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1.
A large scale model test of a 1 × 2 pile group was conducted in silts to investigate its behavior under eccentric lateral loading. The model pile group consisted of two well instrumented steel piles and was installed in a large soil tank with a close spacing of three-pile diameters on centers. The test results revealed that the eccentricity of lateral loads had limited effect on the overall performances of the 1 × 2 pile group, but significantly contributed to the unevenness of internal forces of the individual piles. The coupling effect between the lateral deflection and torque gave rise to the substantial increase in the torsional resistance of individual piles within the group, comparing to that of a torsionally loaded single pile. The contribution provided by the torsional resistances of individual piles in resisting the external torque continually decreased when the applied lateral load increased. In addition, a three-dimensional finite-element analysis for the pile group was performed and the simulated response was found to be in good agreement with the measured test results. Based on the same model, more cases with different loading conditions were further analyzed. It could be concluded from the analyses that the layout of individual piles within the group obviously affected the behavior of the 1 × 2 pile group under eccentric lateral loads. 相似文献
2.
《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(4):263-282
Vertical loads effect on the lateral response of a 3×5 pile group embedded in sand is studied through a two-dimensional finite element analysis. The soil-pile interaction in three-dimensional type is idealized in the two-dimensional analysis using soil-pile interaction springs with a hysteretic nonlinear load displacement relationship. Vertical loads inducing a vertical pile head displacement of 0.1-pile diameter increase the lateral resistance of the single pile at a 60 mm lateral deflection by 8%. Vertical loads inducing the same vertical displacement applied to a pile group spaced at 3.92-pile diameter increase the overall lateral resistance by 9%. The effect on individual piles, however, depends on the pile position. The vertical load decreases the lateral resistance of the leading pile (pile 1) by 10% and increases the lateral resistances of piles 2, 3, 4, and 5 by 9%, 14%, 17%, and 35%, respectively. Vertical loads applied to the pile group increase the confining pressures in the sand deposit confined by the piles but the rate of increase in those outside the group is relatively small, resulting in the difference in a balance of lateral soil pressures acting at the back of and in front of the individual pile. 相似文献
3.
Three-dimensional (3D) finite element analyses have been performed to study the behaviour of a single pile and 3 × 3 and 5 × 5 pile groups during open face tunnelling in stiff clay. Several governing factors, such as tunnelling-induced ground and pile settlement, axial pile force changes and shear transfer mechanism at the pile–soil interface, have been studied in detail. Tunnelling resulted in the development of pile head settlement larger than the free-field soil surface settlement. In addition, axial force distributions along the pile change substantially due to changes in the shear transfer between the pile and the soil next to the pile, which triggers tunnelling-induced tensile forces in the piles with tunnel advancement. It was found that the relative displacements and the normal stresses at the pile–soil interface drastically affected shear transfer. The extent of slip length along a pile increased as the tunnelling proceeded. The apparent allowable pile capacity was reduced by up to approximately 42% due to the development of tunnelling-induced pile head settlement. Shear stress on the pile was increased for most of the pile depth with tunnel advancement, which was associated with changes in soil stresses and ground deformation, and hence, the axial pile force was gradually reduced with tunnel advancement, indicating the development of tunnelling-induced tensile pile force. The maximum tunnelling-induced tensile force on the pile was approximately 0.33Pa, where Pa is the allowable pile capacity applied to the pile head prior to tunnel excavation. The range affected by tunnelling in the longitudinal direction may be identified as approximately −2D ∼ +(1.5–2.0D), where D is the tunnel diameter, from the pile centre (behind and ahead of the pile axis), in terms of pile settlement and axial pile force changes based on the analysis conditions assumed in the current study. Larger pile head settlements and smaller changes in axial pile forces were computed for piles that were part of groups. It has been found that the serviceability of piles experiencing adjacent tunnelling is more affected by pile settlement than by axial pile force changes, in particular for piles inside groups. The magnitude of the tunnelling-induced excess pore pressure was small and may not substantially affect pile behaviour. 相似文献
4.
《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(4):291-298
The buckling behaviour of the 360 × 152 steel H-piles supporting the integral abutments of the Scotch Road Bridge, located in Trenton, New Jersey, has been studied for the cases of single pile and pile bent. Three-dimensional finite-element models for single pile and pile bent have been developed to study the behaviour of these fully embedded piles under axial and lateral loading. An iterative analysis based on extracting the eigenvalues and eigenvectors (mode shapes) that correspond to the pile(s) critical buckling loads has been adopted. The pile(s) and the surrounding sand were modelled using solid continuum elements in the finite-element model. Material non-linearity is accounted for in both the piles and the soil in the base state of the model. A parametric study has been utilized to determine the effect of the geometric and material properties of the pile and the surrounding sand on the predicted critical buckling loads of the piles. The effects of four parameters have been studied: soil stiffness, pile length, type of connection, and combining vertical and lateral loads. The results from the parametric study showed that the variation of the percentage change in the sand stiffness, pile length, and combining vertical and lateral loads with the critical buckling loads of the 360 × 152 H-piles is nonlinear. Furthermore, the parameters studied are more influential in affecting the critical buckling load of a single pile than a pile bent, with the exception of the ‘type of connection’ parameter. 相似文献
5.
在大桩径、小桩距的群桩条件下,不仅有来自桩侧、桩端和承台传递的多重应力叠加,还有群桩对桩间土的夹持作用影响,桩-土-承台之间作用更加复杂。用有限差分软件模拟固定桩距、桩径,变化竖向荷载下桩-土-承台的相互作用。从各层土的侧摩阻力、不同位置桩的桩顶荷载、荷载-沉降关系、桩间土体位移等方面的计算结果分析桩-土-承台之间的相互影响。结果表明,荷载超出117.8 MN（略大于Pu/2,Pu为群桩极限承载力）后,群桩对上部桩间土的夹持作用开始减小,桩侧上部侧摩阻力增大;桩侧下部侧摩阻力在多重应力叠加作用下呈减小趋势,不同位置的桩侧摩阻力影响范围有差异;用群桩沉降达到5%倍桩径时的荷载作为群桩的竖向极限承载力是可取的;当沉降与桩径的比值超出1%后,承台分担荷载的比例逐渐增大,群桩分担荷载的比例减小。 相似文献
6.
The load distributions of the grouped piles under lateral loads acting from one side of the pile cap could be approximately modeled using the elasticity equations with the assumptions that the underground structure is rigid enough to sustain the loads, and only small deformations of the soils are yielded. Variations of the soil–pile interactions along the depths are therefore negligible for simplicity. This paper presents the analytical modeling using the dynamic pile‐to‐pile interaction factors for 2 × 2 and 2 × 3 grouped piles. The results were found comparative with the experimental and numerical results of other studies. Similar to others' findings, it was shown that the leading pile could carry more static loads than the trailing pile does. For the piles in the perpendicular direction with the static load, the loads would distribute symmetrically with the centerline whereas the middle pile always sustains the smallest load. For steady‐state loads with operating frequencies up to 30 Hz, the pile load distributions would vary significantly with the frequencies. It is interesting to know that designing the pile foundation needs to be cautioned for steady‐state vibrations as they are a problem of machine foundation. However, for transient loads or any harmonic loads acting upon relatively higher frequencies, the pile loads could be regarded as uniformly distributed. It is hoped that the numerical results of this paper will be helpful in the design practice of pile foundation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
根据软土地基、非软土地基中长钻孔灌注桩静载荷试验和桩身轴力的测试结果,分析探讨了竖向荷载下长桩的受力性能及沉降特征的一些规律。桩侧土模量较高的非软土地区的长桩静力试桩所测得的结果表明,荷载传递和桩身压缩与软土地区超长桩性状相似,长桩的桩身压缩量相当可观,计算中应予以考虑。极限侧阻力与端阻力不同步发挥,不同深度处的不同土层处基桩的侧阻也不能同步发挥;同时指出相关规范中极限承载力计算公式的不严密之处,并且探讨说明了竖向荷载下的长群桩基础变形性状及沉降计算有待进一步的研究。本项研究对今后超长桩的理论研究和工程设计应用具有一定的借鉴作用。 相似文献
8.
The response of laterally loaded pile foundations may be significantly important in the design of structures for such loads. A static horizontal pile load test is able to provide a load–deflection curve for a single free‐head pile, which significantly differs from that of a free‐ or fixed‐head pile group, depending on the particular group configuration. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the influence of the interaction between the piles of a group fixed in a rigid pile cap on both the lateral load capacity and the stiffness of the group. For this purpose, a parametric three‐dimensional non‐linear numerical analysis was carried out for different arrangements of pile groups. The response of the pile groups is compared to that of the single pile. The influence of the number of piles, the spacing and the deflection level to the group response is discussed. Furthermore, the contribution of the piles constituting the group to the total group resistance is examined. Finally, a relationship is proposed allowing a reasonable prediction of the response of fixed‐head pile groups at least for similar soil profile conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
9.
在唐山LNG罐区对9根大直径钢筋混凝土灌注桩进行了竖向荷载现场试验,其中桩端后注浆工艺试桩3根,三岔双向挤扩工艺试桩3根,挤扩支盘工艺试桩3根。基于现场静荷载和桩身应力测试结果,分析了3种不同施工工艺钻孔灌注桩竖向荷载传递规律。试验结果表明：3种不同施工工艺的大直径深长钻孔灌注桩试桩荷载-沉降曲线没有明显拐点,后注浆工艺试桩荷载传递过程表现为摩擦桩的特性,桩侧阻力几乎承担全部荷载,而三岔双向挤扩支盘工艺和挤扩支盘工艺试桩荷载传递过程表现为端承摩擦桩的特性,桩端阻力占总荷载的20%～30%;3种不同施工工艺试桩的轴力及桩-土相对位移变化规律基本相似,桩侧桩端阻力非同步发挥且相互影响,桩侧摩阻力均表现出强化现象。对整个罐区要求单桩承载力特征值不小于8 100 kN。3种施工工艺的钻孔灌注桩承载力均能满足要求。 相似文献
10.
The tetrapod jacket foundations that are always used to support offshore wind turbines have been investigated primarily in laboratory experiments. In this study, the ultimate lateral soil resistance on this type of foundation was investigated using the finite element method and the analytical upper bound plasticity method. The numerical results show good agreement with the theoretical upper bound solutions under the same pile spacings (S) and soil-pile adhesion factors (α). Three distinct failure mechanisms (mechanisms A, B and C) were established in terms of different pile spacings. The ultimate lateral pressure was subsequently determined using numerical analyses with consideration of the loading direction. The most critical loading direction angles (θ) vary with the soil-pile adhesion factors, and are θ = 0 for α = 1 and θ = π/4 for α = 0. Selected empirical equations were proposed to predict the ultimate lateral bearing capacity for engineering practice, considering the pile spacing, soil-pile adhesion and loading direction. 相似文献
11.
轴向荷载对斜桩水平承载特性影响试验及理论研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
斜群桩受水平荷载作用时,群桩中的基桩受到径向荷载、轴向荷载和弯矩的共同作用。为研究轴向荷载对斜桩水平承载特性的影响,完成了3根单桩以及1组1×2斜桩的大尺寸模型试验。试验结果表明：轴向拉力作用会降低斜桩的水平刚度和极限承载力;而轴向压力作用则会使其水平刚度和极限承载力提高。基于桩侧浅层土体楔形破坏假定,推导了考虑轴向荷载影响的斜桩水平极限土抗力计算公式,提出了桩侧土抗力的p-y曲线方法,并通过模型试验及现场试验验证其合理性。 相似文献
12.
成层土中倾斜荷载作用下桩承载力有限元分析 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
利用有限元方法对现场单桩水平载荷试验进行模拟,在此基础上,分析了成层土中桩在倾斜荷载作用下其竖向分量的有利作用和横向土抗力分布特点。计算结果表明,在地面下一定范围内,倾斜荷载作用下的桩侧摩阻力比水平荷载作用下的桩侧摩阻力大。在土层分界处土抗力分布有明显的跳跃。达到一定深度后,横向土抗力主要是静止土压力,而由荷载引起的横向土抗力很小。承台能有效减小土体及桩的水平位移。模拟的灌注桩和钢管桩桩顶在地面以上的自由长度较小,竖向分量由于桩身挠曲变形而产生的P-Δ效应较小,所以就算例中的灌注桩和钢管桩而言,荷载倾斜度不大时,荷载竖向分量提高了桩的侧阻并由此增大桩侧土竖向应力,对桩水平承载力总体上起到了有利的作用。 相似文献
13.
14.
对桩及承台采用线弹性有限元模型,对承台下桩周土采用弹塑性有限元模型,对群桩以外的土体采用线弹性无限元模型,在桩土接触面上设置接触面单元,利用三维弹塑性有限元对桩%D土%D承台相互作用进行了分析。得出了如下结论 :承台下桩顶反力总体表现出角桩最大,边桩次之,中桩最小的分布规律,随着作用在承台上的荷载增大,桩顶反力趋于均匀分布,承台下桩侧摩阻力是由桩端向桩顶逐渐发展的,承台对桩上部侧摩擦阻力存在削弱作用。为了验证本文方法的可行性,对承台下有九桩的情况进行了静载试验,将试验结果与本文计算结果进行了比较。 相似文献
15.
通过海洋环境条件下大直径管桩的垂直和水平荷载试验,分析了管桩在垂直和水平荷载作用下的受力特点,得到了管桩的垂直极限承载力、侧摩阻力及端承力、轴向反力系数等结果,以及水平荷载作用下桩顶位移和转角关系、弯矩分布、土抗力、水平地基反力系数的比例系数和最大弯矩点等参数。试验结果表明：垂直荷载作用下,极限承载力可达12000kN,在沉桩过程中部分桩有一定程度的闭塞;大直径管桩能够抵抗水平荷载的作用,弹性长桩的受力性质主要受上部土层的影响。根据试验结果计算的水平地基抗力比例系数m值,对本工程及同类地质条件的桩基设计具有参考价值。 相似文献
16.
用解析方法研究了管桩在轴向力和水平向力（倾斜力）联合作用下的受力及变形性状。在高层建筑、桥梁工程、海洋工程、新型海堤护岸等工程中桩基自由长度上作用土压力、风荷载、波浪荷载等荷载型式,基桩经常在竖向、水平向荷载同时作用下工作。国内外学者通过大量试验和理论研究得出了计算竖向、水平向荷载下基桩内力和挠度的半经验公式以及张氏法公式。为了分析竖向、水平向荷载同时作用下自由荷载的作用,在现行m法假设的基础上,从弹性桩的挠曲微分方程出发,导出了任意自由荷载作用下桩任意截面的水平变位、倾角、弯矩、剪力和地基反力计算表达式。桩的挠曲微分方程是分段函数,包括地上部分和地下部分桩,相应的内力和变位求解也分为两段。最后通过一个算例分析了桩顶竖向荷载、桩顶水平力和自由荷载对桩身的受力性状各参数的影响。计算结果表明, 桩顶水平力对桩身最大弯矩和桩顶水平变位的影响最大,而桩周内外摩阻力及桩身自重对桩身受力性状影响较小。 相似文献
17.
通过机场—西华高速大直径超长钻孔灌注桩大吨位竖向单桩静载试验,分析了该地区大直径超长钻孔灌注桩的承载性状以及荷载传递机理。试验结果表明:试桩的Q-S曲线呈缓变型,桩端承载力占总荷载的比例均<10%,即均表现为摩擦桩特性;试桩的侧摩阻力自上而下逐步发挥,侧摩阻力和桩端阻力异步发挥且互相耦合;大直径超长钻孔灌注桩桩侧摩阻力的发挥与土层性质、土层埋深及桩顶荷载水平有关;在高荷载作用下桩侧上部土层摩阻力具有不同程度的软化现象,而中下部土层侧摩阻力具有不同程度的强化现象,甚至即使在最大加载情况下,桩身下部土层的侧摩阻力也并未完全发挥,因此在根据规范计算超长桩承载力时,不同深度土层的侧摩阻力应乘以相应不同的修正系数。 相似文献
18.
为了研究软岩地基桥桩的荷载传递性状、破坏机理,并获取在该地质条件下更为可靠的桩基计算参数,对秦巴山区软岩地基3根钻孔灌注试桩进行竖向静载试验。结果表明：秦巴山区软岩地基桥桩试桩荷载沉降曲线呈陡降型,实测竖向极限承载力为20 500kN,桩的破坏方式为桩身材料强度破坏;淤泥质亚黏土地层中的碎石起到一定的骨架作用,增强了此地层桩极限侧阻力,发挥极限侧阻力所需的桩土（岩）相对位移为4～8mm;强风化砾岩表现为加工软化型,发挥极限侧阻力所需的桩土（岩）相对位移为3～8mm;中风化砂砾岩表现为明显的加工硬化型,所需的桩岩相对位移大,且桩极限侧阻力的特征点不明显;淤泥质亚黏土地层桩侧阻力占总荷载的60%～70%,随着桩顶荷载的逐步加大,该地层桩侧阻力所占比例不断下降,而嵌岩段桩侧阻力所占比例逐渐上升,达到55%～65%,嵌岩段桩侧阻力沿桩深的分布曲线表现出非线性的特征;试桩为端承摩擦桩,桩端阻力约占桩顶荷载的20%左右,且未充分发挥,在上部结构允许的沉降范围内,适当增加桩端的沉降有利于端阻力的发挥;桩侧阻力先于端阻力发挥,建议单桩承载力设计时分别采用不同的端阻力和侧阻力安全系数。 相似文献
19.
螺旋群桩基础承载性状试验研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
根据螺旋群桩现场静载试验结果,分析了螺旋群桩基础承载性状的影响因素,讨论了极限荷载下群桩几何参数对螺旋群桩的桩端阻力和桩侧摩阻力的影响。结果表明,螺旋群桩承载性状受到相邻桩的叶片距离以及首层叶片到承台底面间的桩长度影响明显。在叶片桩距比（桩间距比叶片直径）小于2时,螺旋群桩静载试验的荷载-位移曲线呈缓变形,无明显的拐点,群桩破坏属于整体破坏。同时,螺旋桩的叶片有助于减小承台下桩间土变形活动区的高度,增强了桩-土-承台的相互作用,减小了群桩基础沉降量。 相似文献
20.
The physicochemical processes that affect acid mine drainage (AMD) in unsaturated waste rock piles and the capabilities of small-scale laboratory experiments to predict AMD from waste rock are not well understood. An integrated laboratory and field study to measure and compare low sulfide waste rock and drainage characteristics at various scales has been initiated. This paper describes the design, construction and instrumentation of three field-scale experimental waste rock piles (test piles), and six active zone lysimeters at the Diavik diamond mine in the Northwest Territories, Canada. The test piles are comprised of granitic and sulfide-bearing metasedimentary waste rock excavated during open pit mining operations. One test pile contains waste rock with a target S content of <0.04 wt.% S; the second test pile contains waste rock with a target S content of >0.08 wt.% S; and the third test pile contains the higher sulfide waste rock (>0.08 wt.% S) and was re-sloped and capped with a low permeability till layer and a low sulfide waste rock cover. The first two test piles are approximately 15 m high with bases of 50 m by 60 m, and the re-sloped test pile has a larger base of 80 m by 125 m. Instrumentation was selected to measure matrix flow, geochemistry of pore water and drainage, gas-phase O2 concentration, temperature evolution, microbiological populations, waste rock permeability to air, and thermal conductivity, as well as to resolve mass and flow balances. Instrument locations were selected to characterize coupled physicochemical processes at multiple scales and the evolution of those processes over time. Instruments were installed at a density such that the number of instruments that survived construction (40% to >80% by instrument type) was sufficient to allow adequate characterization of the physicochemical processes occurring at various scales in the test piles. 相似文献