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干密度是评价软土固化质量的重要指标,一般通过室内击实试验获得。以氯氧镁水泥(MOC)为结合料,砾石土为固化对象,研究了原料配比对MOC固化砾石土击实性能的影响。通过室内击实试验,考察了轻烧镁粉掺量、卤水浓度、卤水掺量和活性MgO/MgCl_2物质的量比(Mg/Cl比)影响混合料干密度的规律。结果表明:MOC固化砾石土击实料的干密度随卤水掺量增加先增加后降低,随轻烧镁粉掺量及Mg/Cl比的增加而先增加后降低,随卤水浓度及轻烧镁粉掺量的增加而增加,随卤水浓度增加及Mg/Cl比降低而增加。 相似文献
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影响降雨击溅侵蚀过程的多元回归正交试验研究 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
根据多元正交设计,对马兰黄土进行了降雨(人工模拟)溅蚀试验。得到了计算降雨溅蚀分散量(Y)和降雨溅蚀向下坡搬运量(Z)的两个回归方程。方程揭示影响降雨击溅侵蚀诸因素之间的交互作用,以及各个因素在降雨溅蚀过程中的地位和对各种降雨溅蚀临界值的明显影响。 相似文献
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灌溉对甘肃中部黄土台塬区地面塌陷及生态环境影响研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
甘肃中部黄土台塬地面塌陷实质上是由水利灌溉引起的新的生态环境问题。文章在深入调查、勘测和试验研究的基础上，综合分析了地面塌陷变形的成因机制，认为黄土台塬地面塌陷变形除了黄土母质理化性质和人类活动等因素外，主要是不合理灌溉引起的。过量大水漫灌使大量渗入的水体将土壤中起固结作用的盐分和粘粒矿物淋溶殆尽，使原始结构破坏，进而崩解、湿陷。随下渗水量的增加，犁底层及以下隔水层孔洞进一步发展为洞穴和陷缝，大面积塌陷变形随之出现，同时也成为台塬滑坡的诱导因素。研究为黄土台塬灌区突出的水利环境问题治理和生态重建方案提供了基础依据。 相似文献
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采空沉陷湿地形成动力过程的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
因采空、沉陷和积水所形成的湿地是采矿沉陷区扰动了区域性地表水和地下水循环而产生了季节性或永久性积水而形成的一种湿地类型。从采空沉陷湿地形成的主要动力过程入手,研究其形成原因,明确其主要湿地特征。结果表明,采空积水沉陷地是在人类对地下矿层开采后,上覆岩层发生弯曲变形、断裂、位移,导致地面塌陷下沉,形成比采矿范围大得多的负地貌(低洼地);同时原有地表水系统因地表沉陷被破坏,使采矿沉陷区演变为局部汇水区,导致季节性或永久性积水;最终使其出现了沼泽化水生生态系统等特征,形成了一种新型人工湿地。 相似文献
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灌溉诱发突发性黄土滑坡机理研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
系统揭示黑方台突发性黄土滑坡物理力学机理,对滑坡防治具有重要的作用。自上世纪六十年代年黑方台常年的农业灌溉诱发了大量20~40 m厚的饱和突发性黄土滑坡。本研究在野外调查的基础上,通过分析滑坡的变形破坏特征,针对分布范围广、危害性较大的突发性黄土滑坡,利用室内GDS三轴试验和模型试验,分析研究了饱和黄土的应力应变特性及突发性黄土滑坡的力学机制。三轴试验结果表明,当围压小于300 kPa时,饱和黄土可产生完全液化,并处于流塑状态;当围压大于300 kPa时,饱和黄土仅产生部分液化,仍具有一定的抗剪强度。饱和黄土的应力—应变模式均表现为强烈的应变软化—剪缩型,并具有一定的稳态特性。模型试验表明突发性黄土滑坡的变形破坏过程可大致分为底部浸水饱和—毛细水上升—持续蠕动变形—突发性破坏4个阶段。斜坡发生突发性破坏时,孔隙水压力激增,但总应力仍大于孔隙水压力,黄土滑坡发生部分液化,饱和黄土仍具有一定的强度,为突发性黄土滑坡发生提供了应力和能量积累的力学条件。研究从有效应力原理的角度阐述了突发性黄土滑坡的力学机理,可以为滑坡的防治治理提供一定的理论依据。 相似文献
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基于D—InSAR的煤矿区开采沉陷遥感监测技术分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
该文在综合分析国内外开采沉陷监测技术现状、合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)和差分干涉测量(D—InSAR)技术发展及其在地表沉陷监测中应用成果的基础上，分析了D—InSAR技术在煤矿开采沉陷变形监测中的特点与技术优势。指出：应用D—InSAR进行煤矿区开采沉陷监测的具体目标是矿区地表沉降演变过程分析、采区地表沉陷动态监测与分析和矿区DEM数据更新；亟须研究解决的关键技术问题有：源数据获取与选择、数据处理方法、地面配合措施、精度与可靠性评价、多源信息集成分析等。D—InSAR为煤矿区地表时空演变过程研究和开采沉陷实时动态监测提供了新的技术方法；作为“数字矿山”的重要内容，D—InSAR可以有效地指导矿区生产、整体规划与长远发展，并为矿区可持续发展服务。 相似文献
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辽南滨海黄土粒度环境信息高分辨率研究 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11
对辽南滨海黄土粒度研究证明 ,滨海黄土是在第四纪冰期寒冷气候下的产物 ,但是 ,由于滨海黄土所处靠近沿海的地理位置使得这种黄土的形成机制具有独特性。冰期时渤海湾西岸海面下降出露的冲洪积物和海底砂是滨海黄土除西北内陆地区以外的另一重要物源 ,搬运以风砂跃移方式进行。滨海黄土的粒度中包涵了丰富的有关渤海湾海面变化的信息。辽南滨海黄土剖面中的粒度拟合值、 2 - 3Ф粒级百分含量反映了渤海的海退、海侵过程和末次冰期蒙古高压的强弱 ,这种变化与滨海黄土 3个孢粉组合带所反映的古气候环境相吻合 ,同邻近地区的海面升降变化和深海岩芯氧同位素阶段也存在良好的对应关系 ,滨海黄土粒度的拟合度是本区古环境变化的重要的替代指标。 相似文献
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DCCA在黄土高原流域径流环境解释中的应用 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
以黄土高原腹地泾河流域12个水文特征指标为“物种”,选取对流域径流有影响的9个环境因子,采用DCCA排序方法定量分析河流径流特征沿环境因子梯度的演变规律。结果表明:(1)DCCA排序的前3轴分别与退化草地比率、降水量、降水强度、植被指数、平均坡度显著相关;(2)河流径流特征沿环境梯度可明显分为输沙量极大的北部黄土丘陵区;平均含沙量极高的中北部黄土沟壑区;径流量大、输沙量小的山地-沟壑过渡区;侵蚀模数极高、径流年内变化极大的中部黄土残塬区;产流量大、年含沙量极低的南部山地区。 相似文献
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Min Cao Fang Zhang Jianyi Yang 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):1349-1363
Cellular automata (CA) have been used increasingly to simulate complex geographical phenomena. This paper proposes a CA model for simulating the evolution of dynamic positive and negative (P–N) terrains in a small loess watershed. The CA model involves a large number of attributes, including the state of P–N terrains, distance to the shoulder-line, neighbourhood condition and topographic factors. Topographic factors include the slope gradient, aspect, slope length, slope variation, aspect variation, plan curvature, profile curvature, relief amplitude and flow accumulation. The CA model was applied to simulate the evolution of P–N terrains in an indoor, small loess watershed under artificial rainfall. The transition rules for CA were constructed automatically using a decision-tree algorithm. The derived transition rules are explicit for decision-makers and helpful for generating more reliable terrains. The simulation produces encouraging results in terms of numeric accuracy and spatial distribution, in agreement with natural P–N terrains. The iterative processes show that loess negative terrains continuously erode positive terrains. The development of a loess sinkhole near the centre gully head was reproduced as well, which shows the function of loess sinkholes in the formation of loess channel systems. 相似文献
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泥河湾保护区地貌特征与地质灾害 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
根据泥河湾保护区实地调查,黄土台地、黄土沟梁和河谷地貌是发育在“泥河湾层”及其覆地层上的主要地貌类型,其形态特征和形态测量反映了该区流水地貌的现代演化特征。伴随流水地质作用与地貌演化发生的水土流失、泥石流、崩塌和地面塌陷等地质灾害危及保护区的地层剖面。笔者认为该区域地质灾害是多种致灾因素造成的,其中的主导因素是气候、植被和人为因素,通过控制植被因素可以改变目前的地质环境状况。 相似文献
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《地理学报(英文版)》2019,(5)
This paper analyzes the spatial variation in soil erosion in the loess hilly-gully region of northern Shaanxi Province, China. It sums up existing research, describes the factors that drive soil erosion, and uses geodetection to investigate the factors individually and in pairs.Our results show that soil erosion in the loess hilly-gully region of northern Shaanxi is mainly hydraulic erosion. There are significant spatial differences in the severity of soil erosion in the region. Generally, it is more severe in the north and west and less severe in the south and east. Individual factor detection results show that the major risk factors affecting soil erosion are human population distribution, precipitation, land-use type, elevation, and soil type. Interactive detection results show that interacting factors play much bigger roles in soil erosion than do individual factors. Based on forced detection results from different periods of time, we can see that forest and grass coverage, urbanization, and economic development in the study area all clearly inhibit soil erosion. 相似文献
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In China's Loess Plateau severe gully erosion(LPGE)region,the shoulder-line is the most intuitive and unique manifestation of the loess landform,which divides a landform into positive and negative terrains(PNTs).The spatial combination model of PNTs is of great significance for revealing the evolution of the loess landform.This study modeled and pro-posed the Surface Nibble Degree(SND),which is a new index that reflects the comparison of the areas of PNTs.Based on 5 m DEMs and matched high-resolution remote sensing images,the PNTs of 164 complete watersheds in the LPGE were extracted accurately,and the SND index was calculated.The spatial distribution trend of SND was discussed,and the relation-ship between SND and the factors that affect the evolution mechanism of regional landform was explored further.Results show that:(1)The SND can be calculated formally.It can quantify the development of the loess landform well.(2)The SND of the LPGE has evident spatial differentiation that increases from southwest to northeast.High values appear in Shenmu of Shaanxi,Shilou of Shanxi,and northern Yanhe River,whereas the low values are mainly distributed in the southern loess tableland and the inclined elongated ridge area of Pingliang in Gansu and Guyuan in Ningxia.(3)In the Wuding River and Yanhe River,the SND decreases with the increase in flow length(FL).In the North-Luohe River and Jinghe River,the SND increases with FL.(4)SND is significantly correlated with gully density and sediment modulus and moderately correlated with hypsometric integral.As for the mechanism factors analysis,the relationship between loess thickness and SND is not obvious,but SND in-creased first and then decreased with the increase of precipitation and vegetation in each geographical division,and we found that the land use type of low coverage grassland has greater erosion potential. 相似文献
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植被破坏对黄土高原加速侵蚀及土壤退化过程的影响 总被引：28，自引：3，他引：28
如何评价黄土高原自然侵蚀与人为加速侵蚀作用，恢复与重建植被的可能性和必要性等是近年来治理黄河的热点问题。通过定位试验和野外调查，研究了黄土高原子午岭林区植被破坏对土壤理化特性以及土壤侵蚀过程演变的影响；分析了人为破坏植被耕垦后坡面土壤侵蚀特征与土壤退化过程。表明：植被是影响土壤侵蚀最敏感的因子；人为破坏植被造成的加速侵蚀，是导致土壤退化和生态环境恶化的主要原因；恢复和重建植被，应为黄土高原加速治理和减少入黄泥沙的根本措施。 相似文献
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黄土地貌是按独特的演化模式形成当今复杂多样且有序分异的地貌形态组合。基于数学形态法将合水县地区黄土地貌分类并计算得出塬梁峁地貌单元的分类指标,再通过黄土地貌单元的形态特征及分类指标,对黄土塬梁峁地貌演化模式作出定量化和可视化表达,并预测塬即将消失的区域。研究发现：① 似圆度是界定黄土地貌单元演化进程的重要指标,黄土地貌单元在演化过程中,其形状规律程度逐渐增加;可用周长面积比和平均坡度界定塬梁的分界,可用边界临接指数界定梁峁的分界。② 塬向梁演化实质就是残塬向树杈梁演化。残塬是人类赖以生存的地貌单元,是固沟保塬工程的重点实施对象。 相似文献
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《Geomorphology》2001,36(3-4):231-256
Pathways are presented, which show the proposed sequence of events involved in the formation of loess deposits, both hypothetical deposits and those of central China, Hungary, Nigeria and Tunisia. These pathways illustrate the potential role of, and inter-relationships between, a variety of silt generating mechanisms in the formation of loess. Using these pathways, the existence of “desert loess” is discussed and it is concluded that this depends on how the terms “glacial loess” and “desert loess” are applied. If “desert loess” is taken either to signify “nonglacial” mechanisms of silt production or to characterise the environment from which aeolian entrainment took place, then “desert loess” is a very real and widely distributed deposit. However, if the term “glacial loess” is used to refer to the global climatic regime under which the loess deposit has formed rather than the geomorphic mechanisms responsible for silt generation, then “desert loess” would not be an appropriate term for the classification of loess deposits. It is suggested that classifying loess deposits with reference to the global climatic regime under which they accumulated would facilitate a greater understanding of the role of environmental conditions at all stages in the formation of loess deposits. 相似文献
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新疆的黄土地貌及其遥感判读具有不同于我国黄土高原地区的一些特点。根据参与“中国1∶1 000 000数字地貌制图（新疆片）”项目工作的实践和体会,从黄土地貌区的位置、色调与色彩、大小、形状、阴影、水系和纹理、植被和土壤、相关体、相关资料和野外经验等方面总结了7项关于新疆黄土地貌的遥感判读依据,并归纳了新疆黄土地貌与风沙、干燥、流水、冰缘、雅丹等地貌类型之间以及与部分特殊情况之间的一些鉴别特征。结果可为新疆未来的地貌制图及相关的科研与教学工作提供参考。 相似文献