共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
1.
为研究黄土丘陵沟壑区多种因素对撂荒草地入渗特征的影响,采用野外自然降雨观测法,研究不同降雨特征（降雨量、平均雨强、降雨历时和最大30 min雨强（I30））、土壤前期含水量、坡长（10 m、20 m、30 m、40 m和50 m）和植被盖度条件下土壤入渗特征差异,通过灰色关联度法判断影响撂荒草地入渗特征的主导因子。结果表明：①入渗量随降雨量、降雨历时和I30增加而增大（R2>0.55,P<0.01）;入渗补给系数随降雨量、I30和平均雨强增大而减小（R2>0.12,P<0.05）;平均入渗率随降雨强度、I30增加而递增（R2>0.53,P<0.01）。②入渗量和平均入渗率随前期含水量增加而减少,入渗补给系数随之增加而增大（R2>0.13,P<0.05）。③入渗量、入渗补给系数和平均入渗率总体随坡长增加而增大（R2>0.56,P<0.01）,但在坡长30 m和40 m之间存在临界坡长。④在入渗效率较高的情况下,植被对土壤入渗的影响并不显著,降雨特征和坡长成为主导因子。 相似文献
2.
利用中子活化示踪法研究坡面土壤的侵蚀过程,发现坡面的相对侵蚀量从坡脚到坡顶随坡长的变化符合Weibull分布,其形状参数主要受降雨量、降雨历时和径流深度的影响,尺度参数主要与平均雨强、I30相关.坡面在侵蚀的同时也发生沉积,一般来说短历时高强度的降雨沉积量较小,而长历时低强度的降雨沉积量较大,某一部位侵蚀产沙的沉积量与其距离之间有y=axb的关系.坡面径流直接影响着坡面的输移比,当径流深和径流系数较高时,输移比接近于1,否则输移比降低. 相似文献
3.
根据陇东黄土高塬沟壑区典型小流域——南小河沟流域1954—2014年实测降雨产沙资料,应用降雨侵蚀力偏差系数法研究不同土地利用类型及空间尺度下侵蚀产沙的雨量阈值、雨强阈值及复合阈值标准,并通过对比分析确定了最优降雨阈值标准。结果表明:① 对于林地和草地坡面小区,其雨量阈值标准平均值（21.0 mm）较裸地（8.7 mm）和农地（9.7 mm）坡面小区分别提高了141%和116%,植被措施能够显著提高降雨阈值标准。② 杨家沟林地小流域的雨量阈值标准为16.5 mm,低于布设在该流域的林地坡面小区,同时对比董庄沟草地小流域及其坡面和全坡面小区的雨量阈值标准,其大小亦为:草地坡面尺度 > 草地全坡面尺度 > 草地小流域尺度,由此可见,降雨阈值标准会随着空间尺度增大而减小。③ 降雨阈值标准综合评价结果表明,各样点最优降雨阈值标准均为P≥a或I30≥b这一复合因子标准,而在降雨单因子阈值标准中,对于农耕地和裸地坡面小区,宜采用最大30 min雨强（I30）标准;对于经过水土流失治理的下垫面,宜采用雨量（P）标准。该研究可为区域土壤侵蚀预报提供参考。 相似文献
4.
黏性土的渗透系数极低，水分及溶质在黏性土中运移速率慢、耗时长，本次研究通过分析大别山区-江汉平原三水转换野外科学试验场（下文简称"试验场"）ZK1、ZK2钻孔剖面土壤水、大气降雨D、18O同位素测试数据与孝感站（站号57482）多年年降雨量数据，确定了厚层黏性土土壤水入渗补给年份与深度的对应关系。结果表明：试验场区黏性土垂向岩性差异较小，无明显分层现象，土壤水分以"活塞流"的方式向下运移，夏、秋季的大气降雨为土壤水的主要补给来源；ZK1（取样间隔0.5~2.7 m，深度15 m）的土壤水δD、δ18O值随着埋深的增大出现周期性的波动，ZK2（取样间隔0.1 m，深度6.2 m）的土壤水δD、δ18O值随着埋深的增大出现分层波动现象；确定了黏性土层0~6.2 m深度对应的降雨入渗补给年份，并通过18O的峰值位移法计算得出降雨入渗补给在黏性土层的垂向运移速度为10.8~15.0 cm/a，年均入渗补给量为43.1~58.1 mm，占多年年均降雨量的4.01%，推算出降雨入渗补给需要近130年的时间才能穿透试验场厚层黏性土补给至地下水含水层，表明该厚层黏性土的防污性能良好。本研究所揭示大气-土壤界面下黏性土土壤水分入渗迁移历史演化特征及补给年际对应关系，对江汉平原区地下水环境保护、生态环境改善、旱涝灾害防治等具有重要意义。 相似文献
5.
6.
针对尼日利亚北部乍得湖盆地降雨入渗补给地下水的问题,选择典型区域开展土壤剖面取样工作,采用氯离子平衡法计算各剖面降雨入渗补给量,并结合野外调查、钻探等工作研究影响降雨入渗补给的主要因素。结果表明：4个取样点（Y1、Y2、Y3、Y4）土壤剖面年平均降雨入渗补给量分别为4.9、1.5、7.9、26.2 mm/a,平均值为10.1 mm/a,年平均降雨入渗补给率仅为0.72%、0.22%、1.17%、3.87%,平均值为1.49%;研究区降雨入渗补给量很少,降雨对地下水资源的补给有限,地下水的主要补给来源为Hadejia河;研究区蒸散发量大,植物根系发达、吸水能力强,地表入渗水分多在表层土壤中或泥质层与风积砂层交界面上消耗于蒸发蒸腾,最终散失到大气中。在人类活动严重改变Hadejia河水文情势的背景下,研究区这种独特的地下水补给特征导致地下水位快速下降,使得区内正面临较严重的地下水资源枯竭问题。 相似文献
7.
采用室内人工模拟降雨方法,研究了陕北风沙区含砾石工程堆积体边坡的产流产沙过程。结果表明:①砾石存在改变了坡面入渗速率,径流系数受入渗速率的影响,随砾石含量的增加先线性递减后线性递增,并在10%砾石含量处存在阈值;径流系数随降雨强度的增加线性递增。②含砾石堆积体坡面流速较纯土堆积体降低,且随雨强增大,砾石延缓径流流动的作用越显著;雨强对径流流速的影响随砾石含量增加持续减弱。③土壤剥蚀率在产流24~33 min后显著增加,砾石主要对显著增加后的平均剥蚀率产生影响。④雨强1.0 mm/min时,砾石存在促进降雨侵蚀,产沙量增大;雨强大于1.0 mm/min时,砾石具有显著的减沙效应。 相似文献
8.
青藏高原多年冻土区高寒草甸土壤水分入渗变化研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
在多年冻土区典型坡面上,将坡面划分为坡下（L）、坡中（M）和坡顶（H）三个坡位,每个坡位上各选取92%、60%和30%植被盖度为研究对象,用双环入渗仪测定土壤水分入渗过程,对影响土壤入渗过程的环境因子进行了分析,并基于土壤物理特性及土壤水分的测定进行模型模拟。结果表明：研究区不同植被盖度下土壤水分入渗性能在活动层冻融过程中差异明显,初始含水量和初始入渗率具有较好的负相关关系;稳定入渗率大小为：活动层融化期,92%（0.61 mm·min-1） > 60%（0.50 mm·min-1） > 30%（0.29 mm·min-1）;活动层开始冻结期,60%（0.56 mm·min-1） > 30%（0.39 mm·min-1） > 92%（0.26 mm·min-1）。土壤水分入渗速率具有显著的坡位差异并与冻土的冻融循环过程关系紧密。主要表现为,稳定入渗速率随坡位高度的降低依次递减;同一坡位下,开始冻结期入渗速率小于融化期。在整个入渗阶段,坡顶的累积入渗量是最大的,体现了较好的入渗性能。影响高寒草甸土壤水分入渗的环境因子主要有容重,有机质含量及粒径<0.1 mm微粒。通过比较研究得出,在长江源地区,活动层融化期通用经验模型f（t）=a+bt-n更适用于该研究区域高寒草甸土壤水分入渗过程的研究,而在开始冻结期Horton模型f（t）=ic+（i0-ic）e-kt则具有更好的适用性。 相似文献
9.
作为低影响开发（Low Impact Developmet, LID）措施之一,城市雨水花园集中入渗雨水径流可增加对城区地下水的补给。根据一现场监测试验,研究了长期（监测期3年）及短期（降雨3天内）雨水花园入渗点及对照点地下水位与水质的变化,分析了集中入渗的效果和影响范围。结果表明:① 雨水花园对入渗区地下水位产生了显著影响（α=0.01）;② 氨氮（NH4-N）在3年及雨后3日的观测值均显著小于对照值;总氮（TN）指标在短期增加显著,长期均值增加不显著。③ 硝态氮（NO3-N）浓度在降雨后有所升高,但不显著,几个观测点浓度有增有减;总磷（TP）浓度的短期值和长期均值有增有减。对于类似研究区地下水位在2~3 m的情况,集中入渗雨水径流可有效补给地下水,对氮素影响明显,对磷影响有限。 相似文献
10.
传统降雨入渗分析是以降雨强度在坡面上的正交分量作为边界条件,不符合实际降雨的非正交入渗规律。为了研究非饱和粉质黏土的非正交入渗规律性,首先通过对正交入渗理论的综述,揭示并分析目前降雨入渗理论在坡面流模型和边界条件方面的缺陷。采用自行研制的室内降雨试验装置对非饱和粉质黏土进行不同降雨强度、坡角和孔隙比的降雨入渗试验,结果表明,非饱和粉质黏土坡面降雨入渗是并非简单正交分解入渗而是非正交入渗;对于坡角和孔隙比为定值的土坡,具有最大坡面入渗的最优雨强;土的孔隙比越小,降雨初期入渗率随时间变化越快,入渗率趋于稳定状态越快;入渗率和累积入渗量并不是随坡角的增大呈单调变化,而存在对应入渗水量最少的最优坡角。 相似文献
11.
微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀（MICP）是一种微生物矿化过程,能够胶结松散土体。将其应用于加固土体坡面提高抗降雨侵蚀能力具有潜在的发展前景。通过模拟降雨冲刷试验,对微生物诱导矿化加固前后粉土坡面的径流水动力与侵蚀特性开展研究,分析和讨论了水动力参数之间的相关性以及对土壤剥蚀率的影响规律。结果显示,加固后与加固前相比,粉土坡面径流的弗劳德数平均下降50%;在降雨前期的阻力系数平均下降66%,径流稳定后二者阻力系数接近;径流剪切力平均提高52%。径流系数与坡面入渗速率呈线性负相关（R2=0.857）,与加固层的贯入强度呈指数负相关（R2=0.824）;入渗速率与加固层的贯入强度呈二次负相关R2=0.930）;径流剪切力与坡度呈指数正相关（R2=0.964）。加固粉土坡面的剥蚀率与加固层的贯入强度呈指数负相关（R2=0.822）,与径流剪切力线性正相关（R2=0.912）,临界径流剪切力为0.5 Pa。对于坡度10~25°的粉土坡面,微生物加固能将其剥蚀率从58.2~118.4 g/m2s降至2.4~21.2 g/m2s,剥蚀率最大降幅可达95.0%。粉土坡面经微生物诱导矿化加固后,水动力参数值发生显著变化,径流特性与水动力参数、加固层特性及坡度相关,坡面的抗冲刷侵蚀性能得到有效提升。 相似文献
12.
为从整体上认识多年冻土流域水循环过程基本规律及其对下垫面条件变化响应,以长江源区风火山小流域为例,基于2016—2019年的水文气象要素的野外观测与计算,分析了坡面尺度上水分入渗、蒸散发、活动层内部水热条件以及冻结层上地下水等关键水循环过程的变化特征及其对下垫面条件变化的响应。研究结果表明:①风火山小流域生长季实际蒸散发的多年平均值为472.1±42.9 mm,实际蒸散发的气象影响因子排序为:净辐射(敏感系数SRn =1.22,相关系数R=0.93)＞气温(STa =0.33,R=0.84)＞相对湿度(SHR=0.32,R=0.46)＞风速(SU =-0.25,R=-0.27),坡面尺度上实际蒸散发与植被覆盖度以及海拔高度正相关;②初始和稳定入渗速率均随坡位的升高而增大,对于稳定入渗率,初始融化期、完全融化期和初始冻结期,坡顶(1.07 mm/min、0.63 mm/min、0.88 mm/min)>坡中(0.29 mm/min、0.45 mm/min、0.21 mm/min)>坡底(0.11 mm/min、0.30 mm/min、0.10 mm/min),而植被覆盖度对入渗速率的影响在不同冻融阶段表现出差异;③阴、阳坡面和不同坡位冻融起始时间差异体现在土壤水分、地下水位变化上,解释了多年冻土流域产流区从阳坡发展至阴坡,从低海拔发展至高海拔的时空差异原因;④ 50 cm深度以下的活动层冻融状况显著影响着地下水位动态,地形、植被和土壤质地差异对热量传输的影响共同导致了坡面尺度上冻结层上地下水动态的空间差异性。 相似文献
13.
Chollada Kanjanakul Tanan Chub-uppakarn Tanit Chalermyanont 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2016,9(11):584
Transient seepage in unsaturated soil slope is one of the significant triggering factors in rainfall-induced landslides. Rainfall infiltration leads to the decrease in stabilizing effect because of increased positive pore-water pressures. SEEP/W and SLOPE/W used in this study have been widely employed to describe frameworks for understanding transient seepage in soil slope, and to perform slope stability analyses, respectively. The study area is in Sichon District in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, southern Thailand. A landslide there was investigated by modeling the process of rainfall infiltration under positive and negative pore-water pressures and their effects on slope stability. GIS (Geographic Information System) and geotechnical laboratory results were used as input parameters. The van Genuchten’s soil water characteristic curve and unsaturated permeability function were used to estimate surface infiltration rates. An average rainfall was derived from 30-year monthly rainfall data between 1981 and 2011 in this area reported by the Thailand Royal Irrigation Department. For transient condition, finite element analysis in SEEP/W was employed to model fluctuations in pore-water pressure during a rainfall, using the computed water infiltration rates as surface boundary conditions. SLOPE/W employing Bishop simplified method was then carried out to compute their factors of safety, and antecedent precipitation indices (API) calculated. Heterogeneous slope at the site became unstable at an average critical API (APIcr) of 380 mm, agreeing well with the actual value of 388 mm. 相似文献
14.
在经验性降雨阈值和边坡稳定性数值分析两大类研究的基础上,考虑了降雨入渗和非饱和土性质,使用岩土有限元软件Plaxis高级模式对滑坡预警降雨阈值进行研究分析。算例表明,将降雨量在降雨时间范围内分成2段后,得到的边坡稳定性变化与实际情况更接近,重新定义前期降雨为在给定初始条件下引起边坡最危险滑裂面到坡面之间土体吸力分布发生变化的降雨。前期降雨时长与潜在滑裂面最大深度成正比,与饱和渗透系数成反比。将前期降雨量引入到降雨强度—持时曲线中作为第三个空间坐标轴,将该曲线拓展为前期降雨量-降雨强度-持时曲面。通过一基岩型边坡算例展示了阈值曲面的建立方法,并通过与模型试验数据的对比验证了其可靠性。 相似文献
15.
Several giant debris flows occurred in southwestern China after the Wenchuan earthquake, causing serious casualties and economic losses. Debris flows were frequently triggered after the earthquake. A relatively accurate prediction of these post-seismic debris flows can help to reduce the consequent damages. Existing debris flow prediction is almost based on the study of the relationship between post-earthquake debris flows and rainfall. The relationship between the occurrence of post-seismic debris flows and characteristic rainfall patterns was studied in this paper. Fourteen rainfall events related to debris flows that occurred in four watersheds in the Wenchuan earthquake area were collected. By analyzing the rainfall data, characteristics of rainfall events that triggered debris flows after the earthquake were obtained. Both the critical maximum rainfall intensity and average rainfall intensity increased with the time. To describe the critical conditions for debris flow initiation, intensity–duration curves were constructed, which shows how the threshold for triggering debris flows increased each year. The time that the critical rainfall intensities of debris flow occurrences return to the value prior to the earthquake could not be estimated due to the absent rainfall data before the earthquake. Rainfall-triggering response patterns could be distinguished for rainfall-induced debris flows. The critical rainfall patterns related to debris flows could be divided on the basis of antecedent rainfall duration and intensity into three categories: (1) a rapid triggering response pattern, (2) an intermediate triggering response pattern, and (3) a slow triggering response pattern. The triggering response patterns are closely related to the initiation mechanisms of post-earthquake debris flows. The main difference in initiation mechanisms and difference in triggering patterns by rainfall is regulated by the infiltration process and determined by a number of parameters, such as hydro-mechanical soil characteristics, the thickness of the soil, and the slope gradient. In case of a rapid triggering response rainfall pattern, the hydraulic conductivity and initial moisture content are the main impact factors. Runoff erosion and rapid loading of solid material is the dominant process. In case of a rainfall pattern with a slow triggering response, the thickness and strength of the soil, high hydraulic conductivity, and rainfall intensity are the impact factors. Probably slope failure is the most dominant process initiating debris flows. In case of an intermediate triggering response pattern, both debris flow initiation mechanisms (runoff erosion and slope failure) can play a role. 相似文献
16.
Numerical model of antecedent rainfall effect on slope stability at a hillslope of weathered granitic soil formation 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Modeling rainwater infiltration in slopes is vital to the analysis of slope failure induced by heavy rainfall. Although the significance of rainwater infiltration in causing landslides is widely recognized, there have been different conclusions as to the relative roles of antecedent rainfall to slope failure. In this study, a numerical model was developed to estimate the effect of antecedent rainfall on an unsaturated slope, the formation of a saturated zone, and the change in slope stability under weak rainfall and rainstorm event. Results showed that under a rainstorm event, slope failure occurred at comparably similar time although the antecedent rainfall drainage periods prior to the major rainfall were different (i.e., 24-h, 48-h and 96-h). However, under weak rainfall condition, differences of the antecedent rainfall drainage periods have significant effect on development of pore-water pressure. A higher initial soil moisture conditions caused faster increase in pore water pressure and thus decreasing the safety factor of the slope eventually increasing likelihood of slope failure. 相似文献
17.
我国东南沿海地区丘陵山地发育，降雨入渗到土体中的水分是导致滑坡灾害频发的关键因素。以福建省泉州市德化县地质灾害点为主要研究对象，考察典型地质灾害点具有代表性的坡积土与花岗岩残积土的渗透特性。利用自行研制的土体入渗装置，分别在降雨强度为15、30、60 mm/h条件下，考虑降雨历时一致（180 min）与过程降雨量一致（90 mm）两种工况开展一维土柱入渗试验，得到相应的各个土柱含水率、湿润锋、入渗率随时间变化的响应规律。试验结果表明：（1）土体渗透系数越大、雨强越大，土体湿润蔓延距离越深、速度越快。（2）降雨入渗过程中，土体含水率由浅及深逐次对降雨进行响应。不同雨强对含水率的影响主要体现在第一次响应时间以及饱和速度上，雨强越大，响应时间越快，饱和速度也越快。（3）提出可表征在不同雨强作用下，德化县马坪滑坡与崩土岭滑坡的湿润锋入渗公式。该研究成果对台风暴雨型滑坡的孕灾机制分析以及精细化监测预警具有重要的理论及实际意义。 相似文献
18.
This paper discusses the results of an investigation on the influence of rainfall intensity and duration on the suction distribution within a soil mass. A series of numerical analyses were conducted on an infinite slope model to simulate the responses of the slope consisting of typical soil types to various rainfall intensities and durations from selected locations in the Malaysian Peninsular. The study showed that the critical duration was governed by three major factors: the saturated permeability of the soil, the geographical location, and the depth of the slip plane. The critical rainfall duration for highly permeable soil was 1 day, while 30 days of antecedent rainfall were required for the stability analysis of a slope made of soil with low saturated permeability. The critical duration of antecedent rainfall in soils with intermediate saturated permeability was found to vary with the rainfall pattern. A chart is proposed to determine the critical duration, critical intensity and critical suction for each type of soil. 相似文献