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区域气象干旱评估分析模式 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为应对全球范围内日益严重的干旱问题,对区域气象干旱相对完整的评估分析模式开展了探讨。提出了从区域气象干旱识别到干旱特征值计算,再到干旱特征多变量分析的3个分析评估步骤。并以渭河流域为例,对研究区域进行了矩形干旱评估单元划分,选取了RDI（Reconnaissance Drought Index）为评估指标对区域内各单元各时段的干旱状态进行了识别,结果与历史记载的干旱年份吻合较好。分别采用了分布拟合、相关系数和Copula函数等统计学方法对区域干旱的干旱特征值（干旱历时、干旱面积、干旱强度和干旱频率）进行了特征分析,得出了一系列的单变量、双变量及多变量特征分析对比结果。通过对各类分布函数的计算和绘图,得到了渭河流域干旱事件发生的条件概率和重现期,形成了一套相对完整的区域干旱评估分析模式。 相似文献
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干旱持续时间久、影响范围大,时空连续性是干旱的基本特征,以往研究大多考虑单变量或双变量。通过给定阈值识别干旱斑块和判断两相邻时间干旱的连续性,提出了时空连续的干旱事件三维识别方法,用干旱历时、干旱面积、干旱烈度、干旱强度和干旱中心位置5个特征变量对一场干旱事件进行度量;提出了基于Copula函数的干旱历时-面积-烈度三变量频率分析方法。以中国西南地区为例,采用SPI(Standard Precipitation Index)干旱指标识别了近52年发生历时等于或大于3个月的干旱事件,一共78场,其中2009年8月至2010年6月最严重干旱事件的重现期为94年一遇。通过比较概率分布函数和Copula函数,表明在干旱频率分析时需要考虑干旱历时、面积、烈度3个特征变量。 相似文献
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研究pair-copula在干旱特性联合概率中的应用。以渭河流域咸阳站降雨资料为例,采用游程理论,选取干旱历时、干旱烈度和烈度峰值为干旱特性变量,应用Pearson线性相关系数、Spearman相关系数和Kendall秩相关系数进行相依性度量。采用4种常用的copula函数构造了12种pair-copulas,以RMSE、AIC、BIC为准则选择最优的pair-copula。运用Rosenblatt变换的Bootstrap法进行copula拟合度检验,推导3变量的联合概率分布。与3维对称、非对称阿基米德copulas和椭圆copula比较,表明pair-copula可以描述多变量水文概率分布。 相似文献
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本文根据实测、调查、历史和模拟生成四种水文资料,对黄河上游年径流的干旱持续现象,进行了综合分析论证。结果表明,黄河上游干旱持续现象是明显的,1922～1932年连续11年枯水段是存在的。利用水文模拟技术生成的系列,对各种不同干旱持续长度的年径流,进行了频率分析,并对具有多年调节水库的龙羊峡水电站的水能规划设计进行了合理性检验。认为1922～1932年连续干旱的程度特别严重,其重现期远较过去的估值为高。运用本研究成果,分析龙羊峡水库和电站的运行设计,可以取得更大的水能和综合利用效益。 相似文献
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为研究实际水利条件下农业干旱的发生规律,简化农业干旱事件的评估方法,提出基于区域农业用水量的干旱重现期计算方法。通过构建农业用水量距平百分率干旱指标WA,在基于降雨量距平百分率干旱指标PA识别干旱事件的基础上,提取WA干旱指标下的干旱历时和干旱烈度特征变量,并根据以PA为干旱指标的干旱烈度频率分布曲线FS（x）和干旱历时频率分布曲线FD（x）,运用Copula的简化方法计算基于WA的干旱事件重现期T,最后结合基于PA的干旱事件重现期T0,回归分析出T与T0间关系的计算公式。选取干旱灾害影响严重的亳州市为实证区域开展应用研究,计算得到1975-2007年各场干旱事件的T0和T以及T0与T的经验关系式。结果表明:T比T0更合理地反映区域农业实际受旱状况,重现期T0和T间存在高度的相关关系,采用T的回归方程可简化计算考虑区域实际抗旱能力下的干旱事件重现期,在区域防旱减灾实践中具有推广应用价值。 相似文献
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岩溶泉流量时间序列蕴含大量岩溶含水系统水动力特征信息,可为岩溶地下水资源量的确定及水文干旱分析提供重要途径。本研究基于长系列泉流量时间序列,推求流量理论频率曲线,通过拟合的理论频率曲线获得后寨岩溶典型小流域在95%、80%、50%、20%保证率下的岩溶地下水流量为0.25m3/s、0.23m3/s、0.39m3/s、0.57m3/s。在概率为80%的流量截取水平下,获得岩溶含水系统1991～1997的中最严重干旱为1993年,干旱历时为195d,缺水量为2.9×106m3。泉流量时间序列的理论频率分析能很好的应用于岩溶含水系统地下水资源计算和干旱特征分析,为岩溶含水系统水资源的合理优化配置提供依据。 相似文献
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利用黄河流域160个气象站1961-2010年逐日综合气象干旱指数(CI)指数, 对比分析两种用逐日CI指数判断月干旱过程的方法. 结果表明: 对重大干旱事件个例来说, 两种方法都能大体描述事件的月干旱过程, 但干旱的强度和范围有所不同. 从干旱发生的范围来看, 两种结果的差别较小, 方法I的识别结果范围更大、更连续, 特别是对青海旱情的判断常常比实际范围大;而方法II的识别结果范围稍小, 大体上能反应干旱的整体范围, 但有时也偶尔会遗漏小部分旱区;从干旱发生的强度来看, 方法I对干旱事实的描述偏轻, 而方法II以重-特旱为主, 与实际情况更相符. 从对黄河流域近50 a月干旱频率的分析结果来看, 两种方法一致表明黄河流域分界线以西的地区常年不容易发生干旱, 而对于分界线以东地区, 两种方法的统计结果有较大差异. 方法I的结果表明, 分界线以东地区干旱的月发生频率较大, 其中, 轻旱的月发生频率最大, 其次为中旱, 而重旱和特旱的发生频率很小;方法II的结果表明, 分界线以东地区干旱的月发生频率在60%~80%左右, 其中重旱的月发生频率最大, 其次为中旱, 轻旱和特旱的发生频率很小. 总体来说, 方法II对黄河流域月干旱情况的评估结果与干旱实际情况更一致. 相似文献
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An Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Dimension of Drought Vulnerability in Turkey Using the Standardized Precipitation Index 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Drought has become a recurrent phenomenon in Turkey in the last few decades. Significant drought conditions were observed during years of late 1980s and the trend continued in the late 1990s. The countrys agricultural sector and water resources have been under severe constraints from the recurrent droughts. In this study, spatial and temporal dimensions of meteorological droughts in Turkey have been investigated from vulnerability concept. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) method was used to detail geographical variations in the drought vulnerability based on frequency and severity of drought events at multiple time steps. Critical (threshold) rainfall values were derived for each station at multiple-time steps in varying drought categories to determine least amount of rainfall required to avoid from drought initiation. The study found that drought vulnerability portrays a very diverse but consistent picture with varying time steps. At regional scale, south-eastern and eastern Anatolia are characterized with moderate droughts at shorter time steps, while the occurrence of severe droughts at shorter time steps is observed at non-coastal parts of the country. A similar picture was observed with very severe droughts. The critical (threshold) values exhibited rising numbers during the growing season at 3-month step in the South-eastern Anatolia, which might have significant consequences considering presence of large irrigation projects under-development in the region. In general, rainfall amounts required for non-drought conditions decrease from the coastal parts toward the interiors with increasing time steps. 相似文献
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This study analyses regional drought characteristics (frequency, severity, and persistence) of meteorological droughts occurred in the northwestern parts falling under arid and semiarid regions of India with mean annual rainfall ranging between 100 and 900 mm. A drought is defined as a season or a year with rainfall less than 75% of corresponding mean at a place. Long-term monthly rainfall records (1901–2013) of 90 districts of north-west India located in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat are used in the analysis. The percentage departure of seasonal rainfall from long-term average rainfall has been used for identification of onset, termination, and quantification of drought severity. The average frequency varied from once every 3–4 years. The westerly districts have an average drought return period of 3 years, while districts lying toward the east had droughts once every 4 years. Only four of the 90 districts in the study area experienced droughts once every 5 years. Persistent droughts of 2, 3, and 4 year duration occurred widely. Severe droughts occurred in the years 1904, 1905, 1911, 1918, 1931, 1939, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, and 2002, with an average frequency of severe drought events of one in 10 years. The analysis presented in this paper improves understanding of the regional drought characteristics and will inform drought mitigations and strategies in these arid and semiarid areas. 相似文献
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近年来云南持续发生严重干旱,云南干旱是否日趋"常态化"成为社会各界关心的一个热点问题,相关报道不断见诸媒体。本文从水文的角度对云南省的历史干旱、水文要素以及趋势预测等方面进行了深入的分析。在历史依据和现代气象水文观测数据的支撑下,考察近100年来全球增暖可能导致部分地区干旱化的可能,从而认为近年来提出的云南干旱"常态化"存在科学依据;但干旱"常态化"仅能局限于近现代时期这一时间范畴,对于今后更长时期云南省干旱发展趋势,依据现有技术手段及研究成果尚难以判断把握。 相似文献
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根据区域供水系统中供水水库(群)的蓄水状态及其运行调度策略在满足区域供水目标方面的重要作用,提出了以水库(群)的时段初始蓄水量与时段内来水量之和,以及时段内供水系统的目标需水量作为主要控制参数,以两者的差值正、负来表达供水系统处于非干旱状态和干旱状态的区域干旱鉴别方法。为了多角度地分析干旱和非干旱历时分布、转移概率以及干旱重现期等干旱历时特性以较全面地掌握区域干旱事件特征,针对一具体区域供水系统,运用模拟统计法和概率解析法两种技术手段来研究区域干旱历时特性,同时针对两种方法的计算结果差异,指出了各种方法的特征以及产生差异的原因。 相似文献
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对区域干旱的概念和计算方法进行了研究,认为干旱问题应根据不同的干旱特征分区进行研究并提出针对性的解决措施。干旱研究不仅要考虑到干旱的水文特征,而且要考虑干旱风险所带来的后果。提出了分析干旱问题的理论框架。并将黄河下游引黄灌区划分为6个子区,应用多变量随机模型生成了月降水量资料系列。利用了33年的月降水量资料率定模型参数。应用生成的月降水量系列从理论风险性的观点研究了区域干旱问题。 相似文献
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Spatio-temporal Distribution of Three Kinds of Flash Droughts over Agricultural Land in China from 1983 to 2015 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
At present, flash drought occurs globally and regionally and causes a lot of socio-economic loss in a very short time. Therefore, flash drought has been regarded as one of the hottest issues in drought research. However, flash drought monitoring, prediction and decision-making have encountered a lot of challenges due to its multiple driven factors and complex spatio-temporal process. Aiming at this problem, this paper focused on the agricultural land in China, and analyzed the spatio-temporal distribution of three kinds of flash droughts (i.e., precipitation-deficit, high-temperature, and composite flash droughts) from 1983 to 2015. We studied the occurrences, duration, spatial distribution, temporal distribution, and trend of all three kinds of flash droughts. Our results demonstrated that, the occurrences of flash drought agricultural land in China increased year by year, among which high-temperature flash drought increased dramatically; duration of flash droughts had different trends, but the variations were relatively smooth; Northeast China was identified as a vulnerable area of flash drought, indicating more flash drought events and longer duration; flash droughts in China were found to concentrate in spring (high-temperature drought) and summer seasons (precipitation-deficit drought). This study is helpful for building new flash drought monitoring method and system, and it is also valuable for flash drought preparedness on regional scale. 相似文献