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1.
Dehydration-induced luminescence (DIL), the emission of light from a clay paste upon dehydration, was characterized experimentally for a colloidal kaolinite. The relationship between total photon count of the emitted light and film thickness is linear up to a thickness of 30 micrometers. The photon emission was obtained over a critical range of water contents (25-60%) of the oven-dry clay, and the kinetics of photon emission was presumed to be closely associated with the kinetics of film dehydration. Whether drying proceeded throughout the bulk or via a moving front was undetermined, but in either mode it was preceded by the formation of a thin dry film at the interface with the atmosphere. Grinding of the kaolinite for several minutes by mortar and pestle before paste preparations resulted in an overall increase of photon emission compared to unground kaolinite and in the formation of more than one emission peak, as well as a prolongation of the light emission. This effect on the kinetics of light emittance was observed for about two months after the application of the mechanical stress and suggests a means of detecting the mechanical stress history of a clay. An estimate was made of the spectral characteristics of the emitted light using optical filters and by incorporating tryptophan and salicylic acid into the kaolinite paste where they acted as fluorescent probes. The latter technique shifted the frequency of the light emitted by the kaolinite from the ultraviolet to the visible range where it was less effectively reabsorbed. The first method showed that the wavelengths of 97% of the emitted light was <460 nm and that 75% of the light had wavelengths < 410 nm. The second method showed that the total intensity of DIL increased in the presence of fluorescence molecules, suggesting that the emittance was in the ultraviolet range. 相似文献
2.
Results of a new series of observations of the anomalous pulsar B0943+10 carried out on the Large Scanning Antenna and DKR-1000 radio telescope of the Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory at 112 and 62 MHz, respectively, are presented. Several hundred pulse-arrival times (PATs) obtained on various days in 2013–2016 that correspond to the burst (B) mode emission are analyzed. A method for establishing the many-hour pulse shift in the emission window from 3.5-minute fragments is proposed. The delay of the mean pulse relative to the pre-calculated value follows an exponential law with a relaxation time of about 47 minutes. The pulse delay grows by 6 ms during the five hours following the onset of a burst. The random scatter of the residual PAT deviations is comparable to the amplitude of the systematic variations in these times over the lifetime of the B mode. These observations show that the character of the pulse delay as a function of time is the same at 112 and 62 MHz. 相似文献
3.
A. G. Gorshkov A. V. Ipatov I. A. Ipatova V. K. Konnikova V. V. Mardyshkin M. G. Mingaliev M. A. Kharinov 《Astronomy Reports》2018,62(3):183-199
The article presents the results of observations of the blazar 3C 454.3 (J2253+1608), obtained in 2010–2017 on the RATAN-600 radio telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory at 4.6, 8.2, 11.2, and 21.7 GHz and on the 32-m Zelenchuk and Badary radio telescopes of the Quasar VLBI Network of the Institute of Applied Astronomy at 4.84 and 8.57 GHz. Long-term variability of the radio emission is studied, as well as variability on time scales of several days and intraday variability (IDV). Two flares were observed in the long-term light curve, in 2010 and in 2015–2017. The flux density at 21.7 GHz increased by a factor of ten during these flares. The delay in the maximum of the first flare at 4.85 GHz relative to the maximum at 21.7 GHz was six months. The time scale for variability on the descending branch of the first flare at 21.7 GHz was τvar = 1.2 yrs, yielding an upper limit on the linear size of the emitting region of 0.4 pc, corresponding to an angular size of 0.06 mas. The brightness temperature during the flare exceeded the Compton limit, implying a Doppler factor δ = 3.5, consistent with the known presence of a relativistic jet oriented close to the line of sight. No significant variability on time scales from several days to several weeks was found in five sets of daily observations carried out over 120 days. IDV was detected at 8.57 GHz on the 32-m telescopes in 30 of 61 successful observing sessions, with the presence of IDV correlated with the maxima of flares. The characteristic time scale for the IDV was from two to ten hours. A number of IDV light curves show the presence of a time delay in the maxima in the light curves for simultaneous observations carried out on the Badary and Zelenchuk antennas, which are widely separated in longitude. This demonstrates that the IDV most like arises in the interstellar medium. 相似文献
4.
高岭土/肼插层材料的制备与表征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以高岭土为原料,选取50%水合肼作为插层剂,采用直接液相插层法,并辅以磁力搅拌,成功地将肼分子插入到高岭石结构层间,制得肼插层高岭土材料。利用红外光谱和粒度分析仪对产品进行了表征。IR谱表明, 插层中肼分子中的NH基与高岭石内表面羟基之间产生了N-H-OH作用,形成了新的氢键;插层反应后的样品,其粒径小于5 μm的颗粒占总颗粒数的比例降低了10.55%,平均粒径增大了46.84%。 相似文献
5.
基于长三角地区72个站点1960—2016年逐日降水量观测数据, 采用Pettitt与Mann-Kendall非参数检验法, 从降水量、降水日数、降水强度和不同等级降水(小雨、中雨、大雨与暴雨)发生率方面, 分析长三角地区夏季降水结构的时空演变及其非平稳性特征, 并探讨其可能的成因。结果表明: ①长三角地区夏季小雨发生率以减少为主, 其他6个降水指标均以增加为主。其中, 小雨发生率非平稳的站点表现为单调减少, 降水量、降水强度、大雨和暴雨发生率非平稳的站点表现为单调增加, 并且主要分布在太湖流域, 增加了该区域遭受洪涝灾害的风险。②东亚夏季风强度与长三角地区多数站点的小雨发生率呈正相关关系, 而与其他降水指标呈负相关关系。③长三角地区城市化典型区(太湖流域)城市化对夏季降水量、降水强度、大雨和暴雨发生率有增加作用, 贡献率分别为25.4%、27.9%、54.6%和25.5%;对降水日数、小雨和中雨发生率有减少作用, 贡献率分别为-37.3%、-33.2%和-100%。 相似文献
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Bolometric light curves for the afterglow resulting from the passage of a gamma-ray burst through a molecular cloud are computed. The profile and duration of the afterglow light curve depend strongly on the distribution of matter in the cloud, the degree of collimation of the gamma-ray radiation, and the observing conditions. The peak can be reached as soon as seven days (the gamma-ray burst is located at some distance from the center of a molecular cloud with small-scale density enhancements), or as long as one to three years (the gamma-ray burst is located at the center of a uniform molecular cloud) after the burst. The bolometric luminosity of the re-radiated signal can reach 6.5 × 1042 erg/s. 相似文献
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电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定高岭土中杂质元素 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
高岭土经高氯酸-氢氟酸混合酸消解、挥硅处理,标准溶液中加入一定含量的铝进行基体匹配,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定矿样中铁、锰、镁、钙、钠、钾的含量,方法基体效应较小,各待测元素之间没有明显干扰。方法用于分析有证标准物质和实际样品,分析结果与标准值和国家标准方法测定值一致,均在允许误差范围内;回收率为88%~107%;精密度(RSD,n=12)为0.77%~2.85%。与现行的单元素分析方法相比,建立的方法分析周期短,操作简单,适用于大批量高岭土的商品检验。 相似文献
8.
Dr. rer. nat. h. c. Kurt Burger 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1980,69(2):488-531
Starting from general considerations of the rocks existing in the Ruhr Carboniferous and the mineral layers in coal seams, an informative review is given about the definition of clay stones and kaolin coal tonsteins as well as about the stratigraphic distribution of key horizons with special regard to the kaolin coal tonsteins. Information follows about the first evidence of individual kaolin coal tonsteins, their existence in the normal geologic columns and more recent stratigraphic sections as well as about the concentration of repositories. Besides, the kaolin coal tonsteins are characterized according to their macroscopic and microscopic external form. The paper reports about their material constituents (mineral components, trace elements, anorganic chemical constituents and organic substances in form of coal hydrates and amino acids). The paper closes with some statements about the importance and utilization of kaolin coal tonsteins to solve local and regional duties in mining geology. 相似文献
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在分析岩质边坡失稳过程中岩体力学性质和声发射产生的微观机理基础上,通过岩石声发射试验和岩质边坡声发射监测实例,研究了岩质边坡声发射特征,提出了岩质边坡失稳破坏的基本力学分类及其声发射的监测预报方法和判据,实现对岩质边坡失稳的预测预报。研究结果表明,边坡破坏前存在一次或多次声发射高峰。应用AE技术可以确定边坡在变形过程中应力集中活跃区;以抗滑力减小为主的岩质边坡,其失稳预报判据为大事件率在15次/ min以上,预报时间为几分钟至数小时。以下滑力增大为主的岩质边坡失稳的预报判据为大事件率在26次/ min以上,破坏时间为第一次声发射峰值期后的30～45 d。 相似文献
10.
The behaviour of naturally occurring geological materials such as clay and sand depends on many factors. For example, stresses, strains, previous stress history, mineralogy and the depositional environment all contribute in some degree to a characteristic that all natural soils share, namely “structure”. The structure of clay, or more generally, the microstructure of microscopically sized clay mineral particles, is just as important as the many other parameters that are used to quantify the performance of clays. This paper examines the microstructure that results from the particle arrangement brought about during reconstitution in the laboratory and considers its relevance to the resulting stress–strain behaviour.
Samples of reconstituted kaolin clay were produced using two different procedures. In the first series of tests, kaolin slurry was simply isotropically compressed in one increment. In the second series, the slurry was first isotropically compressed to a low pressure and then completely remoulded. This was followed by isotropic compression to the same pressure as the other series. Specimens were taken from the two series of samples, reconsolidated at various isotropic pressures, and sheared under undrained conditions.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images indicated that the monotonically compressed samples (Series 1) exhibited an anisotropic microstructure that was distinct from the remoulded (Series 2) samples. Significant differences were also found in the consolidation and stress–strain characteristics of the samples produced in the two series. 相似文献
11.
Yu. V. Marapulets B. M. Shevtsov I. A. Larionov M. A. Mishchenko A. O. Shcherbina A. A. Solodchuk 《Russian Journal of Pacific Geology》2012,6(6):457-464
The results of geoacoustic emission investigations carried out on the seismoactive Kamchatka Peninsula since 1999 are presented. The experiments are characterized by the application of broadband piezoceramic sound receivers (hydrophones) for recording the emission. The hydrophones were installed at the bottom of natural and artificial water reservoirs. As compared with the standard hydrophones, such receivers allow us to broaden the registration frequency range up to 0.1 Hz–11 kHz. Three-component vector receivers with the same frequency range were used simultaneously to study the spatial structure of the geoacoustic emission and the mode of the medium particle movement in a wave. In the course of the investigations, it was established that anomalies of the geoacoustic emission in the kilohertz frequency range are recorded 1–3 days before strong earthquakes at a distance of a few hundred kilometers from the epicenter. A sharp increase in the amplitude and frequency of the geoacoustic impulses, which resemble microearthquakes in pattern and last from tens of minutes to several hours, is interpreted as an anomaly. Signals at such frequencies cannot propagate from the epicenters of preparing earthquakes and represent the response of the medium at the registration point to the change of its stress-strain state. The stress field created therein determines the primary orientation of the emission sources, which can be assessed by vector-phase methods. The results of the integrated investigations of the geoacoustic emission and the Earth’s surface deformation revealed that anomalies are observed before earthquakes with a considerable increase in the strain rate during both the compression and extension of the near-surface rocks. 相似文献
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Marcondes Lima da Costa Daniel José Lima Sousa Rômulo Simões Angélica 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2009,27(2-3):219-234
The eastern region of the Amazon is home to the most important kaolin bauxite producing district in Brazil, referred to as the Paragominas-Capim kaolin bauxite district, which has a reserve of at least 1.0 billion tons of high-quality kaolin used in the paper coating industry. The kaolin deposits are closely related to sedimentary rocks of the Parnaíba basin and their lateritic cover. Two large deposits are already being mined: IRCC (Ipixuna) and PPSA (Paragominas). The geology of the IRCC mine is comprised of the kaolin-bearing lower unit (truncated mature laterite succession derived from the Ipixuna/Itapecuru formation) and the upper unit (immature lateritized Barreiras formation). The lower kaolin unit is characterized by a sandy facies at the bottom and a soft (ore) with flint facies at the top. It is formed by kaolinite, quartz, some iron oxi-hydroxides, mica and several accessories and heavy minerals. The <2 μm kaolinite crystallites only correspond to 41.3–58.3% of the soft kaolin, and large booklets of 15–300 μm are common. The degree of structure order of kaolinite decreases towards the flint kaolin. The chemical composition of the soft kaolin is similar to the theoretical chemical composition of kaolinite, with low iron content, and can be well correlated to most kaolin deposits in the region. The distribution pattern of chemical elements from sandy to flint kaolin (lower unit) suggests a lateritic evolution and erosive truncation. This is quite distinct from the upper unit, which has a mineralogical and chemical pathway relating it to a complete immature lateritic profile. The geological evolution of the IRCC kaolin is similar to that of other deposits in the eastern Amazon region, being comprised of: parent rocks formed in an estuarine marine and fluvio-laccustrine environment during the early Cretaceous; establishment of mature lateritization with the formation of kaolin in the Eocene; marine transgression and regression – (Pirabas and Barreiras formation) with kaolin profile erosion and forward movement of deferruginization and flintization during the Miocene after partial mangrove covering; and immature lateritization – partial kaolin ferruginization during the Pleistocene. 相似文献
13.
地震诱发的堰塞湖初步研究 总被引：33，自引：3，他引：30
由于地震引发山体滑坡并堵塞河道形成的湖泊称为地震堰塞湖。据统计,我国自1856年以来,共计产生141个地震堰塞湖,按照其形成和造成的灾害来看,堰塞湖可以分为3类:高危型堰塞湖、稳态型堰塞湖和即生即消型堰塞湖。高危型堰塞湖由于蓄水量大、落差大,往往在形成后几天至几年后会被冲垮,形成严重的地震滞后次生水灾。稳态型堰塞湖(亦称“死湖”),可以存在很长时间且湖积水量很大。即生即消型堰塞湖为震时形成的短时堰塞湖,很快会被后来累积的水体冲毁,一般危害不大。如果简单的用时间来区分堰塞湖的类型,那么在一天或者几天内溃决的是即生即消型堰塞湖;几天至100年溃决的是高危型堰塞湖;溃决时间超过100年者,是稳态型堰塞湖。 相似文献
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本文开展了一系列不同液限高分子吸水树脂固化工程泥浆无侧限抗压强度试验, 探讨了泥浆土液限对固化效率的影响规律, 对比研究了掺入高岭土对泥浆固化强度的改进程度, 最后基于XRD和SEM试验揭示了液限和高岭土对固化泥浆强度影响的微观机理。结果表明: 随着泥浆土液限的增大, 固化泥浆土强度逐渐降低, 固化效率随着泥浆土液限增大显著衰减, 当液限增加10%, 固化泥浆土强度qu平均减少48.2%。然而高岭土的掺入则显著提升了固化泥浆土的强度, 并且强度增长率随着龄期逐渐增大, 对于龄期为90天时, 增加40%高岭土能够提升固化泥浆土强度qu 1.17倍。微观结构试验表明泥浆土液限变化对水化产物产量的影响较小, 固化泥浆土强度随泥浆土液限减小主要是由于固化泥浆土孔隙随着泥浆土液限增大而增多, 使得微观结构松散从而导致强度降低。高岭土的掺入则显著提升了固化泥浆土的水化产物产量, 增强了固化泥浆土胶结强度, 从而提升了固化泥浆土强度。因此, 在实际工程中, 一方面可以通过调配泥浆土液限来提高固化效率; 另一方面可以通过掺入高岭土或者一些高岭土基废弃物(如高岭土尾矿)来提高固化强度, 实现“以废制废”绿色环保的理念。 相似文献
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B. F. Gorbachev G. P. Vasyanov V. I. Kakorin V. P. Luzin 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2007,42(2):168-179
Necessity to increase economic reserves of kaolin in the Russian Federation stimulated us to examine perspectives of the Plast kaolin-bearing region in the southern Urals located 80 km south of Chelyabinsk. This region includes occurrences and differently explored eluvial kaolin deposits, including the largest currently mined Zhuravlinyi Log deposit. The sericite-bearing kaolin and sericitite are considered a potential source of fine-flaky light mica. It is expected that specialized geological exploration will expand mineral resources of kaolin in the Chelyabinsk district and the Ural federal region as a whole. 相似文献
18.
邻菲啰啉光度法测定高岭土中可溶铁和非可溶铁 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
高岭土中铁的赋存状态和含量影响其白度和增白效果,因此快速准确地测定高岭土中不同种类的铁含量具有实际应用意义。高岭土中自由铁和结构铁定量分析困难,为此本文将高岭土中的铁分为可溶铁和非可溶铁两类。高岭土经盐酸酸溶处理后溶液中的铁含量为可溶铁含量,经氢氧化钠碱熔处理后溶液中的铁含量为总铁含量,非可溶铁含量由总铁含量减去可溶铁含量计算得出。采用邻菲啰啉光度法测定溶液中的铁含量,该方法的相对标准偏差小于5%,加样回收率范围在95%～105%,最低检测含量为1.06μg/g。高岭土中的其他元素对铁的测定均没有干扰。所测得的可溶铁为大部分自由铁和少数结构铁。通过对高岭土中的可溶铁进行定量分析,可得知漂白工艺中可除去的最大铁含量。 相似文献
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高岭土是自然界较常见的无机矿物,对微生物的生长代谢有促进作用,煤中赋存大量高岭土,而有关其对煤生物产气影响的报道确较少。为探究高岭土对煤生物产气的影响,以陕西榆林煤为研究对象,以驯化的微生物作为产气菌群,通过在培养基中添加不同质量分数的高岭土进行煤生物模拟产气,利用气相色谱仪、酶标仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪、Illumina高通量测序平台,研究CH4产量、总挥发性脂肪酸(Volatile Fatty Acids, VFAs)浓度、辅酶F420含量、产气前后煤的有机官能团和微生物群落结构的变化。结果表明:高岭土的添加影响生物产气过程,0~8.0%高岭土添加量可明显分为2个区间,0~1.0%和2.0%~8.0%,产甲烷量、累积产甲烷量和F420在2个区间内呈先升后降趋势,而乙酸和VFAs浓度变化趋势相反;模拟生物产气50 d后,添加高岭土实验组(0.5%)每克煤累积产甲烷量最高可达216 μmol,较空白组提高55.4%;同时,添加高岭土可以提高辅酶F420的含量,最高可达48.93 ng/L,也有助于煤中的醇、酚—OH、—NH—和—NH2被微生物利用。高岭土对煤生物产气体系中细菌种群结构的影响规律不明显,仅Firmicutes(厚壁菌门)在0~1.0%和2.0%~8.0%添加区间呈现先增后减的变化趋势;相比之下,高岭土的添加对古菌丰度变化影响较明显,体系中的古菌主要是Euryarchaeota(广古菌门),其中,Methanosarcina(甲烷八叠球菌属)和Methanobacterium(甲烷杆菌属)是古菌中丰度最高的种属,Euryarchaeota和Methanosarcina丰度在0~1.0%和2.0%~8.0%区间内与甲烷累积产量变化、F420变化趋势一致,Methanobacterium却和VFAs变化趋势一致。由此得出,高岭土的添加会影响榆林煤的生物产气,其产甲烷量、VFAs、F420酶活性、微生物群落结构和煤中有机官能团组成均会发生变化,这为后续研究煤中无机矿物对煤的生物产气的影响提供参考。 相似文献