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1.
Juan‐Carlos Carracedo Francisco J. Perez‐Torrado Alejandro Rodriguez‐Gonzalez Raphaël Paris Valentin R. Troll Abigail K. Barker 《Geology Today》2015,31(4):146-152
In recent months the media have drawn attention to the Cape Verde archipelago, with particular focus on the island of Fogo, the only island presently active and with an eruption that began on 23 November 2014, finally ceasing on 7 February 2015. The Monte Amarelo conical shield forms most of the 476 km2 almost circular island of Fogo. After attaining a critical elevation of about 3500 m, the Monte Amarelo shield volcano was decapitated by a giant landslide that formed a caldera‐like depression (Cha das Caldeiras), which was subsequently partially filled by basaltic nested volcanism. This younger eruptive activity culminated in the construction of the 2829 m‐high Pico do Fogo stratocone, apparently entirely made of layers of basaltic lapilli. Continued growth of the Pico do Fogo summit eruptions was interrupted in 1750, most likely after the stratocone reached a critical height. Since then, at least eight eruptions have taken place inside the landslide depression at the periphery of the Pico do Fogo cone, including the 2014–2015 eruptive event. Strong geological similarities with the Canary Islands, 1400 km to the north, have been frequently noted, probably as a consequence of a common process of origin and evolution associated with a mantle hot‐spot. These similarities are particularly evident when comparing Fogo with the Teide Volcanic Complex on Tenerife, where a lateral collapse of the Las Cañadas stratovolcano also formed a large depression (the Caldera de Las Cañadas), now partially filled with the 3718 m‐high Teide stratocone. However, important geological differences also exist and probably relate to the contrasting evolutionary stages of both islands. The Las Cañadas volcano on Tenerife formed at a late post‐erosional stage, with predominantly evolved (trachyte and phonolite) magmas, while at Fogo basaltic volcanism is still dominant. 相似文献
2.
New petrological and isotope–geochemical data are obtained for rocks from the South China Sea shelf zone (Thu, Cu-Lao Re, Hong Jo islands and Katuik–Ile des Cendres island group). These data are correlated with the available published data on the volcanic rocks of the terrestrial part of Vietnam and with data on the basaltoids of the South China Sea, Thailand, and the northern part of Hainan island. Despite the fact that the studied volcanic rocks belong to different structural zones—continental margin, shelf zone, marginal sea—their formation is related to the same type of rift volcanism. Owing to this, the different compositions of the primary magmatic melts indicate, first of all, the heterogeneity of the mantle sources. The uniformity of manifestations of volcanism over the entire studied territory within the age boundaries excludes any zoning at the transition from one structure to another. The leading role of mantle diapirism in the evolution of volcanism throughout the entire Indochina region is shown. It is proposed that the formation of alkaline series and “alkaline” trends of changes in their compositions are consequences of fractionation of melts which originated from an asthenosphere plume chamber. Meanwhile, the tholeiitic magma series are of reactionary origin and “tholeiitic” trends record the processes of mixing of melts generated during melting of the lithospheric mantle with those of a plume chamber. Individual samples show insignificant contamination of melts by crustal material. 相似文献
3.
Christoph Beier João Mata Ferdinand Stöckhert Nadine Mattielli Philipp A. Brandl Pedro Madureira Felix S. Genske Sofia Martins José Madeira Karsten M. Haase 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2013,165(5):823-841
The islands of the Azores archipelago emerge from an oceanic plateau built on lithosphere increasing in age with distance from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge from 10 to 45 Ma. Here, we present the first comprehensive major and trace element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data from Santa Maria, the easternmost island of the archipelago, along with published data from the other Azores islands situated much closer to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis. We can show that the distinctively more variable and more enriched trace element ratios at Santa Maria combined with a relatively small range in Sr–Nd–Pb isotope ratios are the result of low degrees of partial melting of a common Azores mantle plume source underneath thicker lithosphere. This implies that melt extraction processes and melting dynamics may be able to better preserve the trace element mantle source variability underneath thicker lithosphere. These conclusions may apply widely for oceanic melts erupted on relatively thick lithosphere. In addition, lower Ti/Sm and K/La ratios and SiO2 contents of Santa Maria lavas imply melting of a carbonated peridotite source. Mixing of variable portions of deep small-degree carbonated peridotite melts and shallow volatile-free garnet peridotite could explain the geochemical variability underneath Santa Maria in agreement with the volatile-rich nature of the Azores mantle source. However, Santa Maria is the Azores island where the CO2-rich nature of the mantle source is more evident, reflecting a combination of a smaller extent of partial melting and the positioning at the edge of the tilted Azores mantle plume. 相似文献
4.
Intraplate volcanism during the Late Cenozoic in the Leiqiong area of southernmost China, with basaltic lava flows covering a total of more than 7000 km2, has been attributed to an underlying Hainan plume. To clarify detailed features of the Hainan plume, such as the morphology of its magmatic conduits, the depth of its magmatic pool in the upper mantle and the pattern of mantle upwelling, we determined tomographic images of the mantle down to a depth of 1100 km beneath southern China using 18,503 high-quality arrival-time data of 392 distant earthquakes recorded by a dense seismic array. Our results show a mushroom-like continuous low-velocity anomaly characterized by a columnar tail with a diameter of 200–300 km extending down to the lower mantle beneath north of the Hainan hotspot and a head spreading laterally in and around the mantle transition zone, indicating a magmatic pool in the upper mantle. Further upward, the plume head is decomposed into smaller patches, and when reaching the base of the lithosphere, a pancake-like anomaly has formed to feed the Hainan hotspot. This result challenges the classical model of a fixed thermal plume that rises vertically to the surface. Hence we propose a new layering-style model for the magmatic upwelling of the Hainan plume. Our results indicate spatial complexities and variations of mantle plumes probably due to heterogeneous compositions and thermochemical structures of the deep mantle. 相似文献
5.
Patrick Lachassagne Bertrand Aunay Nicolas Frissant Maud Guilbert Arnauld Malard 《地学学报》2014,26(4):307-321
We present a high‐resolution conceptual hydrogeological model for complex basaltic volcanic islands based on Mayotte Island in the Comoros. Its geological structure and hydrogeological functioning are deduced from a large dataset: geological mapping, geophysics, some forty new boreholes, piezometric data, hydraulic conductivity, hydrochemical data, etc. We describe previously unknown deep cut‐and‐fill palaeovalleys. The resulting conceptual geological and hydrogeological model of the island is very different from the Hawaiian model, in that it lacks a low‐elevation basal aquifer and dyke‐impounded high‐level aquifers. It is closer to the Canary Islands model, which has, however, not yet been described at a high‐resolution scale. It does not have a continuous aquifer, but rather a discontinuous succession of perched aquifers separated by aquicludes and aquitards. This results more from the complex geological structure of the island, which has experienced several phases of volcanism, erosion and weathering, than from its age, but is also a result of the high‐resolution scale of the model. High‐resolution conceptual modelling is now necessary to solve problems of applied geology and hydrogeology. 相似文献
6.
Ravikant Vadlamani A. Krner D. Vasudevan I. Wendt H. Tobschall C. Chatterjee 《Geological Journal》2013,48(4):293-309
Palaeoproterozoic intermediate to potassic felsic volcanism in volcano‐sedimentary sequences could either have occurred in continental rift or at convergent magmatic arc tectonic settings. The Vinjamuru domain of the Krishna Province in Andhra Pradesh, SE India, contains such felsic and intermediate metavolcanic rocks, whose geochemistry constrains their probable tectonic setting and which were dated by the zircon Pb evaporation method in order to constrain their time of formation. These rocks consist of interlayered quartz–garnet–biotite schist, quartz–hematite–baryte–sericite schist as well as cherty quartzite, and represent a calc‐alkaline volcanic sequence of andesitic to rhyolitic rocks that underwent amphibolite‐facies metamorphism at ~1.61 Ga. Zircons from four felsic metavolcanic rock samples yielded youngest mean 207Pb/206Pb ages between 1771 and 1791 Ma, whereas the youngest zircon age for a meta‐andesite is 1868 Ma. A ~2.43 Ga zircon xenocryst reflects incorporation of Neoarchaean basement gneisses. Their calc‐alkaline trends, higher LILE, enriched chondrite‐normalized LREE pattern and negative Nb and Ti anomalies on primitive mantle‐normalized diagrams, suggest formation in a continental magmatic arc tectonic setting. Whereas the intermediate rocks may have been derived from mantle‐source parental arc magmas by fractionation and crustal contamination, the rhyolitic rocks had crustal parental magmas. The Vinjamuru Palaeoproterozoic volcanic eruption implies an event of convergent tectonism at the southeastern margin of the Eastern Dharwar Craton at ~1.78 Ga forming one of the major crustal domains of the Krishna Province. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
A pronounced regional bathymetric swell is a common feature of oceanic hotspot volcanism. Recently, the hypothesis of a buoyant sublithospheric swell‐root has been favoured, the root being either a ‘refracted plume’ of hot, buoyant and hence low‐viscosity plume material embedded within surrounding higher viscosity asthenosphere, or a ‘restite‐root’ composed of hot and more viscous residues to hotspot melt‐extraction from the hottest central portion of the upwelling plume. In this article, we present numerical experiments that show that these two scenarios predict different flow and melting patterns whenever the plume passes beneath an obliquely oriented fracture zone where the base of the overriding lithosphere changes in thickness. We find that the restite‐root hypothesis predicts an asymmetric spatial pattern of persistent ‘arch volcanism’ strikingly similar to that found in the Hawaiian chain surrounding the Molokai Fracture Zone. In contrast, the ‘refracted plume’ hypothesis predicts more chaotic patterns quite different from the off‐chain pattern of Hawaiian volcanism. 相似文献
8.
中、晚二叠世上扬子区发生了一次规模巨大的峨眉山地幔柱事件,该事件的火山产物为峨眉山玄武岩。峨眉山地幔柱事件的沉积与构造演化、火山活动过程中的沉积特征及沉积响应等研究表明,峨眉山地幔柱经历了岩浆深部活动、火山穹窿形成、火山喷发及地壳下沉等多个阶段。地幔柱除造成火山喷发外,还引发了很多与之相关的重要事件,如火山穹窿形成、地震、海啸及热液活动等,造成的沉积响应有沉积物同生滑动、热液沉积及风暴沉积等。其中,茅口组疙瘩状团块灰岩及其相关特征是沉积物同生滑动的结果,茅口组-长兴组中的燧石是岩浆分异的热液沉积,茅口组地层中的泥质及其中粗碎屑为风暴沉积。茅口组及吴家坪组杂乱沉积与地震活动有关,或许可以称之为“震积岩”。 相似文献
9.
During the late Maastrichtian, DSDP Site 216 on Ninetyeast Ridge, Indian Ocean, passed over a mantle plume leading to volcanic eruptions, islands built to sea level, and catastrophic environmental conditions for planktic and benthic foraminifera. The biotic effects were severe, including dwarfing of all benthic and planktic species, a 90% reduction in species diversity, exclusion of all ecological specialists, near-absence of ecological generalists, and dominance of the disaster opportunist Guembelitria alternating with low O2-tolerant species. These faunal characteristics are identical to those of the K–T boundary mass extinction, except that the fauna recovered after Site 216 passed beyond the influence of mantle plume volcanism about 500 kyr before the K–T boundary. Similar biotic effects have been observed in Madagascar, Israel, and Egypt. The direct correlation between mantle plume volcanism and biotic effects on Ninetyeast Ridge and the similarity to the K–T mass extinction, which is generally attributed to a large impact, reveal that impacts and volcanism can cause similar environmental catastrophes. This raises the inevitable question: Are mass extinctions caused by impacts or mantle plume volcanism? The unequivocal correlation between intense volcanism and high-stress assemblages necessitates a review of current impact and mass extinction theories. 相似文献
10.
11.
马里亚纳海沟弧前广泛发育来源于深部地幔楔、由泥火山作用形成的碎屑蛇纹岩,并且在泥火山顶部海底有非生物成因甲烷渗漏和无光合作用的自养生物群,是地球科学界的研究热点。在弧陆碰撞形成的台湾利吉混杂岩带发育有蛇纹岩角砾碎屑岩,一直有构造成因、沉积成因与构造沉积复合成因的争议。本次研究对台湾利吉蛇纹岩角砾碎屑岩的岩石学和地球化学进行了研究,蛇纹岩角砾碎屑岩呈层状或巨砾发育于台东利吉村附近的混杂岩泥质基质中,蛇纹岩角砾碎屑岩的角砾和粉砂质-泥质基质均由蛇纹岩组成,角砾呈次棱角状至次圆状,显示沉积成因特征。蛇纹岩角砾碎屑岩的Al2O3-MgO-CaO位于与蛇绿岩套有关的变质橄榄岩范围内,且偏低的Al2O3和CaO含量表明,其来源于活动大陆边缘俯冲带上盘的弧前环境。此外,蛇纹岩角砾富集As、Sb和Pb元素,暗示具有俯冲带上驮板块地幔楔蛇纹岩的特征,并富集来自俯冲板片的中低温流体。因此,利吉蛇纹岩角砾碎屑岩很可能来自俯冲带上盘地幔楔,由北吕宋火山岛弧弧前基底形成的蛇纹岩通过泥火山作用喷出海底,最后经弧陆碰撞进入台湾利吉混杂岩带。 相似文献
12.
V. P. Simanenko A. N. Filippov A. A. Chashchin 《Russian Journal of Pacific Geology》2009,3(3):220-233
Basalts developed on the right bank of the Matai River belong to the Samarka terrane (Central Sikhote Alin), which is a fragment of the Jurassic accretionary prism. They associate with Carboniferous-Permian reef limestones, Permian pelagic cherts, Jurassic hemipelagic cherty-clayey deposits, and terrigenous rocks of the near-continental sedimentation area. The petrogeochemical features of the basalts provide insight into the character of the volcanism in different settings of the ancient Pantalassa ocean. In terms of chemistry, the Carboniferous-Permian basalts are similar to the within-plate ocean-island basalts related to plume mantle sources. They were presumably formed in an oceanic area with numerous islands and seamounts. The Permian basalts associated with cherts are tholeiitic in composition and were formed from depleted mantle in a spreading center located in the pelagic area. The Jurassic basalts are of plume origin and, in terms of geochemistry, occupy an intermediate position between OIB and E-MORB. They were presumably formed in a convergent zone in a geodynamic setting of rapid oblique subduction. 相似文献
13.
J.C. Carracedo B. Singer B. Jicha F.J. Pérez Torrado H. Guillou E.R. Badiola R. Paris 《Geology Today》2010,26(3):101-104
Errors in the interpretation of clouds, fumarolic activity and forest fires as volcanic eruptions in Tenerife, mainly in relation with Teide volcano, are common in references by passing navigators and other eyewitness accounts from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. In the case of the most common, historical, multiple‐vent fissure eruptions in the Canaries, vent locations provided by these accounts are frequently uncertain or are clearly erroneous and often conflict with geological evidence. Significant examples are the general association of the latest eruption of Teide volcano, dated at 1150 ± 140 bp , with the reference made by Christopher Columbus in 1492 to an eruption ‘on the flanks of Teide’, which actually corresponds to an eruptive vent (Boca Cangrejo volcano) situated in the NW Rift, dated at 400 ± 110 bp . Similar conflicting vent locations occurred in the 1730–36 eruption of Lanzarote and the 1677 eruption of La Palma. This article considers the volcanic cones located in the Orotava Valley, erroneously assigned by Chevalier de Borda and Alexander von Humboldt to a 1430 ad eruption. Geological evidence and radiocarbon dating of charcoal underlying the lapilli, and 40Ar/39Ar dating of one of the lava flows, show that these volcanic cones and lavas correspond to an eruption that took place about 30 000 yr bp . Analysis of the influence of these erroneous ages for the recent volcanism of Tenerife shows an overestimation of eruptive hazards of this island. 相似文献
14.
《Gondwana Research》2014,26(4):1660-1679
New radiometric age and geochemical data of volcanic rocks from the guyot-type Marie Byrd Seamounts (MBS) and the De Gerlache Seamounts and Peter I Island (Amundsen Sea) are presented. 40Ar/39Ar ages of the shield phase of three MBS are Early Cenozoic (65 to 56 Ma) and indicate formation well after creation of the Pacific–Antarctic Ridge. A Pliocene age (3.0 Ma) documents a younger phase of volcanism at one MBS and a Pleistocene age (1.8 Ma) for the submarine base of Peter I Island. Together with published data, the new age data imply that Cenozoic intraplate magmatism occurred at distinct time intervals in spatially confined areas of the Amundsen Sea, excluding an origin through a fixed mantle plume. Peter I Island appears strongly influenced by an EMII type mantle component that may reflect shallow mantle recycling of a continental raft during the final breakup of Gondwana. By contrast the Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopic compositions of the MBS display a strong affinity to a HIMU-type mantle source. On a regional scale the isotopic signatures overlap with those from volcanics related to the West Antarctic Rift System, and Cretaceous intraplate volcanics in and off New Zealand. We propose reactivation of the HIMU material, initially accreted to the base of continental lithosphere during the pre-rifting stage of Marie Byrd Land/Zealandia to explain intraplate volcanism in the Amundsen Sea in the absence of a long-lived hotspot. We propose continental insulation flow as the most plausible mechanism to transfer the sub-continental accreted plume material into the shallow oceanic mantle. Crustal extension at the southern boundary of the Bellingshausen Plate from about 74 to 62 Ma may have triggered adiabatic rise of the HIMU material from the base of Marie Byrd Land to form the MBS. The De Gerlache Seamounts are most likely related to a preserved zone of lithospheric weakness underneath the De Gerlache Gravity Anomaly. 相似文献
15.
用沉积记录来估计峨眉山玄武岩喷发前的地壳抬升幅度 总被引：15，自引：4，他引：11
玄武岩喷发前公里规模的地壳抬升是大火成岩省地幔柱成因的一个重要标志,此类地质证据的缺乏反过来被一些学者用来否定地幔柱学说。本文在厘定峨眉山大火成岩省中冲积扇沉积记录的基础上,根据茅口组顶部的剥蚀特征,估算峨眉山地幔柱上升造成的地壳抬升幅度大于1000m,这与CampbellandGriffiths的地幔柱理论模型基本吻合,从而为峨眉山大火成岩省的地幔柱形成机制,乃至激烈争议中的地幔柱学说提供了有力的佐证。 相似文献
16.
C. B. Dimalanta D. V. Faustino-Eslava J. T. Padrones K. L. Queaño R. A. B. Concepcion S. Suzuki 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2018,65(1):93-108
The use of geodynamic information contained in sedimentary rocks has only recently been extended into the tectonic reconstruction studies of the Philippine archipelago vis-à-vis the rest of the Southeast Asian region. We present here a comparative assessment of clastic units from the western Central Philippines, particularly from the islands of Mindoro, Panay and Palawan, and propose their likely association with sources of Cathaysian origin. Geochronological data from sedimentary formations in the study areas register U–Pb dating peaks at 185–140 Ma, 140–120 Ma and 112–90 Ma. These are similar to those observed of detrital zircons from rocks of Cathaysian origin in Taiwan and Southern China that chronicle the Yanshanian magmatic events. These same formations also record an older intercept at 1.9–1.85 Ga that likely corresponds to a regional continental orogenic episode recorded in the late Paleoproterozoic Cathaysian block. Major (e.g. Al2O3/TiO2) and trace-element (e.g. Y/Ni vs Cr/V) signatures of these sedimentary formations reflect stronger influences from granitic sources than mafic–ultramafic inputs that should otherwise be expected, considering their current oceanic island arc settings. Their La/Th and Th–Co–Zr/10 ratios also reveal continental island arc and active or passive continental margin depositional settings typical of rocks from the Palawan Microcontinental Block. New geochronological and geochemical data from the clastic rocks of northwest Mindoro, in addition to those already published for the other regions of the Palawan Microcontinental Block, provide further evidence for the amalgamation of fragments of Cathaysian origin within the Philippine island arc system. 相似文献
17.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(5):416-444
The Deccan flood basalt province of west-central India has been linked to the Reunion plume, and reconstructions suggest that the Kutch region was over the plume at the time of Deccan volcanism at 65-68 Ma. Field relations and isotopic data indicate that the alkaline basalts of Kutch, which occur to the NNW of the main Deccan tholeiitic province, preceded the main flood-basalt volcanism and are related to the limited plume incubation period. Several plugs of these alkali basalts contain small spinel peridotite xenoliths of mantle origin. The minerals of the spinel peridotites have been analyzed for their major, trace, and rare-earth element (REE) concentrations using electron micro-probe and LAM-ICPMS techniques. The modes and mineral chemistry, especially of the clinopyroxenes, indicate a fertile mantle; modeling of the clinopyroxene REE data is consistent with <5 to 15% of partial melting of a primitive mantle source material in the spinel peridotite field. Subsequent cryptic metasomatism introduced LREE, U, Th, and Zr. The xenoliths may represent: (1) young lithosphere generated during the lithospheric extension that preceded the main Deccan volcanism; or (2) material from the uppermost parts of the rising plume, brought to the surface by the first stages of the volcanism. Their low equilibration temperatures (≤900°C) and their textural and chemical similarity to xenolith suites from other Phanerozoic intraplate settings favor the first alternative. However, the extensive cryptic metasomatism may reflect the influence of the rising Deccan plume. 相似文献
18.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(12):1116-1132
The Mexican Volcanic Belt (MVB) is a major linear belt of Miocene to present-day volcanism in southern Mexico. Its origin has been controversial, although the majority opinion views it as a volcanic arc related to the subduction of the Cocos plate under the North American plate. Both calc-alkaline and alkaline volcanism characterize the belt; the latter has been previously cited as indicative of the role of a mantle plume. Here we present objections to these explanations, and conclude on the basis of geological, geochemical, and geophysical data that the MVB is unrelated to subduction or to a mantle plume, and is instead a rift-like structure experiencing active extension. Calc-alkaline or alkaline geochemistry of magmas is not useful for inferring tectonic setting, but reflects source parameters and petrogenetic processes. For the MVB, calc-alkaline geochemistry suggests crustal contamination, and the OIB-like geochemistry suggests an enriched mantle source. Our proposal of a heterogeneous mantle beneath the MVB comprising “normal” mantle and metasomatic, enriched veins, can explain the close association in space and time of calc-alkaline and alkaline volcanism throughout the belt. 相似文献
19.
海南地幔柱与南海形成演化 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
东南亚上地幔地震层析成像表明,海南岛周围之下存在地幔柱,近垂直的低波速柱体位于海南岛及南海之下,从浅部向下穿越660 km的不连续面处（上下地幔的分界面）并一直延伸到1 900 km。南海及周边地区包括雷琼半岛、海南岛、北部湾盆地、广西北海涠洲岛、以及中南半岛等地,分布有一定量的新生代碱性玄武岩,它们的地球化学数据显示出OIB的特点并具有DUPAL异常,表明其源区较深。此外,由南海新生代碱性玄武岩中的橄榄石-流体平衡所推导的南海底地幔潜在温度（ 1 661℃）位于夏威夷（1 688℃）与冰岛热点（1 637℃）相应值之间,为海南岛地幔柱的存在提供了岩石学及矿物化学方面的约束。基于以上地球物理学、地球化学及矿物化学方面的证据,结合数字模拟实验资料,表明在海南岛及邻近区域之下存在地幔柱。建立了一个南海形成演化的初步模型：（1）50~32 Ma,印度洋板块-欧亚板块碰撞及其所导致的太平洋板块后退的综合效应为南海地区提供了一个伸展环境,进而为地幔柱物质的上升提供了通道;（2）32~21 Ma,当地幔柱柱头到达软流圈时, 由于侧向物质流与扩张中心发生相互作用,促进了南海的扩张,并在26~24 Ma期间发生了洋脊重新就位,使扩张中心从原来的18°N附近（即现今西北海盆的中心）调整到15.5°N附近（即现今的东部亚盆）;（3）21~15.5 Ma, 随着地幔柱效应的逐渐增强,热点-洋脊相互作用越来越强烈,在大约21 Ma发生了洋脊的再次重新就位事件,诱发了西南海盆的扩张;（4）15.5 Ma~现在,由于印澳板块前缘与巽他大陆碰撞,使得南海大约在15.5 Ma停止扩张,并沿着南沙海槽及吕宋海沟向菲律宾岛弧及巴拉望地块之下俯冲,而南海热点继续活动,直到第四纪还有碱性玄武岩喷出
地表。 相似文献
20.
Susan E. Humphris Geoffrey Thompson Jean-Guy Schilling Richard H. Kingsley 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1985,49(6):1445-1464
Basalts from a section of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge close to the active volcanic island of Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic have been analysed to investigate the influence of the mantle plume on the geochemistry of basalts being erupted at the spreading center. Although petrographically the rocks show only limited variation, two basaltic types were determined to be erupting in this region based on their major, trace and REE compositions. One group shows depletion in the incompatible and LRE elements, and can be characterised as N-type mid-ocean ridge basalts. The second group shows “enriched” geochemical characteristics and is similar to T-type MORBs.Mixing hyperbolae for the incompatible element and REE ratios suggest that extensive mixing of an end-member, characteristic of a plume region with an end-member of normal depleted MORB, canaccount for the occurrence of the T-type MORBs in this region.Based on the nature and development of the Tristan da Cunha mantle plume over the past 100 Ma, a composite model of evolution is suggested,in which a ridge-centered hotspot progressed to a near ridge hotspot, and finally to a totally intraplate situation. The fact that Tristan da Cunha is highly alkalic now, but that an irregular geochemical anomalyis also present on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at this latitude would suggest an intermediate stage between the near-ridge and totally intraplate situation. This model leads to the conclusion that, as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge migrated away from the Tristan hotspot, a preferential sublithospheric flow towards the Ridge was established. This discontinuous feature can explain the geochemical variations seen along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge by providing a mechanism for mixing of a depleted N-type MORB component with an enriched component originating through processes active at the Tristan da Cunha mantle plume. 相似文献