline marine/lagoonal) and regressive events (saline marine/lagoonal to soils). The tufa stromatolite deposits themselves, which are often developed around cylindrical holes (representing former tree trunks and branches), are shown to have developed seasonally, by the precipitation of carbonate, due to microbial activity within the freshwater lake environment. Precipitation appears to have been most intense around tree bases (and any associated vegetation), where an active biofilm developed on the underlying soil substrate. Two distinct textures are recognized in this material: (1) micro-porous and (2) macro-porous. These developed together in a crudely laminated, semi-concentric pattern around the holes and together may represent a seasons growth of tufa. 相似文献
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自从Kalkowsky在1908年构筑了叠层石的术语之后,叠层石一直是地质学家采用不同方法研究和思考的主题,而且一直被当作证明地球早期生命历史的代表物而得到深入调查。叠层石确实为地球早期生命历史提供了间接而且复杂的证据,所以,现代叠层石确实代表着明显的生物信号而成为研究的焦点。最为引人注目的是,现代叠层石的多样化构成,确实表明了蓝细菌生物席建造了叠层石,而且进一步表明了微生物席转化成叠层石不是一个直接的作用过程。那些反映现代叠层石多样化构成的典型实例包括:(1)南极Untersee地区的湖泊相锥状泥质叠层石;(2)新西兰North群岛被称为煎锅湖的热水湖泊中以及美国黄石国家公园热泉中的硅质叠层石;(3)巴哈马台地、澳大利亚鲨鱼湾以及巴西东南部海湾碳酸盐沉积物构成的叠层石。由于蓝细菌微生物席是否代表了古代叠层石的形态学前体总是存在争议,而且在生命的图像中叠层石一直是一个迷惑的关键片段,因此,现代叠层石的多样化构成,将成为认识古代叠层石形成的关键和窗口。立足于前人的研究成果,追踪和总结现代叠层石的多样化构成,以及它们所代表的沉积作用和微生物新陈代谢活动丰富而复杂的信息,将不但丰富微生物沉积学的研究内容,还将拓宽沉积相分析的基本内容,对深入了解叠层石复杂的沉积学特征和生物学属性具有重要的科学意义。 相似文献
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华北地台东北缘寒武系芙蓉统叠层石生物丘中的钙化蓝细菌 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
华北地台东北缘的芙蓉统,大致为长山组和凤山组所组成,可以进一步划分为3个三级沉积层序;层序划分主要基于沉积相序列的旋回性所代表的沉积趋势,较深水的陆棚相钙质泥岩和深缓坡相条带状泥晶灰岩和泥灰岩组成的凝缩作用序列、与高水位体系域和强迫型海退体系域的中至浅缓坡相碳酸盐岩组成的总体向上变浅序列,是这些三级沉积层序的基本构成,从而形成了较为典型的淹没不整合型层序。那些典型的叠层石生物丘,类似于微生物礁,主要发育在长山组和凤山组下部构成的三级层序的强迫型海退体系域之中,代表了缓坡型台地中相对海平面下降阶段的沉积记录。这些叠层石生物丘中的叠层石,泥晶和微亮晶是其基本构成,最为特征的是发育着一些典型的钙化蓝细菌化石,表明了这些寒武纪芙蓉世的叠层石生长于蓝细菌主导的微生物席的钙化作用之中。最为重要的是,在构成叠层石生物丘的粗糙纹层柱状和穹窿状叠层石中,较为普遍地发育着"石松藻(Lithocodium)";这种谜一样的钙化蓝细菌化石,与其他的钙化蓝细菌化石一起,表明了寒武纪叠层石形成过程中复杂的微生物沉淀作用,成为窥视叠层石生长和石化过程中重要的微生物作用信号。就像其名称所蕴含着的高级绿藻中的松藻(Codium)的涵义一样,"石松藻(Lithocodium)"状的钙化蓝细菌,多描述于中生代的微生物碳酸盐岩中,而且还常常被解释为结壳状有孔虫或"海绵骨针的网状物",其生物亲和性还存在着剧烈的争论。因此,华北地台东北缘寒武系芙蓉统中的叠层石生物丘,特殊的层序地层位置代表了较为典型的强迫型海退沉积记录,特别的钙化微生物构成代表着叠层石生长和石化过程中复杂的微生物作用信号,成为深入了解"寒武纪-早奥陶世微生物碳酸盐岩复苏期"和"显生宙早期第一幕蓝细菌钙化作用事件"中的微生物造礁和成丘作用的典型实例。 相似文献
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P. Kundal Milind P. Kundal S. N. Mude 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2014,83(2):183-190
The Cenozoic and Quaternary sediments of Saurashtra basin encompass signatures of sea level fluctuations, environments of deposition and presence of hydrocarbons. These sediments are divided into seven formations that in order of superposition are: Deccan Trap (late Cretaceous to Eocene), Gaj (early Miocene), Dwarka (middle Miocene to early Pliocene), Miliolite (middle Pleistocene), Chaya (late Pleistocene to late Holocene), Katpur (middle Holocene) and Mahuva Formation (late Holocene). The fossil calcareous algae are significant constituents of these sediments and in all 88 species so far have been recorded by different workers from three prominent areas: Dwarka-Okha area (38 coralline algal species:28 nongeniculate and 10 geniculate), Porbandar area (37 coralline algal species:25 nongeniculate and 12 geniculate species) and Diu area (13 calcareous algal species:6 nongeniculate coralline algal species, 5 geniculate coralline algal species; 1 dasycladalean algal species and 1 halimedacean algal species) of the Saurashtra basin. The present paper provides a checklist of these 88 calcareous algal species documented from the different formations of this basin and their implications for paleoenvironments and petroleum exploration. 相似文献
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Accumulation of microbial mats and stromatolites dominate in the crystallization ponds of solar salt works west of Alexandria, Egypt. These microbial mats are laminar in the permanent submerged part of the ponds. The microbial mats commonly form sites for growth of gypsum crystals during periods having higher salinity. In the dominant submerged part of the pond, domal stromatolites are common around groundwater seepage holes. In the shallow, intermittent margin of the ponds, the laminated microbial structure forms laterally close-linked hemispheroidal stromatolite type, with unidirectional and multidirectional ripple mark-like morphology on their surface. The microbial laminite and stromatolite types in the modern solar salt works are similar to the organic-rich Miocene gypsum beds of El-Barqan (west Alexandria, Egypt) and Rabigh (north Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). The Miocene organic-rich beds consist of interlayered dark-colored microbial laminae and light-colored gypsum laminae. These beds may have three different variations: regular even lamination, laterally closed-linked hemispheroidal stromatolites, and/or discrete hemispheroidal stromatolites. Petrographic examination of the microbial laminites and stromatolites in the solar salt works and the Miocene gypsum beds indicate that the dark-colored, organic-rich laminae are composed of micritized microbial laminae and/or brown organic filaments. In El-Barqan area, the light-colored gypsum-rich laminae are composed of either gypsum crystal fragments, or lenticular and prismatic gypsum. These gypsum crystals are either entrapped within the microbial filaments or are nucleated at the surface of the microbial laminae to form a radial pattern, whereas in Rabigh area, the light-colored gypsum-rich laminae are composed of secondary porphyrotopic, poikilotopic, or granular gypsum crystals. By comparison of the microbial structure in the Miocene gypsum beds with the recent occurrence of the microbial laminites and stromatolites in the solar salt works, it is demonstrated that the organic-rich Miocene gypsum beds were formed in a very shallow salina with slightly fluctuating brine levels. 相似文献
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在地球早期生命演化过程中,叠层石-微生物席生态系统主宰地球海洋近30亿年,叠层石作为微生物岩,是一种特殊的生物沉积构造,记录了大量的微生物、环境、地球化学和地球物理等方面的信息。叠层石研究经历了迂回曲折的道路,本文在综述国内外叠层石研究现状的基础上,重点阐述了中国叠层石研究取得的主要成绩和存在的不足,并从多学科交叉融合的角度,结合上下地层岩相变化,提出叠层石研究的新方法和新思路,为我国今后叠层石的研究和古环境的重建提供参考。 相似文献
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Viviana Mazzei Evelyn E. Gaiser John S. Kominoski Benjamin J. Wilson Shelby Servais Laura Bauman Stephen E. Davis Steve Kelly Fred H. Sklar David T. Rudnick Joseph Stachelek Tiffany G. Troxler 《Estuaries and Coasts》2018,41(7):2105-2119
Periphyton plays key ecological roles in karstic, freshwater wetlands and is extremely sensitive to environmental change making it a powerful tool to detect saltwater intrusion into these vulnerable and valuable ecosystems. We conducted field mesocosm experiments in the Florida Everglades, USA to test the effects of saltwater intrusion on periphyton metabolism, nutrient content, and diatom species composition, and how these responses differ between mats from a freshwater versus a brackish marsh. Pulsed saltwater intrusion was simulated by dosing treatment chambers monthly with a brine solution for 15 months; control chambers were simultaneously dosed with site water. Periphyton from the freshwater marsh responded to a 1-ppt increase in surface water salinity with reduced productivity and decreased concentrations of total carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. These functional responses were accompanied by significant shifts in periphytic diatom assemblages. Periphyton mats at the brackish marsh were more functionally resilient to the saltwater treatment (~?2 ppt above ambient), but nonetheless experienced significant shifts in diatom composition. These findings suggest that freshwater periphyton is negatively affected by small, short-term increases in salinity and that periphytic diatom assemblages, particularly at the brackish marsh, are a better metric of salinity increases compared with periphyton functional metrics due to functional redundancy. This research provides new and valuable information regarding periphyton dynamics in response to changing water sources in the southern Everglades that will allow us to extend the use of periphyton, and their diatom assemblages, as tools for environmental assessments related to saltwater intrusion. 相似文献
20.
Robert J. Horodyski 《Precambrian Research》1975,2(3):215-254
The mode of formation and environmental setting of stromatolites from the lower Missoula Group (ca. 1.1·109 years old) in Glacier National Park, Montana, have been determined. The stromatolite-bearing interval in the lower Missoula Group was deposited in a shallow, intermittently exposed setting of very low relief, the stromatolites forming during periods of submergence. In situ carbonate precipitation was the dominant process involved in the formation of encrusting stromatolitic laminae. This precipitate was deposited within, and probably beneath, algal mats, most likely as a result of the photosynthetic removal of carbon dioxide by the mat-building microscopic algae. Calcite also was precipitated in several types of open-space structures occurring within these stromatolites. Other laminae were produced by the organic stabilization of detrital particles; by the solely physical accumulation of terrigenous material; and probably, by bacterially induced precipitation of iron sulfide which was later oxidized to form hematite layers.Three forms of filamentous microfossils, two of which appear to be oscillatoriacean cyanophytes and the third of which is probably either a cyanophyte or filamentous bacterium, have been detected in these structures. In addition, hematitic pillar-shaped microstructures, interpreted to have been produced by filamentous bacteria, are abundant locally.In gross morphology, the lower Missoula Group stromatolites are simple, unbranched, domal structures ranging from several millimeters to several decimeters in both height and diameter. Physical conditions played a major role in determining the macrostructure of these stromatolites. Of particular importance were the shape of the positive sediment-surface irregularities upon which the stromatolites initially formed, the rate of sedimentation between stromatolite colonies, and the deposition of layers of terrigenous material on stromatolite growth surfaces. The effect of biological factors on stromatolite structure is clearly seen in those portions of stromatolites relatively free of terrigenous material; biological activity was apparently greatest on positive irregularities of the growth surface, resulting in preferential enhancement of such irregularities and development of second- and higher-order hemispheroidal structures. 相似文献