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1.
环境污染物萘、蒽、菲、芘的好氧微生物降解 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
多环芳烃（PAHs）是环境污染物，具有致癌性和致突变性。选取香港米埔红树林淤泥富集微生物，研究红树林微生物对PAHs的好氧降解。试验观察到，萘、蒽、菲、芘在液体培养条件下均有较强的挥发性。多底物培养液中的菌群浓度明显高于单底物系统。多次连续转接使培养液中的细菌生长能力增强。初始底物浓度可影响细菌生长速率，底物浓度过低或过高均不利于细菌生长。从分离得到的降解菌中选取豚鼠气单胞菌Aeromonascaviae WⅡ和斑点气单胞菌Aeromonas punctata TⅡ进行单菌降解试验，结果表明，豚鼠气单胞菌WⅡ能够高效降解4种底物，而斑点气单胞菌TⅡ能够高效降解萘、蒽和芘3种底物。另外还发现斑点气单胞菌TⅡ能够明显降低水中菲的挥发速度。 相似文献
2.
胶州湾及其邻近河流中壬基酚等有机污染物的分布特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为分析青岛胶州湾及其邻近河流中的壬基酚（NP）及其短链氧乙烯醚母体化合物、壬基酚单氧乙烯醚（NP1EO）和壬基酚二氧乙烯醚（NP2EO）的污染状况和分布特征,在研究区域内设置了17个站位分别采集了海水和沉积物样品,样品经萃取、浓缩、净化后采用气质联用仪测定各污染物的浓度。胶州湾水体中的NP、NP1EO和NP2EO的浓度分别为20．2-268．7、11．2-200．4和4．8-32．5ng／L。胶州湾沉积物中上述3种污染物的浓度分别为3．6-299．3、3．8-25．2和4．9-103．2ng／g。胶州湾邻近河流中的污染物浓度远远高于湾内,其中墨水河的污染最严重,水体和沉积物中NP的浓度分别达到28656ng／L和31704ng／g。与世界其他海湾NP等污染物的浓度相比,胶州湾属于严重污染地区之一,已经超出了其生物效应临界浓度。研究区域内50％的站位中NP浓度已经超过导致扇贝苗死亡的临界浓度,10％的站位已经超过引起雄性鱼类雌性化的临界浓度。 相似文献
3.
2007年11月在粤西海域采集鱼、虾和螺类等生物样品及表层沉积物样品, 探讨生物体和沉积物中滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)累积水平和各组分的组成规律.调查发现, 沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的总含量分别是4.77ng·g-1和9.06ng·g-1, 沉积物中γ-HCH未检出, 且δ-HCH和β-HCH所占比例较大, 表明粤西沿岸海区近期无新的HCHs输入.沉积物中(DDE+DDD)/T-DDT=0.97≈1, 表明粤西沿岸海区基本上没有新的DDT的输入.生物体内HCHs和DDTs的含量分别为0.84-14.90ng·g-1和0.60-18.40ng·g-1, 其中天竺鲷Apogon cyanosoma和日本对虾Penaeus japonicus中累积的HCHs主要以α-HCH的形式存在, 分别占73.96%和100%, 而纵带箬鳎Brachirus swinhonis、斑节对虾Penaeus monodon和疣荔枝螺Thais clavigera中HCHs的主要存在形式分别是γ-HCH(66.10%)、β-HCH(57.14%)和δ-HCH(61.48%), 这说明不同生物体对HCHs的累积方式存在很大差异;疣荔枝螺、天竺鲷、斑节对虾、日本对虾和纵带箬鳎中的(DDE+DDD)占DDTs总量的百分比分别是100%、100%、91.5%、91.4%和60.5%, 表明这些生物体具有较强的降解DDT能力.各种生物体内DDTs和HCHs的含量都未超过世界卫生组织所规定的食用安全标准, 但是其复合毒性对人类健康的潜在危害值得引起人们的高度关注. 相似文献
4.
新月菱形藻 ,球等鞭金藻 870 1和亚心形扁藻 ,分别用不同浓度的蒽和苯并 [a]芘胁迫72 h,测定三种藻的生长速率 ,叶绿素 a含量。实验表明 ,三种微藻对蒽的敏感性由高到低依次为新月菱形藻、球等鞭金藻 870 1和亚心形扁藻 ,它们 72 h的半抑制浓度 EC50 分别是 0 .0 6 0 mg/L、0 .0 6 5mg/L和 0 .0 94 mg/L。而对苯并 [a]芘的敏感性由高到低依次为亚心形扁藻、新月菱形藻和球等鞭金藻 870 1,它们的 72 h· EC50 分别是 0 .0 76 mg/L、0 .0 88mg/L 和 >0 .10 mg/L(在本实验范围内未测到 )。叶绿素 a含量与各自的相对增长率呈一定的正相关。不同的海洋微藻对蒽和苯并 [a]芘的敏感性不同。 相似文献
5.
采用水生毒理学方法以及通过分析蒽对 2种海洋微藻的几种生理生化指标的影响 ,初步研究了蒽胁迫对 2种海洋微藻的毒性效应。结果表明 :随着蒽浓度的不断增大 ,1 2种海洋微藻的相对增长率逐渐降低 ,叶绿素 a和类胡萝卜素含量稍有下降 ,蒽对小新月菱形藻生长的 72 h· EC50为 2 51μg· L-1 ,蒽对亚心形扁藻生长的 72 h· EC50 为 387μg· L-1 ;2还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH)含量逐渐降低 ;3加入外源性抗氧化剂 (GSH和甘露醇 )可缓解蒽胁迫所造成的 2种海洋微藻的细胞密度的降低 ,即可缓解蒽胁迫对微藻的毒害作用 相似文献
6.
介绍了施加营养修复石油污染海滩的3个典型实例。Exxon Valdez溢油生物修复的研究中发现,以藿烷为内标,施加营养的生物降解速率比石油的自然清除速率快将近5倍。美国特拉华州的现场研究结果表明,孔隙水中维持初始N浓度为1~2 mg/L可以使降解率接近最大值;海滩上N的背景浓度很高时,即使不添加任何肥料,石油烃的生物降解也可接近最大值。英国对细颗粒沉积物的生物修复试验结果显示:在被石油污染的区块上施加营养物质使石油降解菌的数量增加了10倍,石油烃相对于藿烷的比值在施加肥料组和控制组中有显著的不同。此外,还对海滩石油污染生物修复过程中孔隙水中的最佳营养浓度、营养的施加频率及方法进行了综述。 相似文献
7.
以中国近海典型赤潮藻中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)为研究对象,考察不同氧饱和度环境下底栖甲壳动物对有机物在沉积物中降解的影响。通过对比不同氧饱和度培养模拟体系中中肋骨条藻在有/无刀额新对虾(Metapenaeus ensis)幼体活动背景下的降解过程,追踪中肋骨条藻中4种主要脂肪酸(C14:0,C16:0,C16:1(7)和C20:5)在100%,50%,25%和0%的氧饱和度体系中的降解行为。结果表明,100%氧饱和度体系中刀额新对虾幼体的活动能明显加快脂肪酸在沉积物中的降解(约为对照组的1.2~1.7倍),特别是对饱和脂肪酸C14:0和C16:0的作用最为明显;而在50%氧饱和度的缺氧体系中,在前三天的培养中,刀额新对虾幼体的活动逐渐减弱直至最终死亡,死亡之前的扰动增加了有机物在次表层沉积物中的埋藏并降低了其降解速率。研究还发现,在100%氧饱和度体系中,刀额新对虾幼体的扰动作用促进大量脂肪酸转移到次表层沉积物和悬浮颗粒中;而在50%氧饱和度体系中,这种转移作用明显变小。对于氧饱和度25%和0%的环境,刀额新对虾幼体在模拟培养开始后迅速死亡,对有机物质降解几乎没有影响。 相似文献
8.
荧蒽对两种海洋硅藻生长、SOD活力和MDA含量的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用静态实验方法研究了多环芳烃荧蒽对两种海洋硅藻的毒性作用.实验结果表明:荧蒽对中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)的72 h EC50 值分别为:(18±2.9)μg/L和(103±9.1)μg/L;荧蒽的暴露浓度和胁迫时间对中肋骨条藻细胞的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)没有明显影响;荧蒽暴露浓度对三角褐指藻细胞的SOD也没有明显影响,只在短期暴露时间内(36h)明显升高,而后又恢复至原始水平;荧蒽的暴露浓度和胁迫时间对两种海洋硅藻细胞的丙二醛(MDA)含量都有明显影响,表明荧蒽胁迫明显增强了两种海洋硅藻细胞的膜脂质过氧化作用,可能会对藻细胞膜的功能产生一定的影响. 相似文献
9.
在实验室条件下研究了多环芳烃荧蒽和铜对三角褐指藻的单一和联合毒性。结果表明:在本实验所测试的浓度范围内,荧蒽(0~0.315μg/mL)和铜(0~1.262μg/mL)分别对该藻的生长产生了一定的影响,且都呈现较好的剂量-效应关系;其中当荧蒽浓度升高至0.079μg/mL或铜离子浓度升至0.317μg/mL时,开始明显抑制藻种群的增殖。经回归分析求得荧蒽和铜对三角褐指藻的72hEC50分别为(0.103±0.009)μg/mL和(0.531±0.037)μg/mL。在联合毒性实验中,定义0.5×EC50(荧蒽) 0.5×EC50(铜)=1个毒性单位(TU)。荧蒽和铜混合后,对三角褐指藻的72hEC50为(1.093±0.085)TU,其联合毒性效应方式表现为拮抗作用。 相似文献
10.
《海洋地质前沿》2017,(8)
利用气相色谱/质谱方法对三沙湾表层沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)、多环芳烃(PAHs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)进行测定,结果表明,PCBs、PAHs和OCPs的含量均值分别为1.28、61.76和1.18ng/g。与早期研究结果相比,PCBs含量浓度明显降低,表明其污染已得到有效控制;PAHs中高分子量组分普遍存在,通过分析菲/蒽和荧蒽/芘比值,判断其主要来源为燃料的高温燃烧;HCHs和DDTs是主要的有机氯农药污染物,二者的残留特征表明其主要来源为早期历史残留,且表层沉积物受到厌氧微生物降解。总体而言,三沙湾表层沉积物中PCBs、PAHs和OCPs的污染程度及生态风险均处于较低水平。 相似文献
11.
本文以青岛大扁藻 (Platymonassubcordiformis) ,球等鞭金藻 870 1 (Isochrysis galbana870 1 )为试验材料 ,采用水生毒理联合效应指数法 ,比较了 3种多环芳烃 ,蒽 (anthracene) ,并 [a]芘 (benzo[a] pyrene)及 1 ,2 -苯并蒽 (1 ,2 - benzonthracene)单剂和混剂对青岛大扁藻和球等鞭金藻 870 1的急性毒性和联合毒性。实验结果表明 :对青岛大扁藻 ,胁迫 72 h,蒽与苯并 [a]芘的联合及苯并 [a]芘与 1 ,2 -苯并蒽的联合为协同作用 ,蒽与 1 ,2 -苯并蒽的联合及蒽 ,苯并 [a]芘与 1 ,2 -苯并蒽的联合为拮抗作用。对球等鞭金藻 870 1胁迫 72 h,苯并 [a]芘与 1 ,2 -苯并蒽的联合为协同作用 ,其它联合均为拮抗作用。 相似文献
12.
Photoinduced toxicity single and binary mixtures of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Diatom Skeletonema costatum Cleve is one of the main predominant phytoplankton species in the Changjiang Estuary in China. In order to provide some basic information for future assessment of the potential risk on phytoplankton communities in this estuary caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), this alga was selected as a representative to investigate the photoinduced toxicity of PAHs, in single and mixture. Four PAHs including three-ring phenanthrene and anthracene, four-ring fluoranthene and pyrene were tested in the laboratory. The single toxicity of each PAH on this microalga was compared with and without the simulated solar UV radiation. The results showed that this microalga was sensitive to PAH's photoinduced toxicity. Ratios of the 72 h median effect concentration obtained for fluorescent and UV light tests were about 8.4 for phenanthrene, 13.0 for anthracene, 6.5 for fluoranthene, and 5.7 for pyrene, indicating that UV light enhanced the PAH toxicity to this alga significantly. Under the fluorescent radiation (lacking UV), the dose-response curves based on chemical concentrations revealed that the order of toxic strength was fluoranthene greater than pyrene greater than anthracene greater than phenanthrene; while under the UV radiation (476 μW/cm2 for UVA, 6.5 μW/cm2 for UVB) it became fluoranthene approximately equaling anthracene greater than pyrene greater than phenanthrene, indicating that the UV light also changed its relative toxicity to this alga. The photoinduced toxicity of PAHs to the marine diatom S. costatum might be a synergistic effect of photosensitization reactions (e.g., generation of single-state oxygen) and photomodification (photooxidation and/or photolysis).The combined effects of six binary mixtures on the marine diatom S. costatum were investigated using the additive-index method. Four binary-mixtures (phenanthrene plus anthracene; phenanthrene plus pyrene; anthracene plus fluoranthene; anthracene plus pyrene) were found to be synergistic joint action mode, while two binary-mixtures (phenanthrene plus fluoranthene; fluoranthene plus pyrene) displayed antagonist, revealing a complex pattern of possible interactions. The combined action mode of PAHs might be related to various factors such as the mixture compounds, mixture ratios and test conditions, etc. 相似文献
13.
Sewage disposal is a major environmental issue in both developed and developing countries and removal of pollutants such as organic matter, nutrients, heavy metals and persistent organic compounds is required to protect the environment. Novel biological systems using constructed mangrove wetland and immobilized microalgal beads have been developed as alternative systems for treating different types of sewage and pollution at source. The feasibility and efficiency of constructed mangrove wetland to remove organic matter and nutrients from primary settled municipal sewage were demonstrated through a series of greenhouse experiments and a pilot-scale field trial. The treatment efficiency of constructed mangrove wetland was comparable to, or higher than, the conventional constructed wetland. An immobilized microalgal system was developed to remove toxic persistent pollutants from industrial wastewater. Pollutant-resistant microalgal species were selected for culture in domestic wastewater. The harvested biomass was immobilized in alginate beads. Bench-scale experiments showed the algal beads were effective in removing industrial pollutants such as heavy metals (e.g. Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, etc.), organometallic compounds (e.g. tributyltin, TBT), and persistent organic compounds (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs) through biosorption and biodegradation. The adsorbed metals could be recovered by desorption process, and the beads could be used repeatedly for many adsorption–desorption cycles. 相似文献
14.
The scope of this work was to evaluate the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their possible sources in two shallow sediment cores from an estuarine area located in the south region of Brazil, the Guaratuba Bay. The estuary is encompassed by an Environmental Protection Area (EPA) of 1306 km2, which is still considered to be pristine, despite recent urban growth. To assess levels of 14 selected PAHs in the sediments, among those listed as “priority pollutants” by the US Environmental Protection Agency, the cores were divided in several sections, followed by extraction, clean-up, fractionation and subsequent analysis using HPLC coupled to a fluorescence detector. Among the PAHs detected, phenanthrene and fluoranthene showed the highest concentrations. PAHs with more than four rings were usually present in low concentrations or were undetectable. To assist in the identification of possible sources, the ratios An/(An + Phe) and Flt/(Flt + Py) (anthracene to anthracene plus phenanthrene and fluoranthene to fluoranthene plus pyrene) and a PCA model were also used. Total concentrations of PAHs ranged between 1.5 and 3130 ng/g (mean 495) dry weight for the core collected in the inner part of the estuary, and between 78.5 and 3270 ng/g (mean 899) dry weight for the other core, collected in the outer part. Compared to values found in other studies in coastal zones along South American eastern margin, this area can be considered to range from low polluted to moderately polluted. From the data, it was also possible to conclude that there is predominance of petroleum sources, and essentially close to the more urbanised areas. Combustion sources have only minor contribution and are episodic, when compared to the latter. 相似文献
15.
Zhang Zulin Hong Huasheng Khalid Maskaoui Chen Weiqi Zhou Junliang Xu Li 《海洋学报(英文版)》2000,19(3):93-102
I~IOXAmong a large number of man-made chemicals, organochlorines such as DDTs, HCHs (hexachlorobenzene) are of great concern due to their highly bioaccumulative nature and toxic biological effects. These chemicals are persistent in nature, can biomagnify in the food web and imalvarious toxic effects in marine mammals. They can cause abnormal thyroid function in Herringgull, feminising in western gull, and can impair Avian reproduction, among other deleterious effects (Carmichael, 1988).Th… 相似文献
16.
Effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on the hepatic cytochrome P450 1A1 system in rainbow trout 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Effects on the hepatic cytochrome P450 1A1 system were investigated in juvenile rainbow trout i.p. injected with three different aromatic containing fractions: kerosene, light gas oil or heavy gas oil, originated from distilled North Sea crude oil. Kerosene treatment resulted in no effect on the P450 1A1 system, light gas oil injection caused a weak induction of EROD activities and heavy gas oil treatment resulted in a prominent induction of EROD activities as well as accumulation of CYP1A1 mRNA and P450 1A1 protein levels. The effects of heavy gas oil were compared with effects of β-napthoflavone (β-NF) on the P450 1A1 system. It was obvious that important discrepancies seemed to exist between EROD activities and corresponding CYP1A1 mRNA and P450 1A1 levels in rainbow trout treated with either heavy gas oil or β-NF i.e. heavy gas oil treatment resulted in higher specific EROD activities (EROD/P450 1A1) compared to β-NF. GC-MS analyses revealed that liver and bile from heavy gas oil treated rainbow trout in addition to naphthalene also contained polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as phenanthrenes, anthracene, pyrenes, fluoranthene benz(a)anthracene and chrysene, while none of these compounds were detected in control trout. 相似文献
17.
《Marine environmental research》1987,22(1):1-18
Data on hydrocarbons, PCBs and total DDT in muscle, liver and gonads of Mullas barbatus. Trachurus trachurus, Merluccius merluccius, Engraulis enchrasicholus and Micromesistius poutassou collected along the Catalan Coast (NW Mediterrenean) are reported for the first time. The species and the collection sites—off Barcelona to the north (Palamôs) and to the south (Ehro Delta)—were selected for the assessment of the effects of coastal pollutant sources on commercially valuable organisms.Mullus barbatus reflects the influence of local sources, and is therefore a useful bioindicator for organic pollutants. Despite some scattering of the results, concentrations are in general of the same order of magnitude for juvenile and adult specimens, although the pollutants considered exhibit different biological fates. Hydrocarbons are accumulated primarily in liver, whereas organochlorinated compounds are accumulated in gonads. Liver and muscle contents could reflect acute and chronic pollutants inputs respectively. The accumulation in muscle is more important for aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons than for the saturated ones, which are probably metabolized in the liver. 相似文献
18.
Almeida DV Trindade GS Geracitano LA Barros DM Monserrat JM Marins LF 《Marine environmental research》2008,66(1):158-160
19.
海绵来源真菌Aspergillus sp BH4次级代谢产物的初步研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究1株来源于海绵的真菌Aspergillus sp BH4的次级代谢产物，该菌的发酵产物具有细胞毒活性。采用硅胶柱色谱、制备薄层色谱及重结晶方法，对其活性组分一乙酸乙酯提取物的化学成分进行分离纯化，结合文献及NMR，MS波谱数据确定了4个单体化合物的结构。 相似文献
20.
鉴于溢油及其风化产物的组分复杂性,本文应用计算毒理学方法对溢油中的主要毒性特征污染物进行甄选。首先结合美国溢油事件中的主要污染物分类方法,针对溢油事故的潜在特征污染物进行持久性、生物富集性和毒性判别,然后建立基于密度泛函理论(DFT)分子结构参数的定量结构-活性相关模型,尝试筛选出海洋溢油事故的12种特征污染物,包括3种多环芳烃(PAHs)、8种烷基化PAHs及1种PAH的氧化衍生物。本文首次应用DFT方法进行溢油中特征污染物的甄选研究,研究结果可为海洋环境管理部门在溢油污染物监管和灾后处置等方面提供参考。 相似文献