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1.
本文对南极菲尔德斯半岛黑背海鸥在某些生态行为下发出的鸣声波形结构和参数进行了分析。得出 :幼黑背海鸥发出“吱”声 ,频带在 1 6 1 0至 483 1 Hz,谱峰在 1 .7、2 .5和 2 .9k Hz;黑背海鸥发出“哦”声 ,频带在 1 1 71至 43 4 3 Hz,谱峰约在 1 .5 k Hz;黑背海鸥发出“哦啊”声 ,频带在1 0 72至 3 93 2 Hz,谱峰在 1 .2、1 .7和 3 k Hz,“咯”声 ,频带在 1 3 6 0至 41 5 3 Hz,谱峰在 1 .3、2和 2 .9k Hz 相似文献
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从１９９２年４月至１２月对东南极中山站近岸当年冰生物量及其环境因子进行了观测。冰底有色层出现在４月下旬和１１月下旬，集中于冰底２～３ｃｍ，叶绿素ａ最高含量分别为８８．３ｍｇ／ｍ３和２８１０ｍｇ／ｍ３，相应的冰藻数量分别为３．５×１０６和１．２１×１０８个／升。柱总叶绿素ａ含量的季节性变化极为显著，尤其是以春季的大幅度快速增值为特征，变化范围为１．１７～５９．７ｍｇ／ｍ２，冰藻生物量主要分布在冰底，冬季期间则集中在冰底或冰的中上层。藻类优势种较为单一，秋季优势种为Ｎｉｔｚｓｃｈｉａｌｅｃｏｉｎｔｅｉ、Ｎ．ｂａｒｋｌｅｙｉ和Ｎ．ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｕｓ；春季优势种为Ａｍｐｈｉｐｒｏｒａｋｊｅｌｍａｎｉ，Ｂｅｒｋｅｌｅｙａｒｕｔｉｌａｎｓ和Ｎ．ｌｅｃｏｉｎｔｅｉ。中山站近岸冰藻生物量的垂直分布和季节变化以及春季优势种的组成与东南极其它固冰区具有较强的相似性，与亚南极固冰区差异较大。 相似文献
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自１９８８年１１月至１９８９年３月，对南极长城湾（６２°１３′Ｓ，５８°５７′Ｗ）中５个站位的水温、ｐＨ值、海水透明度、水下照度、水中和海冰中叶绿素含量、磷酸盐含量、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐含量等理化要素，每月进行１至２次不定期的常规测定。在整个调查期间，海水温度变化范围在－１．６～２．２°Ｃ之间，ｐＨ值变化范围在８．０～９．１之间，海水中叶绿素ａ的变化范围在０．３０～１．４８ｍｇ／ｍ３之间，叶绿素ａ的最大值出现在１１月２６日５号站的表层水中，海冰中叶绿素ａ的含量远远高于海水中的含量，海冰中叶绿素ａ的变化范围在２．５５～５６．８４ｍｇ／ｍ３之间。磷酸盐含量变化范围在１．０２３～２．１８７μｇＰ／Ｌ，亚硝酸盐含量变化范围在０．０９３～０．１８６μｇＮ／Ｌ之间，硝酸盐含量变化范围在１３．３０８～２６．５８４μｇＮ／Ｌ之间。本文对以上结果作了初步探讨 相似文献
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用锂离子选择电极和经典Ａｇ－ＡｇＣｌ电极测定了２９８．１５Ｋ下ＬｉＣｌ－Ｌｉ２Ｂ４Ｏ７－Ｈ２Ｏ体系中离子强度范围为０．０１～２．５０ｍｏｌ．ｋｇ＾－１,不同Ｌｉ２Ｂ４Ｏ７离子强度分数的ＬｉＣｌ的平均活度系数。由实验数据,用迭代法及多元线性回归法,求取了Ｌｉ２Ｂ４Ｏ７的化学计量离解平均常数Ｋｍ,热力学离解平衡常数Ｋ及Ｐｉ－ｔｚｅｒ离子作用参数,并与实验值比较标准偏差为０．０５００,同时该实验结果在０ 相似文献
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吉隆盆地七级阶地和一级山顶剥蚀面的存在说明：本区自早更新世沉积贡巴砾岩后，新构造运动抬升有８次，其中以早更新世Ｑ＿１晚期至中更新世Ｑ＿２抬升最强，共５次，相对于吉隆河河面（盆地基准面）的抬升幅度８９６ｍ；晚更新世Ｑ＿３和全新世Ｑ＿４两者共３次的抬升幅度较小（计７４ｍ）．区内第四纪以来经历过４次冰期：２次发生在Ｑ＿１晚期至Ｑ－２，２次分别出现于Ｑ＿３，Ｑ＿４．从漂砾数量推断，以Ｑ＿３冰期规模最大，Ｑ＿４冰期规模次之． 相似文献
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青藏高原4月—10月光合有效量子值的气候学计算 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
根据１９９４年４月～１０月青藏高原太阳分光辐射的实测资料，计算出太阳总辐射中，光合有效辐射（ＰＡＲ）所占比例η＝０．４３９±０．００９，ＰＡＲ每１Ｊ的能量含有４．４３μｍｏｌ的量子。在青藏高原的气候学计算中，可用下式估算旬平均的ＰＡＲ能量日总量ＨＰＡＲ（ＭＪ·ｍ－２ｄ－１）和量子日总量ＵＰＡＲ（ｍｏｌ·ｍ－２ｄ－１）：ＨＰＡＲ＝（０．３９９＋０．０３６ｌｇＥ＊）ＨＵＰＡＲ＝（１．７６８＋０．１５９ｌｇＥ＊）Ｈ式中Ｈ（ＭＪ·ｍ－２ｄ－１）为总辐射旬平均日总量，Ｅ＊＝Ｅ·Ｐ０／Ｐ，Ｐ０（ｈｐａ）为标准大气压，Ｐ（ｈｐａ）为测点大气压，Ｅ（ｈｐａ）为地面水汽压。 相似文献
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毛乌素沙地禾草杂类草草地根系
生物量动态及能量效率研究 总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7
对分布于毛乌素沙地南缘的禾草杂类草草地的根系生物量动态及光能转化率进行了研究。由于人为过度利用,草地植被出现退化。４～１１月期间,根系生物量的动态变化呈双峰形,最大值出现在５月中旬,为７０７．５３ｇ·ｍ－２（为干物质,以下同）,第二峰值出现在７月中旬,为６７７．２９ｇ·ｍ－２。根系净第一性生产力为２３２．６５ｇ·ｍ－２·ａ－１,以能量计算,则为４７３．９９ｋＪ·ｍ－２·ａ－１。根系生物量的垂直分异明显,呈Ｔ形分布,７０％以上分布在０～２０ｃｍ土层,４０～５０ｃｍ深处的根量只占８％。根系生物量的生长率在营养生长期要高于生殖生长期,生长率的变化规律与草层的营养生长和生殖生长对光合产物的分配有关。根系对太阳总辐射的转化率为０．００８％;对光合有效辐射的转化率为０．０１６％;对生长期生理辐射转化率为０．０２８％。根系对太阳总辐射的正向表观转化率在最高期可达０．２４％。 相似文献
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自１９９２年４月１２日至１２月３０日对中山站以西内拉峡湾海冰和冰下水柱中藻类优势种组成和丰度进行了测定。４月份和１１月中旬至１２月中旬冰柱和水柱（０～５０ｍ）藻类丰度高达１０８～１０９ｃｅｌｓ／ｍ２。冰藻的普遍或季节性优势种主要包括Ａｍｐｈｉｐｒｏｒａｋｊｅｌｍａｎｉ、Ｂｅｒｋｅｌｅｙａｒｕｔｉｌａｎｓ、Ｎａｖｉｃｕｌａｇｌａｃｉｅｉ、Ｎｉｔｚｓｃｈｉａｂａｒｋｌｅｙｉ、Ｎ．ｃｙｌｉｎｄｒｕｓ、Ｎ．ｌｅｃｏｉｎｔｅｉ和Ｎｉｔｚｓｃｈｉａｓｐ．。由于藻类结合入冰后自身的演替，春－夏季海冰剖面中所记录的优势种组成并不能准确反映冰底优势种的季节演替过程。从冰底和水表藻种组成的对比表明，两者仅在春末冰底冰藻水华期间具有较强的相似性。秋、春季冰底冰藻水华的形成以现场生长为主，夏初冰藻释放入水后对冰下浮游植物的播种作用不明显。 相似文献
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Eric S. Posmentier 《Geophysical Journal International》1971,26(1-4):173-177
Summary Infrasound with frequencies of 1–16 Hz, detected by an array of four thermistor flow-meter microphones in Sterling Forest, New York, was observed to have a continuous background with peak energy distributed near 16 Hz in frequency, with amplitudes of about 1 dyn cm-2 , and arriving from the south-west and south-east at slightly above the speed of sound in air at ground level. The same array of microphones detected 5 dyn cm-2 signals from the Apollo 14. The earlier part of the 10-min signal arrived from the first stage re-entry, the later from the launch site vicinity. It is shown that aircraft beyond the visible and audible range can be detected and tracked by monitoring the infrasound emitted throughout most of the 1–16 Hz frequency band. 相似文献
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Monika Breitzke Olaf Boebel Saad El Naggar Wilfried Jokat Berthold Werner 《Geophysical Journal International》2008,174(2):505-524
Air guns and air-gun arrays of different volumes are used for scientific seismic surveys with R/V Polarstern in polar regions. To assess the potential risk of these research activities on marine mammal populations, knowledge of the sound pressure field of the seismic sources is essential. Therefore, a broad-band (0–80 kHz) calibration study was conducted at the Heggernes Acoustic Range, Norway. A GI (2.4 l), a G (8.5 l) and a Bolt gun (32.8 l) were deployed as single sources, 3 GI (7.4 l), 3 G (25.6 l) and 8 VLF™ Prakla-Seismos air guns (24.0 l) as arrays. Each configuration was fired along a line of 3–4 km length running between two hydrophone chains with receivers in 35, 100, 198 and 263 m depth. Peak-to-peak, zero-to-peak, rms and sound exposure levels (SEL) were analysed as functions of range. They show the typical dipole-like directivity of marine seismic sources with amplitude cancellation close to the sea surface, higher amplitudes in greater depths, and sound pressure levels which continuously decrease with range. Levels recorded during the approach are lower than during the departure indicating a shadowing effect of Polarsterns's hull. Backcalculated zero-to-peak source levels range from 224–240 dB re 1 μPa @ 1 m. Spectral source levels are highest below 100 Hz and amount to 182–194 dB re 1 μPa Hz–1 . They drop off continuously with range and frequency. At 1 kHz they are ∼30 dB, at 80 kHz ∼60 dB lower than the peak level. Above 1 kHz amplitude spectra are dominated by Polarstern's self-noise. From the rms and sound exposure levels of the deepest hydrophone radii for different thresholds are derived. For a 180 dB rms-level threshold radii maximally vary between 200 and 600 m, for a 186 dB SEL threshold between 50 and 300 m. 相似文献
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François Thouvenot 《Geophysical Journal International》1983,73(2):427-447
Summary. Ray amplitudes are computed in a one-dimensional velocity structure where the quality factor Q varies continuously with depth. An iterative process is then proposed to derive the quality factor distribution in the upper crust from deep sounding data. Results for compressional waves in the French Massif Central and for a signal frequency close to 20 Hz show that Q increases in a rather linear way from about 40 in surface up to 600 at 7 km depth. Q seems to be higher in the Central Alps: 180 in surface, 1600 at 5 km depth (at 20 Hz). Using proper signal processing, the frequency dependence of Q is finally investigated in the frequency range 10–25 Hz. The results indicate a dependence of the form Q = Q 0 f α , where α= 0.25 ± 0.1. 相似文献
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Summary For four years continuous recording of infrasonic signals in the frequency range 0.1 to 1 Hz, known as microbaroms, has been conducted at Palisades, New York. The microbaroms we recorded are radiated into the atmosphere by interfering ocean waves in the North Atlantic as far as 2000 km away. A characteristic diurnal variation in the amplitude of the received signal has been noted, independent of any variation in the source. We conclude that the variation is due to variations of the factors affecting atmospheric sound propagation, namely wind and temperature.
In winter a semidiurnal variation in signal amplitude is observed, with maximum reception around 11 : 00 and 22; 00 local time. Reference to wind and temperature observations in the literature shows that at these times the lowest level of reflection of the vertically propagating signal occurs between 100 and 110 km due to the presence of strong east winds. At 18 : 00, time of minimum amplitudes, the reflection level rises to about 115 km because of a change in tidal wind phase. Viscous dissipation associated with the changed reflection height can account for the observed signal weakening. A third maximum, a less regular effect, is found to be related to more variable winds between 95 and 105 km.
In summer, reflection is found to occur from about 50 km due to the presence of stratospheric easterlies. The summer diurnal variation, different from that of the winter, exhibits only a weak minimum about 20 : 00. This appears to result from a diurnal temperature variation superimposed on a diurnal wind variation. Abnormally high microbaroms were recorded at times that can be related to an atmospheric event known as a stratospheric warming. Microbaroms thus provide a continuously available natural mechanism for probing the upper atmosphere. We conclude that the establishment of microbarom observation systems could give a comprehensive technique for monitoring several upper atmospheric parameters. 相似文献
In winter a semidiurnal variation in signal amplitude is observed, with maximum reception around 11 : 00 and 22; 00 local time. Reference to wind and temperature observations in the literature shows that at these times the lowest level of reflection of the vertically propagating signal occurs between 100 and 110 km due to the presence of strong east winds. At 18 : 00, time of minimum amplitudes, the reflection level rises to about 115 km because of a change in tidal wind phase. Viscous dissipation associated with the changed reflection height can account for the observed signal weakening. A third maximum, a less regular effect, is found to be related to more variable winds between 95 and 105 km.
In summer, reflection is found to occur from about 50 km due to the presence of stratospheric easterlies. The summer diurnal variation, different from that of the winter, exhibits only a weak minimum about 20 : 00. This appears to result from a diurnal temperature variation superimposed on a diurnal wind variation. Abnormally high microbaroms were recorded at times that can be related to an atmospheric event known as a stratospheric warming. Microbaroms thus provide a continuously available natural mechanism for probing the upper atmosphere. We conclude that the establishment of microbarom observation systems could give a comprehensive technique for monitoring several upper atmospheric parameters. 相似文献
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S. Caquard G. Brauen B. Wright P. Jasen 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(11-12):1219-1245
In this paper we draw on the analysis of sound in film theory in order to explore the potential that sound offers cybercartography. We first argue that the theoretical body developed in film studies is highly relevant to the study of sound/image relationships in mapmaking. We then build on this argument to develop experimental animated and interactive sound maps for the Cybercartographic Atlas of Antarctica that further explore the potential of sound for integrating emotional, cultural and political dimensions in cartography. These maps have been designed to recreate cinematic soundscapes, to provide contrapuntal perspectives on the cartographic image and to generate an aural identity of the atlas. As part of this experimental mapping, an innovative sound infrastructure is being developed to allow complex sound designs to be transmitted over the Internet as part of atlas content. Through this infrastructure the user can select as well as contribute his own sounds. The overall cartographic message is becoming less predictable, thus opening new perspectives on the way we design, interact with, and modify sounded maps over the Internet. 相似文献
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U.S. unconventional hydrocarbon production is a driver of economic growth, but mineral wealth ownership is poorly understood and shrouded in “local wealth” mythology that claims royalties from hydrocarbons mostly benefit people who live near sites of production. Mineral property tax appraisals, as proxies for mineral wealth from Live Oak County, a representative Eagle Ford Shale county in Texas, show that 96 percent of assessed mineral wealth concentrates among energy firms and individuals in Texas metropolitan regions; 1.95 percent of mineral wealth remains “local” to the production county, challenging local wealth myths. Deviating from nation-state scalar approaches, local and regional spatial studies of other energy regions might reveal similar wealth distributions, enabling generalizations about hydrocarbon production economic outcomes. 相似文献
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《自然地理学》2013,34(1):64-78
Research efforts studying dune fields as spatial units are limited and the historical dynamics associated with dune field-scale pattern attributes are currently not well documented. Historical repeat aerial photography was used to quantify temporal changes in the crescentic dune pattern at the White Sands Dune Field, New Mexico. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to digitize ~ 14,000 dune crests from the combined photoset. Crest length, sinuosity, spacing, orientation, transport vector, and defect density were calculated from these measurements and statistically analyzed. The pattern analysis revealed that crest length, sinuosity, and defect density were highly variable pattern elements over a 60-year period. These dune pattern elements also exhibited temporal relationships, such as the inverse relationship between crest length and sinuosity over time. Defect density calculations revealed that the dune field is trending to a possible state of disorganization. This trend was temporarily interrupted in 1985 by a massive period of organization in which crest length was inversely related to defect density and defect density was proportionally related to sinuosity. The temporal variations in these pattern elements and the episodic organizational event in 1985 were likely climatically induced. 相似文献
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中国拐卖儿童犯罪的地理特征研究 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
基于从公益平台获取的上万条寻亲记录数据,从犯罪地理学的视角探究1980~2015年中国拐卖儿童犯罪的地理特征。研究发现：① 拐卖去向以被收养为主,总量上男童多于女童,频率上低年龄段高发,可分为4个贩运类型。② 犯罪量自1980年以来呈现“倒勺”型波动态势,1989~1998年为高发区间,犯罪受打击力度与人口政策影响明显。③ 犯罪量月变化呈现两个轻微倒“U”型格局,犯罪季节变化较小,夏半年高于冬半年。④ 犯罪呈现“西部集中拐出,东部分散拐入”的“三片两线”的“场-流”空间格局特征,并有一定的带动与回流效应。⑤ 当前拐卖儿童犯罪的空间集聚程度减小,而扩散程度增加,由区域性犯罪发展成全国性犯罪。最后从不同角度和层面对未来的研究作了展望。 相似文献