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1.
The paper focuses on the redistribution of aerosol particles (APs) during the artificial nucleation and subsequent growth of ice crystals in a supercooled cloud. A significant number of the supercooled cloud droplets during icing periods (seeding agents: C3H8, CO2) did not freeze as was presumed prior to the experiment but instead evaporated. The net mass flux of water vapour from the evaporating droplets to the nucleating ice crystals (Bergeron–Findeisen mechanism) led to the release of residual particles that simultaneously appeared in the interstitial phase. The strong decrease of the droplet residuals confirms the nucleation of ice particles on seeding germs without natural aerosol particles serving as ice nuclei. As the number of residual particles during the seedings did not drop to zero, other processes such as heterogeneous ice nucleation, spontaneous freezing, entrainment of supercooled droplets and diffusion to the created particle-free ice germs must have contributed to the experimental findings. During the icing periods, residual mass concentrations in the condensed phase dropped by a factor of 1.1–6.7, as compared to the unperturbed supercooled cloud. As the Bergeron–Findeisen process also occurs without artificial seeding in the atmosphere, this study demonstrated that the hydrometeors in mixed-phase clouds might be much cleaner than anticipated for the simple freezing process of supercooled droplets in tropospheric mid latitude clouds. 相似文献
2.
In this study we observed the microphysical properties, including the vertical and horizontal distributions of ice particles,liquid water content and ice habit, in different regions of a slightly supercooled stratiform cloud. Using aircraft instrument and radar data, the cloud top temperature was recorded as higher than -15℃, behind a cold front, on 9 September 2015 in North China. During the flight sampling, the high ice number concentration area was located in the supercooled part of a shallow convective cloud embedded in a stratiform cloud, where the ambient temperature was around -3℃. In this area,the maximum number concentrations of particles with diameter greater than 100 μm and 500 μm(N_(100) and N_(500)) exceeded 300 L~(-1) and 30 L~(-1), respectively, and were related to large supercooled water droplets with diameter greater than 24 μm derived from cloud–aerosol spectrometer probe measurements. The ice particles types in this region were predominantly columnar, needle, graupel, and some freezing drops, suggesting that the occurrence of high ice number concentrations was likely related to the Hallett–Mossop mechanism, although many other ice multiplication processes cannot be totally ruled out.The maximum ice number concentration obtained during the first penetration was around two to three orders of magnitude larger than that predicted by the Demott and Fletcher schemes when assuming the cloud top temperature was around-15℃.During the second penetration conducted within the stratiform cloud, N_(100) and N_(500) decreased by a factor of five to ten, and the presence of columnar and needle-like crystals became very rare. 相似文献
3.
运用中尺度数值模式WRF3.5.1对2011年1月1日贵州境内的一次冻雨天气过程进行了数值模拟,研究了本次过程的大气层结、冻雨区云系的宏微观结构和云物理特征,初步分析了冻雨形成的云微物理过程和成因。结果表明,贵州境内的冻雨区(26°N~29°N)具有冷性和部分"冷—暖—冷"的温度层结,在高层没有显著的冰相粒子,冻雨区是相对较强的水汽辐合中心,丰富的水汽输送在冷性的环境条件下形成云滴,进而碰并产生雨滴,过冷雨水主要通过暖雨过程形成;雨滴继续下落至近地层并保持过冷雨水形式,最后接触到低于0°C的物体或地面,迅速冻结而产生地面冻雨。 相似文献
4.
过冷雨水低含量条件下冰雹形成和增长机制及其催化效果的数值模拟 总被引：16，自引：5，他引：11
利用中国科学院大气物理研究所开发的三维全弹性冰雹云模式,对美国对流降水协作试验（CCOPE）期间观测的1981年8月1日雹云进行模拟,讨论在过冷雨水低含量条件下冰雹形成和增长机制及其碘化银催化效果。结果表明:(1) 自然云的模拟与观测事实一致,如最大上升气流速度、云顶高度、流场结构以及雹胚组成等。(2) 雹胚以霰为主,霰主要来自冰雪晶与过冷小水滴的碰冻,其次来自雪的积聚转化;霰、冻滴和冰雹在形成后主要靠碰并过冷云水增长。(3)人工催化试验表明,碘化银主要以凝华核（包括凝结－冻结）的作用产生大量的人工冰晶,加速了过冷水向冰晶的转化,过冷云水因而大量减少;催化后霰和冻滴的数浓度增大,对过冷云水的竞争增强,其平均尺度减小导致转化成雹的数量减少;冰雹碰冻过冷云水的增长在催化后也被削弱,导致冰雹总质量进一步减少。此外,催化后降雨量也显著减少。 相似文献
5.
Different ice nucleation algorithms are implemented in a cloud microphysical scheme and numerical simulations of clouds are performed using a three-dimensional mesoscale model. The predicted ice crystal fields are found to be sensitive to the different modes of calculation of the number of deposition/ condensation freezing nuclei and contact freezing nuclei. Also a time and supercooling dependence of this sensitivity is established.The general features of the cirrus clouds observed by the research aircraft Falcon during the 1989
(International Cirrus Experiment) mission ICE212 are compared to those of the cirrus clouds generated by the model. The cloud top height, the cloud ice content and the ice number concentrations seem to be reproduced well. 相似文献
6.
东北冷涡中尺度云系降水机制研究 II: 数值模拟 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
在利用卫星、雷达和机载PMS(粒子测量系统)等观测资料对2003年7月8日东北冷涡积层混合云系的降水形成机制分析的基础上,将观测分析与数值模拟研究相结合,用中尺度数值模式对积层混合云系做数值模拟,并结合观测资料进一步分析了积层混合云系的微物理结构、粒子形成过程和降水形成机制,获得如下结果:(1)混合云中对流云具有分层的微物理结构.冰晶含水量最大值出现的高度最高,其次由高到低的排序是雪、云水、霰和雨;雨水主要出现在云的暖区;各种粒子中以雨水含水量最高,其次是霰.对流云体生命期较长,微物理结构基本稳定.(2)粒子形成增长过程有差异.冰晶通过凝华过程增长.雪主要来源于冰晶,产生后主要通过撞冻、收集冰晶和凝华过程增长,其中撞冻过冷云水增长对雪质量贡献最大,其产生率极大值高度与过冷云水相当.丰富的过冷云水,给雪的撞冻增长提供了有利条件.在高、中和低层雪的形成有着不同的机制,高层雪收集冰晶长大后,下落到低层又以雪撞冻过冷云水的结淞增长为主要过程.霰主要由雨滴冻结和雪的转化产生,过冷雨滴与冰晶接触冻结成霰;过冷雨滴收集雪,雪随着雨滴的冻结而转化成霰.因此霰的产生与过冷雨滴关系极大.霰主要撞冻云水、收集雪和冰晶增长,其中撞冻是霰的重要增长过程.雨水主要由霰的融化形成,降水主要是由冷云过程产生的.在过冷层,霰撞冻增长占优势.云上部的冰晶和雪对云的中部具有播撒作用,过冷层中存在丰富的过冷水,对冰相粒子的撞冻增长有利.对云水消耗的分析表明,雨滴对云滴的收集、霰和雪对云水的撞冻增长是消耗云水的主要过程.(3)从各种粒子的形成和增长过程可以看出,大部分雨水由霰融化形成,暖云过程贡献要小得多.可见,降水主要是由冷云过程产生的,这与观测分析的结果一致. 相似文献
7.
本文利用“太行山东麓人工增雨防雹作业技术试验”的飞机和地面雷达观测数据,重点研究分析了2018年5月21日一次典型西风槽天气系统影响下的层状云微物理特征。结果表明,?5°C层的过冷水含量低于0.05 g m?3,冰粒子数浓度量级101～102 L?1。冰粒子数浓度高值区主要以针状和柱状冰晶为主。这可能低层是Hallett-Mossop机制和其他冰晶繁生机制共同作用下所产生的冰晶碎片在冰面过饱和条件下凝华增长所形成的。冰粒子数浓度低值区的冰晶形状基本以片状或枝状为主。?5°C层的冰雪晶增长主要以凝华和聚并增长为主,凇附过程很弱。零度层附近云水含量峰值区的液态水占比达到70%以上。云水含量峰值区的粒子主要以直径10～50 μm的云滴为主,伴随着少量聚合状冰晶。零度层其他区域的过冷水含量维持在0.05 g m?3左右,冰晶形态主要以聚合状、凇附状及霰粒子为主。液水层则主要以球形液滴及半融化状态的冰粒子为主。垂直探测表明:零度层以上的冰雪晶数浓度呈现随高度递增的趋势。在发展稳定的层状云内,混合层的过冷水含量很低,冰粒子主要通过凝华和聚并过程增长,云体冰晶化程度较高。而在发展较为旺盛的层状云区里过冷水含量也较高,大量液滴的存在也表明混合层冰-液相之间的转化不充分。不同温度层的粒子谱显示,冷水含量高值区的冰粒子平均浓度比过冷水低值区高,但平均直径比过冷水低值区小。 相似文献
8.
Aerosols emitted from volcanic activities and polluted mid-latitudes regions are efficiently transported over the Arctic during winter by the large-scale atmospheric circulation. These aerosols are highly acidic. The acid coating on ice nuclei, which are present among these aerosols, alters their ability to nucleate ice crystals. In this research, the effect of acid coating on deposition and contact ice nuclei on the Arctic cloud and radiation is evaluated for January 2007 using a regional climate model. Results show that the suppression of contact freezing by acid coating on ice nuclei leads to small changes of the cloud microstructure and has no significant effect on the cloud radiative forcing (CRF) at the top of the atmosphere when compared with the effect of the alteration of deposition ice nucleation by acid coating on deposition ice nuclei. There is a negative feedback by which the suppression of contact freezing leads to an increase of the ice crystal nucleation rate by deposition ice nucleation. As a result, the suppression of contact freezing leads to an increase of the cloud ice crystal concentration. Changes in the cloud liquid and ice water contents remain small and the CRF is not significantly modified. The alteration of deposition ice nucleation by acid coating on ice nuclei is dominant over the alteration of contact freezing. 相似文献
9.
Two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics in the grid-point atmospheric model of IAP LASG (GAMIL) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A two-moment bulk stratiform microphysics scheme, including recently developed physically-based droplet activation/ice nucleation parameterizations has been implemented into the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG (GAMIL) as an effort to enhance the model’s capability to simulate aerosol indirect effects. Unlike the previous one-moment cloud microphysics scheme, the new scheme produces a reasonable representation of cloud particle size and number concentration. This scheme captures the observed spatial variations in cloud droplet number concentrations. Simulated ice crystal number concentrations in cirrus clouds qualitatively agree with in situ observations. The longwave and shortwave cloud forcings are in better agreement with observations. Sensitivity tests show that the column cloud droplet number concentrations calculated from two different droplet activation parameterizations are similar. However, ice crystal number concentration in mixed-phased clouds is sensitive to different heterogeneous ice nucleation formulations. The simulation with high ice crystal number concentration in mixed-phase clouds has less liquid water path and weaker cloud forcing. Furthermore, ice crystal number concentration in cirrus clouds is sensitive to different ice nucleation parameterizations. Sensitivity tests also suggest that the impact of pre-existing ice crystals on homogeneous freezing in old clouds should be taken into account. 相似文献
10.
在可压缩三维冷云数值模式里对冰晶繁生过程进行了参数化,显式考虑了过冷滴冻结破裂和Hallett-Mossop两个繁生机制,并对冰晶浓度进行了订正。对暖底孤立积云的模拟实例表明繁生作用对对流系统宏观特征没有显著改变,地面总降水略有增加,最大雨强增大且时间提前。繁生过程的主要作用是改变了云的微物理结构特征,使云中冰化时间提早,冰化程度大大加强,引起云上部增暖并抬高云顶。在所考虑的两个繁生机制中,冻结破裂繁生机制是引起微物理结构发生变化的主要过程。还对各冰相微物理过程的相对作用进行了分析。 相似文献
11.
减弱对流云降水的AgI催化原理的数值模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在对流云模式中增加了AgI两个预报量,耦合了考虑受水汽过饱度和温度影响的4种核化机制的AgI催化模块,使其具备了对AgI类催化剂的模拟能力,能够研究AgI类催化剂对对流云系统的影响。利用该模式对一次华南对流云降水过程进行了AgI催化数值模拟试验,对人工减缓对流云降水的可能性及原理进行了研究。模拟结果表明,在适当的时机对适当的部位进行大剂量的催化,可以减少总降水量,也可以减少最大降水中心的雨强。当催化浓度达到2×10~8 kg~(-1)时,可以减少32%的降水量,具备有效减缓对流云降水的可能性。大剂量催化后,大量的AgI粒子在冷区核化后,消耗了大量的过冷水。催化后霰粒子的落速和雨水的落速减小。催化阶段由于霰融化成雨水减少而使降水减弱。催化结束后在霰融化成雨水增多的情况下,雨水的蒸发大幅增加,从而导致了降水量的持续减少。AgI在模拟的强对流云中主要以受过饱和度影响的凝结冻结和催化剂长时间作用的浸没冻结这两种方式成核。研究所用催化方法在外场作业中具有技术可行性。 相似文献
12.
华北层状云系人工增雨个例数值研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用耦合了CAMS详尽云方案和非静力中尺度数值模式MM5V3的CAMS中尺度云分辨模式对2008年3月20—21日环北京地区的一次层状云系降水进行模拟和人工催化数值试验。模拟自然降水分布与实测结果一致,分析微物理特征并在所得分析的基础上进行催化试验。研究在不同催化剂量、高度进行试验对降水的影响。结果表明：在过冷水含量高且冰晶含量低的区域引入人工冰晶可使地面降水增加。引入人工冰晶后催化区域水汽明显减少,云水也有减少,冰晶粒子和雪粒子增加,而且水汽减少的量明显大于过冷云水的减少量。同时催化后550 hPa附近的下沉气流中心变为上升气流,动力、热力效应明显。雪碰并冰晶增长、冰晶转化成雪增长是催化高度附近雪晶增加的主要过程,而催化高度以下,雪碰并过冷云滴增长是雪晶增加的主要过程;雪晶碰并过冷雨滴增长是霰粒子增加的主要过程;雨滴碰并云滴增长是雨滴增长的主要过程。 相似文献
13.
碘化银（AgI）类催化剂是人工影响天气外场试验和业务作业中使用最广泛的催化剂,其核化效率和核化机制在很大程度上影响催化效果。在总结美国、中国和欧洲多个国家利用云室和风洞研究AgI类催化剂的核化机制、核化阈温及成核率的室内实验成果的基础上,梳理利用室内实验成果发展的AgI数值催化模式,旨在为下一步优选新型高效AgI类催化剂和改进数值催化模式提供借鉴。AgI类催化剂核化机制包括凝华核化、接触冻结核化、凝结冻结核化和浸没冻结核化,其核化过程受大气温湿条件、催化剂粒子大小、成分等多种因素影响,并与催化剂粒子的燃烧溶液法、燃烧焰剂法和爆炸法等发生方式有关。目前国内外使用的AgI类催化剂含有不同成分,有多种催化剂粒子产生方式,催化剂粒子的核化机制和成核率有很大差异。将来应重点基于高性能云室和风洞,分析不同催化剂配方的核化机制和成核率,优选新型高效催化剂,改进AgI数值催化模式。 相似文献
14.
利用三维全弹性冰雹云模式,对2008年5月24日山东境内一次受高空冷涡影响的大范围冰雹天气过程进行模拟,分析了冰雹的形成机制和催化防雹机理。结果表明:该过程过冷雨水中心位于最大上升气流中心下方,不存在过冷雨累积区,过冷雨水含量最大值仅为4.9gm-3,但雹云中过冷雨水含量仍然丰富,对雹胚的形成及增长起着重要作用。雹胚以冻滴为主,冻滴胚来源于冰雪晶与过冷雨水碰撞冻结以及雨滴核化过程。冻滴形成后主要以碰并过冷雨水、云水增长。冻滴胚自动转化过程是冰雹数量、质量的主要来源;冰雹形成后,前期主要靠碰并冻滴、霰和过冷雨水增长,后期主要靠碰并过冷云水增长。催化试验表明,播撒57.5g催化剂足以通过"竞争"减雹50%以上,增加AgI剂量,防雹的同时能够兼顾增雨。催化剂用量为230g时,催化后液态降水有所增加,固态降水量及占总降水量的比例减少显著,特别是冰雹。AgI主要以凝华核的作用产生人工冰晶,冰晶凝华增长导致过冷云水、雨水含量降低。催化后雹胚特别是冻滴胚数量增多,对过冷云水、雨水的竞争增强;其平均尺度、质量的减小,降低了向冰雹的转化率。冰雹碰并过冷云水、雨水增长过程被减弱,导致冰雹总质量进一步减少,达到消雹目的。 相似文献
15.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MICROPHYSICAL PROCESSES IN CUMULONIMBUS——PART Ⅰ:MICROPHYSICAL MODEL 
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下载免费PDF全文 A comprehensive parameterized model of microphysical processes in cumulonimbus clouds is presented.The transformation rates of the water contents and number concentrations of the cloud droplets,rain drops,ice crystals,graupels and hails are deduced on theoretical and experimental results for 26 kinds of micro-physical processes,which include condensation,deposition,evaporation,collection,ice nucleation,ice mul-tiplication,melting,freezing,and autoconversions of cloud to rain,ice to graupel and graupel to hail. 相似文献
16.
Homogeneous freezing of single sulfuric and nitric acid solution drops levitated in an acoustic trap
Karoline Diehl Matthias Ettner-Mahl Anke Hannemann Subir K. Mitra 《Atmospheric Research》2009,94(2):356-361
The freezing temperatures of single supercooled drops of binary and ternary sulfuric and nitric acid solutions were measured while varying the acid concentration. An acoustic levitator was used which allows to freely suspend single solution drops in air without electrical charges thereby avoiding any electrical influences which may affect the freezing process. The drops of typically 500 µm in radius were monitored by a video camera during cooling cycles down to − 85 °C to simulate the upper tropospheric and stratospheric temperature range. The present data confirm that liquid solution droplets can be supercooled far below the equilibrium melting point by approximately 35 °C. They follow the general trend of the expected freezing temperatures for homogeneous ice nucleation. 相似文献
17.
Numerical Simulation of Effects of Cloud Top Temperatures and Generating Cells on Secondary Ice Production in Stratiform Clouds with a Detailed Microphysical Model 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 This paper outlines a one-dimensional,heightdependent bin model with detailed microphysical processes in which ice splinters are produced by a riming process.The model is then applied to simulate the shift of particle size distribution effected by the secondary ice production process within clouds with different generating cells and cloud top temperatures.The result of model simulations reveals the general effects of cloud updrafts on increasing ice particle concentration by extending the residence time of ice particles in clouds and providing sufficiently large supercooled water droplets.The rimesplintering mechanism is more effective in clouds with lower ice seeding rates than those with higher rates.Evolutions of hydrometeor size distribution triggered by the rime-splintering mechanism indicate that the interaction between large ice particles and supercooled water drops adds a "second maximum" to the primary ice spectra. 相似文献
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19.
珠三角城市环境对对流降水影响的模拟研究 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
采用具有2 km分辨率的中尺度气象模式WRF及其耦合的单层城市冠层模式,以及Thompson云微物理方案,针对广州市附近发生的一次对流风暴过程,模拟研究了城市环境包括城市地表性质变化、城市空气污染可能引起的云粒子浓度增大现象对对流降水发展的影响问题.结果表明城市地表引起的热岛和干岛效应,可造成城市边界层高度升高,有利于城区附近辐合流场形成和不稳定能量增大.模拟结果显示,城市地表作用可在广州市南北各形成一个对流有效位能CAPE增大的辐合区,模拟对流降水回波起始发展于这些具有高不稳定能量的辐合区,并与观测雷达回波特征相一致,反映出城市地表对对流的起始发展及其发生位置有更直接作用.对流发展起来后,敏感试验反映出高云粒子浓度 (污染) 情形中有更多降水形成,降水增多可达20%以上.诊断分析发现降水增多与对流云中有更多雨水及过冷却云水形成有关系.增多的云水雨水通过相应的由于潜热释放增加引起的强上升运动被传送到较高层次,引起云中冻结过程及液态水和冰相物质之间的相互作用增强,从而导致更多冰相物质形成、降落地面降水增多. 相似文献
20.
云南一次典型降雹过程的冰雹微物理形成机理数值模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
冰雹形成的微物理机理是人工防雹的重要科学依据,但对我国西南地区冰雹形成的微物理机理研究很少。利用中国科学院大气物理研究所三维冰雹分档云模式对云南2016年7月11日一次冰雹云过程进行了数值模拟研究,揭示了冰雹形成的微物理机理。此次冰雹云生成发展快,强度大,是西南山区典型夏季冰雹云。数值模拟的降水、降雹和回波强度等物理量与对应的观测量基本一致。模拟的冰雹云的最大上升气流速度达到28.7 m s?1。通过对冰雹形成的微物理过程分析研究表明,雹/霰胚的主要生成来源是通过过冷雨滴的概率冻结产生的冻滴,占95%,而冰晶碰冻雨滴产生的雹/霰胚仅占5%,这与国外和我国其他地区雹/霰胚产生的来源和冻滴所占比例有明显差别;形成的雹/霰胚直径多数集中在0.3 mm至3.0 mm范围,雹/霰胚主要通过对过冷云水的碰并过程实现增长,直径小于0.3 mm的雹/霰胚较难增长;大雨滴冻结成较大直径的雹胚,可促成短时间内形成冰雹;在雹云发展过程中存在短时的过冷雨水累积带,但过冷雨水累积带对雹/霰胚的增长贡献不大。 相似文献