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1.
利用北京325 m气象塔上安装的7层CO2涡动相关系统在2014年12月到2015年11月的观测资料,分析了北京城区不同高度上CO2浓度、通量时空分布及湍流谱的特征。结果表明:城市CO2浓度日变化除了冬季都呈现双峰型,冬季由于人为碳源排放的大幅增加,双峰型不明显。每层的CO2浓度、通量都有明显的季节变化:冬季最高,春末、夏季最低。CO2浓度整体随高度的增加而降低。北京城区是CO2源,CO2通量的日变化不如CO2浓度日变化规律明显。CO2通量在47 m以下为负,47 m以上为正。通量在140 m以下随高度的增加而增加;140m以上随高度的增加而减少。根据对CO2时空分布的分析可知:边界层CO2浓度、通量强烈受到碳源、下垫面植被、大气稳定度、环境温度和天气过程等因素的影响。各变量谱与Kaimal等的研究结果接近:归一化速度谱和CO2谱在惯性子区有－2/3的斜率,在低频区与稳定度参数（Z/L）有一定的关系。这说明复杂地形的城市下垫面的湍流谱结构与平坦地形相比没有太大的实质性差异。 相似文献
2.
城市地表湍流观测数据的后处理及质量控制 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
涡动相关仪基于其观测原理,要求观测仪器所在地表平坦均匀,并要求湍流平稳及充分发展等.为了准确合理的运用观测数据,必须对原始数据进行严格的后处理及质量控制,城市复杂非均匀下垫面上的湍流观测数据进行后处理及质量控制更为重要.本文对2010年7月25日-8月5日架设在南京市委党校33 m高度上的涡动相关观测数据进行了包括野点的剔除、坐标旋转修正、WPL修正以及夜里静稳条件下的修正等后处理及质量控制.结果表明:由于观测期间天气状况较好,本次观测的数据质量相对较好,从而野点值剔除,对地表感热和潜热通量测量结果影响甚微.使用二次坐标旋转及平面拟合方法的结果对通量影响较为一致.而且,为了潜热和CO2通量数据的准确性,空气密度效应订正是必须的.本文观测数据基于夏季城市下垫面,所有时次湍流呈现不稳定层结,经过WPL订正,CO2通量增幅为6.5％,潜热通量增幅为12％;观测期间风速不大,主要风频方向上观测点附近无明显高大建筑,且观测点位置较高,σu,v,w/u*与-z/L基本上满足1/3次方律.经湍流平稳性IST检验,感热及动量通量质量较好. 相似文献
3.
4.
利用上海郊区奉贤的涡动相关通量观测资料,对2015年9月至2016年8月二氧化碳(CO2)通量的时空分布特征、年总排放量进行了分析。结果表明,上海奉贤春、夏、秋季的9—14时CO2通量几乎全为负值,冬季CO2通量则全天均为正值。奉贤CO2通量没有明显的周末效应。植物光合作用是影响奉贤CO2通量时间变化特征的主要因素。各方向CO2通量大小与其周边下垫面情况密切相关,受植被覆盖影响,绝大部分方向的夏季白天CO2通量明显低于其他季节。奉贤CO2年总排放量为3.83 kg·m-2,明显小于植被覆盖率较低的东京、墨尔本和北京的郊区,也明显小于上海的中心城区。 相似文献
5.
利用位于上海中心城区徐家汇站的涡动相关湍流通量资料,对该区域2012年12月至2013年11月二氧化碳（CO2）通量的时间变化、空间分布特征、年总排放量进行分析。结果表明：中心城区徐家汇为CO2通量的源区,CO2通量的日变化呈现与交通流量相对应的双峰现象,冬季的通量值普遍小于其他季节,尤其在早高峰时段更为明显。节假日CO2通量的早高峰效应并不明显,其峰值明显低于工作日,且有滞后的趋势。各方向CO2通量大小与其周边下垫面情况密切相关,夏季白天在商业建筑密集区和主要道路处,CO2通量明显高于其他季节。上海中心城区CO2通量的年总排放量为44.5 kg/（m2·a）,高于国内外其他城市的市中心或高密度住宅区的数值,这主要和观测时段相对偏晚、植被覆盖率偏低、周边高层建筑和主干道偏多有关。 相似文献
6.
利用位于青藏高原东侧理塘大气综合观测站2008年观测资料,分析了高寒草甸下垫面上地表通量的时间变化特征,确定了温度、水汽和CO2的归一化标准差在不稳定情况下随稳定度变化的通量方差关系,应用通量方差法对感热、潜热和CO2通量进行了计算,并与涡旋相关系统的观测结果进行了比较。结果表明：地表通量月平均日变化呈较为规则的日循环特征,季节变化特征也很明显,雨季（5-9月）潜热大于感热,干季则以感热为主,CO2通量以6-9月值最大。在不稳定条件下,温度、水汽和CO2的归一化标准差随稳定度的变化均满足-1/3规律,其通量方差相似性常数分别为1.2,1.4和0.9。通量方差法估算出的通量值与涡旋相关观测得到的通量值有较好的一致性,但感热通量的效果优于潜热通量和CO2通量。该方法高估了感热通量尤其是潜热通量,而低估了CO2通量。采用直接观测的感热通量值计算潜热通量和CO2通量可改善计算结果。 相似文献
7.
城市冠层上下大气湍流特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用兰州市榆中县城市冠层架设的3台涡动相关仪(EC)观测大气湍流资料,分析了城市冠层上下不同下垫面湍流通量和不同风向范围内湍流动能变化特征,之后对城市冠层上下3台EC观测湍流动能最小、最大分布方向上分别对应的最小最大湍流动能的风速谱进行了研究,进一步检验了局地相似理论在城市冠层上下的适用性。结果表明:(1)城市冠层之上水泥、砖石等构成下垫面和城市冠层之内草坪下垫面观测感热通量、摩擦速度较为接近,观测潜热通量、CO2通量在白天差异明显。(2)城市冠层之上的湍流动能总体上大于冠层之内,冠层之上气流来向的上风向较为开阔时湍流动能较大,而冠层之内气流来向的上风向为街道口时湍流动能较大。(3)城市冠层之上的湍涡尺度大于冠层之内,城市冠层小尺度湍涡风速谱在惯性副区基本符合-2/3次方关系,且准各向同性,大尺度湍涡风速谱在惯性副区不符合-2/3次方关系,且各向异性。(4)不稳定层结下,城市冠层上下无量纲速度方差与稳定度基本满足1/3次方局地相似关系,稳定层结下不满足;城市冠层上下无量纲温度、湿度、CO2浓度方差在所有层结下均不满足-1/3次方局地相似关系。(5)近中性层结下,城市冠层上下u、v、w方向无量纲速度方差分别为3.52,3.03,1.49和2.62,2.22,1.50。 相似文献
8.
土壤水分条件对内蒙古典型草原水汽和二氧化碳通量的影响研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文基于2007年和2008年生长季内蒙古羊草和大针茅草原湍流观测资料,分析了两种典型草原下垫面生长季的不同土壤水分条件下水汽和二氧化碳通量交换特征及其控制因子。主要结果如下:（1）在植被生长峰值期,日尺度上,干旱条件下土壤湿度是潜热通量的主要控制因子,而土壤水分条件较好时潜热通量主要受净辐射控制。（2）与大针茅草原相比,羊草草原叶面积指数较大,水分条件较好时,其潜热通量平均值更大,CO2吸收能力更强,吸收CO2更多;但在土壤水分胁迫出现时,羊草草原叶面的气孔闭合度急剧增加,大针茅草原的潜热通量、和CO2吸收反而更大,表现出更为耐旱的植被特性。（3）地表导度可以用来解释土壤水分条件对羊草和大针茅草原碳水通量的影响。 相似文献
9.
利用2008年辽宁锦州农田生态系统野外观测站涡动相关系统通量观测资料,分析了玉米农田生态系统生长季(5-10月)及非生长季CO2通量动态变化。结果表明：玉米农田生态系统的非生长季日动态趋势不明显;生长季日动态明显,呈明显的U型曲线,CO2通量最大值出现在12:00时,为-1.19 mg·m-2·s-1;不同物候期的日动态也呈现U型曲线,各发育期CO2通量日最大值范围为0.07～-0.23 mg·m-2·s-1;玉米农田生长季生态系统净CO2交换日累积（NEE）为-652.8 g·m-2,非生长季NEE499.8 g·m-2,2008年碳收支-153.0 g·m-2,表现为碳汇。 相似文献
10.
北京城市通量足迹及源区分布特征分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
城市下垫面具有不同于其他下垫面的特殊复杂性,通量的源汇分布十分不均,导致直接测量以及定量的描述城市中水汽、二氧化碳等通量变得非常困难。涡动观测系统在城市通量观测中得到广泛应用,但由于涡动协方差观测系统传感器都架设在一定的高度上,其测量结果只反映特定点下垫面或某部分下垫面的物理过程,不能说明观测结果是否具有下垫面属性的代表性,无法反映观测通量的空间变异性。足迹函数(Footprint)的产生就是为了解决这一问题,其又称源权重函数,是描述近地面层表面源或汇的空间分布和仪器观测通量值之间关系的函数。本文采用北京325 m气象塔近1年7层涡动协方差观测数据、超声数据,分析了不同风向、不同稳定度、不同高度下足迹函数所表达的通量贡献区域范围的变化规律。结果表明,在大气稳定条件下时,通量贡献区范围的大小与主风向无显著差异,而不稳定条件下计算结果与主风向无关。在不同高度下所有稳定条件下通量贡献区范围要大于不稳定条件,中性条件则介于两者之间。8 m、16 m高度上的观测结果不能完全代表城市下垫面通量贡献区,47 m以上能够代表城市下垫面通量贡献区,280 m则已经包含了郊区和城区的权重平均。同一大气稳定度条件下,高度越高通量贡献区范围越大,90%通量贡献区范围与观测高度成线性关系,这种线性关系可以预测没有观测高度或者更高处的通量贡献区范围。 相似文献
11.
On the Significance of the Webb Correction to Fluxes 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
For establishing correct mass or energy balances at the Earth's surface, detailed and correct measurements of air constituent fluxes are needed. Flux measurements obtained from the eddy covariance technique have to pass several corrections of different relevance in order to give correct flux data. One of these corrections, the Webb correction, is analysed herein from latent heat flux and CO2 flux data recorded during two field experiments. The significance of this correction for the latent heat flux data varies with the air humidity and the Bowen ratio. The correction changes the latent heat flux values only a little, but significantly (by 2 to 3%). For other air constituents (like CO2), the Webb correction is much more important (20 to 30% of the flux). 相似文献
12.
Surface turbulent flux measurements over the Loess Plateau for a semi-arid climate change study 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In order to provide high quality data for climate change studies, the data quality of turbulent flux measurements at the station
of SACOL (Semi-Arid Climate & Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University), which is located on a semi-arid grassland over
the Loess Plateau in China, has been analyzed in detail. The effects of different procedures of the flux corrections on CO2, momentum, and latent and sensible heat fluxes were assessed. The result showed that coordinate rotation has a great influence
on the momentum flux but little on scalar fluxes. For coordinate rotation using the planar fit method, different regression
planes should be determined for different wind direction sectors due to the heterogeneous nature of the ground surface. Sonic
temperature correction decreased the sensible heat flux by about 9%, while WPL correction (correction for density fluctuations)
increased the latent heat flux by about 10%. WPL correction is also particularly important for CO2 fluxes. Other procedures of flux corrections, such as the time delay correction and frequency response correction, do not
significantly influence the turbulent fluxes. Furthermore, quality tests on stationarity and turbulence development conditions
were discussed. Parameterizations of integral turbulent characteristics (ITC) were tested and a specific parameterization
scheme was provided for SACOL. The ITC test on turbulence development conditions was suggested to be applied only for the
vertical velocity. The combined results of the quality tests showed that about 62%–65% of the total data were of high quality
for the latent heat flux and CO2 flux, and as much as about 76% for the sensible heat flux. For the momentum flux, however, only about 35% of the data were
of high quality. 相似文献
13.
In the context of CO2 surface exchange estimation, an analysis combining the basic principles of diffusion and scalar conservation shows that the
mixing ratio is the appropriate variable both for defining the (eddy covariance) turbulent flux and also for expressing the
relationship between the turbulent flux and surface exchange in boundary-layer budget equations. Other scalar intensity variables
sometimes chosen, both the CO2 density and molar fraction, are susceptible to the influence of surface exchange of heat and water vapour. The application
of a hypsometric analysis to the boundary-layer “control volume” below the tower measurement height reveals flaws in previously
applied approaches: (a) incompressibility cannot be assumed to simplify mass conservation (the budget in terms of CO2 density); (b) compressibility alone makes the analysis of mass conservation vulnerable to uncertainties associated with resultant
non-zero vertical velocities too small to measure or model over real terrain; and (c) the WPL (Webb et al. (1980) Quart J
Roy Meteorol Soc 106:85–100) “zero dry air flux” assumption is invalidated except at the surface boundary. Nevertheless, the
definition and removal of the WPL terms do not hinge upon this last assumption, and so the turbulent CO2 flux can be accurately determined by eddy covariance using gas analysers of either open- or closed-path design. An appendix
discusses the necessary assumptions and appropriate interpretations for deriving the WPL terms. 相似文献
14.
坐标旋转是涡动协方差(EC)通量观测数据后处理当中必须进行的步骤,本文利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中西面标校站自然沙丘上3 m高度和塔中本站32 m高度2009年4—10月湍流通量数据,对比分析了不同坐标旋转方法在塔中通量观测数据中的应用。结果表明,塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中湍流各通量在旋转订正前后差别不显著,不订正造成的通量计算误差1%。塔中32 m和塔中西站3 m通量计算误差,与两个站点的采集仪器架设高度差别较大有关。即使对于相对平坦的下垫面,也必须要进行倾斜校正,以修正地势、仪器振动、安装倾斜等产生的虚假信息。本研究对塔中涡动资料进行旋转时采用了二次坐标旋转方法。此结果为塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地EC通量观测的风速仪倾斜校正提供参考。 相似文献
15.
This paper investigates processing of fast-response data and corrections of turbulent fluxes obtained by using eddy covariance method based on data collected at an offshore observation tower during three Cold-intrusion(CI)events in the South China Sea in 2010. This study presents the data processing procedure in detail and compares frictional velocities(u*), sensible heat fluxes(H) and latent heat fluxes(LE) yielded by using different averaging periods and different coordinate rotation methods; evaluates the sonic temperature correction for sensible heat flux and the Webb correction for latent heat flux as a function of 10 m wind speed(u10) during the CIs. The results show(1) that the different averaging periods of 30 min and 10 min cause biases of u*(H, LE) within 5%(15%, 62%). The values of u*(H,LE) averaged from 30 mins are mostly larger than those averaged from 10 mins. We suggest that the averaging period of 10 min is not sufficiently long to capture all scale eddies and recommend 30 min averaging period in calculating turbulent fluxes using eddy covariance method during CIs;(2) that the values of u*(H, LE) obtained from double rotation(DR2) and those obtained from planar fit rotation(PF) have good agreements and correlation coefficients between them are larger than 0.99. Because PF method requires unchanged environment and it is easier to apply DR2 method, we suggest DR2 coordinate rotation method in processing fast-response data; and(3) that the median values of frictional velocity(sensible heat flux and latent heat flux) binned according to 2 m s~(-1) intervals of u_(10) increase(decrease,increase) by less than 9%(4%, 10%) by Coriolis corrections(sonic temperature corrections, Webb corrections), which decreases(decreases, increases) with increasing u10 when u10 are 5-17 m s~(-1). 相似文献
16.
Heping Liu James T. Randerson Jamie Lindfors William J. Massman Thomas Foken 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,120(1):65-85
We present an approach for assessing the impact of systematic biases in measured energy fluxes on CO2 flux estimates obtained from open-path eddy-covariance systems. In our analysis, we present equations to analyse the propagation of errors through the Webb, Pearman, and Leuning (WPL) algorithm [Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 106, 85–100, 1980] that is widely used to account for density fluctuations on CO2 flux measurements. Our results suggest that incomplete energy balance closure does not necessarily lead to an underestimation of CO2 fluxes despite the existence of surface energy imbalance; either an overestimation or underestimation of CO2 fluxes is possible depending on local atmospheric conditions and measurement errors in the sensible heat, latent heat, and CO2 fluxes. We use open-path eddy-covariance fluxes measured over a black spruce forest in interior Alaska to explore several energy imbalance scenarios and their consequences for CO2 fluxes. 相似文献
17.
An eddy covariance system using a closed-path CO2analyser was constructed for long-term CO2flux measurements above a forest, and its total frequency response was valuated experimentally. The amplitude and phase responses of the system wereexamined through a preliminary test, in which a prescribed pattern of CO2fluctuation was input to the system. The result showed that the amplitude of the output from the system was attenuated as frequency increased, with a half-power frequency of 0.3 Hz. The phase was delayed by the air sampling through a long tube, but the delay in phase decreased asfrequency increased. We then presented a new technique for the correction of flux loss due to the inadequate system response for the eddy covariance measurements of CO2 flux. Using the present system and the correction technique, diurnal variations in CO2 flux were measured over a temperate deciduous forest on three days in 1997. The results were compared with the CO2fluxes measured with a fast response open-path gas analyser. The CO2fluxes from the closed-path system agreed with those from the open-path system after the Webb, Pearman and Leuning correction was made for the latter. In the present test over a forest, the contribution of the frequency-response correction to the CO2fluxes was small and its averaged percentage was only 3%in the daytime. However, the percentage would likely increase, if the system were applied to a shorter vegetation site where high frequency components are more important. The comparison confirmed that we can obtain correct measurements of CO2flux using the present closed-path system and the correction technique. 相似文献
18.
Heping Liu 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,115(1):151-168
Energy and CO2 fluxes are commonly measured above plant canopies using an eddy covariance system that consists of a three-dimensional sonic anemometer and an H2O/CO2 infrared gas analyzer. By assuming that the dry air is conserved and inducing mean vertical velocity, Webb et al. (Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 106, 85-100, 1980) obtained two equations to account for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer on H2O/CO2 fluxes. In this paper, directly starting with physical consideration of air-parcel expansion/compression, we derive two alternative equations to correct for these effects that do not require the assumption that dry air is conserved and the use of the mean vertical velocity. We then applied these equations to eddy flux observations from a black spruce forest in interior Alaska during the summer of 2002. In this ecosystem, the equations developed here led to increased estimates of CO2 uptake by the vegetation during the day (up to about 20%), and decreased estimates of CO2 respiration by the ecosystem during the night (approximately 4%) as compared with estimates obtained using the Webb et al. approach. 相似文献