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1.
1 修改《公约》的背景伦敦倾废公约是保护海洋环境的一项重要的国际公约,它的全称是《防止倾倒废物及其他物质污染海洋的公约》,于1972年在伦敦召开的政府间关于海上倾倒废物公约会议上通过的,并在1992年召开的第15次协商会议上将公约简称改名为《1972年伦敦公约》。我国于1985年9月6日经人大常委会批准该公约,在同年12月14日生效正式成为公约的成员国。从1984年第8次协商会议以来,我国即参与 相似文献
2.
一年一度的伦敦倾废公约缔约国协商会议于1990年11月2日在伦敦国际海事组织总部第13次落下帷幕。这次会议主要有两个热点。一是43个缔约国的代表以多数票赞成的结果通过了关于禁止在海底埋设低放射性废物及1995年年底前终止向海洋倾倒工业废物的两项决议,引起了各方的关注;二是重点讨论了废弃物海上处置“新的评价程序”和公约长期发展战略两个问题,值得引起我们的注意。 相似文献
3.
伦敦倾废公约,即“防止倾倒废物及其他物质污染海洋的公约”(Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter,简称LDC),它产生于1972年。当时人们认识到海洋并非能够接收一切废物的“垃圾桶”,由于海洋自身净化能力有限,任意向海洋倾倒大量废物,特别是有害工业废物,会导致严重的海洋污染,从而对海洋生物及人类健康造成危害;因此,有必要在全球范围内对海洋倾废活动加以限制。根据1972年斯德哥尔摩联合国人类环境会议的建议,近100个国家和地区于1972年底在英国伦敦召开了政府间海洋倾废公约会议,会议正式通过了伦敦倾废公约。伦敦倾废公约于1975年8月30日生效。截止到1989年7 相似文献
4.
1993年11月8～12日在伦敦国际海事组织总部召开了第十六次《1972伦敦防止倾倒废物和其他物质污染海洋的公约》缔约国协商大会（1992年前简称为伦敦倾废公约，现改为《72伦敦公约》）。作为缔约国，我国派出了7人代表团参加了本次大会。此次会议取得了重要成果，通过了四项决议，对公约的附件进行了重大修改。会议的讨论内容体现了各个缔约国的不同立场、利益和冲突，可以说本次会议标志着公约新时期的开始，反映出国际海洋环境保护的某些看来不可逆转的趋势。《72伦敦公约》是全球两个世界性保护海洋环境的国际公约之一，另一个是《1973防止… 相似文献
5.
海洋倾废最早从疏浚物开始。1875年美国费城就在海上设置了疏浚物倾倒区。目前,无论国际或国内,疏浚物海上倾倒数量均居所有废弃物之首。疏浚物的海上处置已成为目前海洋倾废管理中最重要的任务之一。 1.伦敦倾废公约附件应用于疏浚物处置指南伦敦倾废公约附件一规定了禁止向海洋倾倒的物质,但含有这些物质的阴沟淤泥和疏浚物,若为“痕量沾污物”或能“通过海 相似文献
6.
1994年10月3～7日，第十七次（197伦敦防止倾倒废物和其他物质污染海洋的公约》（以下简称《公约》）缔约国协商大会在伦敦国际海事组织』总部召开。我国派出由外交部、交通部、农业部和海洋局人员组成的代表团与会。根据1993年第十六次协商大会关于在3a内全面修改公约的决议，此次会议以公约的修改为中心议题进行磋商讨论，缩小了在公约修改若干问题上的分歧，取得了公约修改的重要进展，向在1996年召开特别大会全面修改公约迈出了一大步。1公约的修改历程《公约》制定于1972年，迄今已20多年，在此期间，修改工作从未间断，这大致可分为三… 相似文献
7.
经六届人大常委会第十二次会议审议批准,我国将正式加入《伦敦倾废公约》。为了更好地了解公约的情况,现将公约介绍如下。一、公约产生的背景从五十年代起,随着世界海上贸易和运输的飞建发展,船舶溢油和排油所造成的污染开始成为严重的环境问题。七十年代初, 相似文献
8.
联合国的国际海事组织(1MO),手1984年4月30日至5月25日在伦敦召开会议,有包括我国在内的69个国家和有关组织的代表450人出席了会议,会议最后审议通过了《修订1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约的1984年议定书》和《修订1971年设立国际油污损害赔偿基金公约的1984年议定书》。上述两个议定书,仍保持着《1969年国际油污损害民事责任公约》(简称《1969年责任公约》)与《1971年设立国际油污损害赔偿基 相似文献
9.
今年11月16日《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称“公约”)生效,它标志着世界海洋新秩序的开始。“公约”是联合国为适应60年代以来拉美一些国家带头兴起反对海洋霸权、维护200海里海洋权斗争的历史潮流,于1970年第25届联合国大会通过决议,以通过一项公约来处理所有有关海洋法的事项和问题而产生的。从1973年开始,先后召开11期共15次会议,终于在1982年4月完成并通过了《联合国海洋法公约》。按“公约”规定,“公约”应经 相似文献
10.
1982年4月30日第三届联合国海洋法会议第十一次会议通过了新的《联合国海洋法公约》。《海洋法公约》规定,自1982年12月10日在牙买加的蒙特哥湾开放签字后可持续两年在公约上签字;公约也可在联合国总部签字,开放签字的截止期为1984年12月9日。1982年12月10日有119个国家和实体在公约上签字。到1984年12月9日公约的签 相似文献
11.
Robert Hage 《Marine Policy》1984,8(1):2-15
This is a historical review of Canadian policy at the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea. Canadian objectives with regard to the territorial sea, fisheries, pollution prevention and the continental shelf are outlined and the role played by the Canadian delegation at UNCLOS is described. The article then examines the impact of the Convention on Canada, particular attention being paid to the Canadian Exclusive Economic Zone and the Canadian role in the controversy over seabed mining. The author concludes by arguing that Canada was a major beneficiary of the Convention, but that US opposition has placed the future of the Convention in jeopardy. 相似文献
12.
Ted L. McDorman 《Marine Policy》1985,9(4):292-309
This article considers Thailand's problems with the 1982 LOS Convention, especially the exclusive economic zones. Despite the disadvantages, it recommends that Thailand should ratify the Convention. 相似文献
13.
The global community's ability to assess the environmental effects of marine scientific research (MSR) as required by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea's (UNCLOS) marine environment provisions (MEP) is limited, as shown by experimental activities that intentionally manipulate the marine environment. Such work enhances knowledge of the ocean, but it may also have significant environmental effects. This growing use of the ocean as a laboratory has global scientific, environmental, legal and policy implications. Examined here is the relationship between the MSR and the MEP provisions of UNCLOS. International, science-driven guidelines are proposed. 相似文献
14.
《Marine Policy》2015
Rapid advances in attaching miniaturized electronic devices to marine animals for the purpose of learning more about their behavior and interaction with the marine environment, known as bio-logging, raise important and unsettled questions under the international law of the sea. Part XIII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides coastal states with the right to regulate and authorize marine scientific research in offshore areas under their sovereignty and jurisdiction. In their recent article published in this journal, James Kraska, Guillermo Ortuño, and David W. Johnston, assert that although bio-logging is a form of marine scientific research, Part XIII of UNCLOS does not apply to tagged animals that collect scientific information within a coastal state’s 200 mile exclusive economic zone, territorial sea, or internal waters. This commentary rejects Kraska et al.'s interpretation and provides evidence to support the claim that coastal state consent under Part XIII of UNCLOS may, under some circumstances, apply to bio-logging. In light of the immense scientific contributions that bio-logging research provide to global marine conservation efforts and the possible burdens that may be imposed on researchers if coastal states begin to assert their rights under UNCLOS, it is important that the international community engage in a robust and candid discussion of the issue and develop a consensus-based approach on how best to move forward. 相似文献
15.
The international legal framework for marine spatial planning 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Increasing demand for ocean resources, both living and non-living, have already lead to loss of biodiversity, habitat depletion and irreversible damage to the marine environment. Furthermore, introduction of new kinds of sea uses, spatial extension of ongoing sea uses and the need to better protect and conserve the marine biological diversity will result in increasing conflicts among the various users, as well as between the users and the environment. Marine spatial planning as a process to allocate space for specific uses can help to avoid user conflicts, to improve the management of marine spatial claims, and to sustain an ecosystem-based management of ocean and seas. This article explores the rights and duties towards exploitation and protection of the marine environment under the jurisdiction of coastal states as reflected in two important global conventions, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Convention on Biological Diversity. Both Conventions provide the main legal framework for marine spatial planning that have to be taken into account in planning at the regional and national level. 相似文献
16.
B.A. Hamzah 《Marine Policy》1984,8(1):30-43
This article examines Indonesian-Malaysian relations in the light of Indonesia's new archipelagic regime. Archipelagos are defined and the rights and duties of archipelagic states under the Law of the Sea Convention are outlined. Indonesian-Malaysian relations from the 1974 Memorandum of Understanding to the 1982 bilateral treaty are described. The author examines the implications of an Indonesian suspension of passage on Malaysian transport, submarine cables and pipelines, fishing, oil and gas, and search and rescue. The author concludes by indicating how the two countries should adjust to the regime. 相似文献
17.
《Marine Policy》2015
Australia׳s remote location and position on the vast Indo-Australian plate mean that possesses one of the largest continental shelf areas in the world. The criteria in Article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea permit the claiming on continental shelf to 200 nautical miles from territorial sea baselines, and if certain criteria are met based on the configuration and content of the seabed, to distances beyond. During the negotiations at UNCLOS III, Australia was a strong proponent of this extended shelf regime, as it was likely to have large areas beyond 200 nautical miles. Article 76 provides for a number of requirements to be met for a coastal State to assert sovereign rights over areas of continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, including a ten year deadline from becoming a party. This placed a disproportionate burden upon Australia, as it faced the same ten year time frame to lodge data with the Commission on the Limits on the Continental Shelf (CLCS) as other States with much smaller areas in issue. Australia also chose not to rely upon measures agreed between State parties to effectively extend this deadline, and to limit the requirements to be met within it. This paper looks at how Australian authorities approached the difficult task, while maintaining the standards required for data by the CLCS, and how the task was ultimately implemented. It also examines how the extended continental shelf arrangements interacted with the rest of Australia׳s law of the sea practice and maritime boundaries with other States. For example, after the entry into force of the Convention, Australia negotiated two maritime boundaries with neighbouring States that each explicitly dealt with areas beyond 200 nautical miles. It concludes with consideration of what issues remain unresolved in respect of the Australian continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. The paper will conclude at how Australia׳s implementation has raised new issues with neighbouring States, including an unresolved dispute in the South Pacific Ocean. 相似文献
18.
由于全球大陆边缘地貌和地质特征的复杂性,且《联合国海洋法公约》(以下简称《公约》)第76条对200海里以外大陆架外部界限划定的规则存在一定的模糊性,导致大陆架外部界限的划定极其复杂。根据《公约》设立的大陆架界限委员会(以下简称委员会)负责审议沿海国提交的划界案并给出建议,委员会在外大陆架划界方面发挥重要作用。截止2012年12月底,委员会一共收到沿海国65份划界案,目前已完成其中18份划界案的审议工作并给出了建议。本文系统分析了各委员会建议摘要,对委员会在审议划界案时采用的划界原则、审议的关键技术问题等做了综合分析总结,以便为我国今后外大陆架划界和积极应对侵害我国海洋权益的他国划界主张提供参考和借鉴。 相似文献
19.
《Marine Policy》2017
The goal of this article is to present Brazil's interests and concerns in the South Atlantic, through the analysis of the ongoing governmental plans to its adjacent sea, and the security and defense issues in the ocean region. First, it will introduce four important programs, namely the Proarquipelago, Protrindade, Leplac, and Proarea, launched by the country after the entry into force of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Then, it will discuss some of the domestic and international initiatives taken by Brazil to build a stable political and economic environment in the South Atlantic. Despite the peaceful purposes of the Brazilian agenda and policy to the sea, there are underlying reasons, such as keeping secure its oil and gas fields and consolidating its role as a major player in the ocean region, that must be considered as well. However, changes in the domestic scenario may provoke unprecedented modifications in this agenda. 相似文献
20.
The Law of the Sea Convention constrains regional environmental regimes, especially with respect to navigation beyond the territorial sea. Existing soft-law institutions, notably the Arctic Council, have already strengthened environmental governance in the region by (1) improving the knowledge base; (2) preparing practical guidance on risk reduction; (3) highlighting in broader regulatory fora the Arctic dimension of problems like long-range transported hazardous compounds; and (4) supporting the capacity of Arctic states to implement existing commitments. None of those functions would be much enhanced by a legally binding Arctic environmental regime. The political impediments to reaching circumpolar agreement on a single comprehensive legal regime would suggest a flexible approach to norm building that seeks productive interplay with existing institutions. 相似文献