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1.
Jun Korenaga 《地学学报》2008,20(6):419-439
The chemical composition of the bulk silicate Earth (BSE) indicates that the present‐day thermal budget of Earth is likely to be characterized by a significant excess of surface heat loss over internal heat generation, indicating an important role of secular cooling in Earth’s history. When combined with petrological constraints on the degree of secular cooling, this thermal budget places a tight constraint on permissible heat‐flow scaling for mantle convection, along with implications for the operation of plate tectonics on Earth, the history of mantle plumes and flood basalt magmatism, and the origin and evolution of Earth’s oceans. In the presence of plate tectonics, hotter mantle may have convected more slowly because it generates thicker dehydrated lithosphere, which could slow down subduction. The intervals of globally synchronous orogenies are consistent with the predicted variation of plate velocity for the last 3.6 Gyr. Hotter mantle also produces thicker, buoyant basaltic crust, and the subductability of oceanic lithosphere is a critical factor regarding the emergence of plate tectonics before the Proterozoic. Moreover, sluggish convection in the past is equivalent to reduced secular cooling, thus suggesting a more minor role of mantle plumes in the early Earth. Finally, deeper ocean basins are possible with slower plate motion in the past, and Earth’s oceans in the Archean is suggested to have had about twice as much water as today, and the mantle may have started as dry and have been gradually hydrated by subduction. The global water cycle may thus be dominated by regassing, rather than degassing, pointing towards the impact origin of Earth’s oceans, which is shown to be supported by the revised composition of the BSE. 相似文献
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3.
中国及邻近陆域海域地球内部三维结构及动力学研究 总被引：27，自引：3，他引：24
根据国内外最新地球物理和其它地学资料,采用多学科多手段进行综合反演,建立中国及邻区高分辨率地球三维结构模型,为地学各领域提供高精度多参数地球三维模型数据库。对中国及邻近陆域海域岩石圈软流圈结构,过渡带以下直至核幔边界的地幔速度三维分布进行研究。探讨东亚及西太平洋边缘海板块运动、地幔对流、圈层耦合及物质运移等深部动力学问题。对中国大陆及边缘海各地块的结构及相互作用,特别是有关中国东部及边缘海岩石圈拉张减薄、西部岩石圈汇聚增厚的深部动力学过程作了探讨。 相似文献
4.
The previously stated ideas of hierarchical geodynamic cyclicity [42] and geodynamics of hierarchically subordinate geospheres [13] are compared in detail. The convective geodynamic system of the first rank (GS-1) that functions throughout the mantle and crust beneath the entire surface of the Earth corresponds to the geodynamic cycle of the first rank (GC-1, or the Wilson cycle). The geodynamic system of the second rank (GS-2) that embraces the mantle and crust only beneath oceans corresponds to the geodynamic cycle of the second rank (GC-2, or the Bertrand cycle). The geodynamic system of the third rank (GS-3) functioning in the tectonosphere (asthenosphere + lithosphere) in zones of elevated heat flow (spreading, subduction, and collision zones) is brought into the line with the geodynamic cycle of the third rank (GC-3, or the Stille cycle). The geodynamic system of the fourth rank (GS-4) that embraces the sedimentary cover of mobile belts corresponds to the geodynamic cycle of the fourth rank (GC-4) (the phase cycle of increasing and decreasing intensity of folding and thrusting). This hierarchy controlled by internal endogenic factors, above all, by the heat flow from the Earth’s core and internal sources within the mantle, is supplemented by the geodynamic system of the zeroth rank (GS-0) that embraces the entire Earth and that is controlled by external rotational factors, primarily, the tidal effect of the Moon. The GS-0 is characterized by interference of the permanent westward and meridional (southward and northward, alternately) continental drift in frames of the zeroth geodynamic cycle (GC-0) twice as long as the Wilson cycle (GC-1). An attempt is made to connect cyclicity of various ranks with periodic excitation and waning of convection in a geosphere of the respective rank. The convective geospheres progressively grew downward in the course of geologic history. Only the GS-3 functioned in the Archean, embracing tectonosphere and creating greenstone belts around the gray-gneiss islands with gradual accretion of these belts and the formation of the granite-greenstone continent (Pangea-0). In the Paleoproterozoic, the process spread over the entire upper mantle with switching Rayleigh-Benard polygonal convection expressed in pure form as granulite belts along the polygon perimeters that bounded the protoplatform blocks. The contemporaneous limited convection in the lower mantle (GS-1) led to some divergence of these blocks and formation of minor oceans and their subsequent closure, resulting in the formation of Pangea-1. This tendency developed further in the Mesoproterozoic and completed with the formation of Pangea-2 (Rodinia). Afterward, in the Neogean, the cyclic-hierarchical geodynamics started to work in full as described above. 相似文献
5.
大陆岩石圈研究进展 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
从地震学、地球化学、岩石学等不同学科的角度,对大陆岩石圈研究进展做了简要介绍。不同学科的最新研究成果表明,岩石圈在热状态、化学成分和力学行为等方面具有高度非均匀性。这不仅表现为岩石圈性质和结构随深度的变化,而且还反映在不同时代、大陆与海洋以及克拉通和造山带岩石圈结构特征的显著差异上。性质和结构的差异体现了岩石圈形成和长期演化过程的复杂性。我们认为,不同岩石圈块体之间、岩石圈与深部对流地幔之间普遍存在着相互作用。这种相互作用被认为是稳定克拉通岩石圈遭受改造甚至破坏的深部机制,同时还是地球深、浅部物质交换的重要方式,因而显著影响着地球深部的对流和地表的构造过程。值得注意的是,由于岩石圈本身定义的模糊性及其厚度的不确定性,地震活动与岩石圈强度之间的关系以及大陆岩石圈演化的规律性等问题仍有待于进一步的研究和探索。 相似文献
6.
五十年前板块构造理论的诞生是地球科学领域的一场革命,它为理解地球如何运作构建了基本框架。过去五十年对该理论的进一步研究告诉我们地质过程最终都是地球热损失的结果。例如,大洋岩石圈板块在洋中脊形成,其运动和增生以及最终通过俯冲带进入地幔导致地幔冷却降温,从而导致大规模的地幔对流。亦即,板块构造的直接驱动力是俯冲大洋岩石圈板块的下沉力。因此,没有俯冲带就没有板块构造,但是俯冲带如何开始仍然有争议。对俯冲起始的研究从未中断,有数值模拟也有地质推断。2014年在西太平洋用三个IODP航次(350、351和352)来检验“自发”和“诱发”俯冲开始的想法。所有这些努力都值得肯定,但这些是无法检验的想法。无法检验意味着没有结果。本文介绍至今唯一可用地质学方法检验的假说,亦即“岩石圈内横向物质组成差异导致的浮力差是俯冲带形成的起因”。这种浮力差位于海底高原的边部和被动大陆边缘,因此这些部位是未来俯冲带起始的必然轨迹。在远离这些部位的正常洋盆内因缺乏浮力差而俯冲带不可能起始。换句话说,“所有岛弧一定有大陆(或海底高原)基底”,这可以通过采集和研究岛弧基底岩石来验证。 相似文献
7.
In the early Earth, accretionary impact heating, including collision with a large, Mars-sized object, decay of short-lived radioisotopes, and (after an initial thermal run-up) continuous segregation of the liquid Fe–Ni core resulted in extensive the melting of the silicate mantle and in the formation of a near-surface magma mush ocean. Progressive, continuous degassing and chemical–gravitational differentiation of the crust–mantle system accompanied this Hadean stage, and has gradually lessened during the subsequent cooling of the planet. Mantle and core overturn was vigorous in the Hadean Earth, reflecting deep-seated chemical heterogeneities and concentrations of primordial heat. Hot, bottom-up mantle convection, including voluminous plume ascent, efficiently rid the planet of much thermal energy, but gradually decreased in importance with the passage of time. Formation of lithospheric scum began when planetary surface temperatures fell below those of basalt and peridotite solidi. Thickening and broadening of lithospheric plates are inferred from the post-Hadean rock record. Developmental stages of mantle circulation included: (a) 4.5–4.4 Ga, early, chaotic magma ocean circulation involving an incipient or pre-plate regime; (b) 4.4–2.7 Ga, growth of small micro-oceanic and microcontinental platelets, all returned to the mantle prior to 4.0 Ga, but increasing in size and progressively suturing sialic crust-capped lithospheric amalgams at and near the surface over time; (c) 2.7–1.0 Ga, assembly of cratons surmounting larger, supercontinental plates; and (d) 1.0 Ga–present, modern, laminar-flowing asthenospheric cells capped by gigantic, Wilson-cycle lithospheric plates. Restriction of komatiitic lavas to the Archean, and of ophiolite complexes ± alkaline igneous rocks, high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic terranes to progressively younger Proterozoic–Phanerozoic orogenic belts supports the idea that planetary thermal relaxation promoted the increasingly negative buoyancy of cooler oceanic lithosphere. The Thickening of oceanic plates enhanced the gravitational instability and the consequent overturn of the outer Earth as cold, top-down oceanic mantle convection. The scales and dynamics of deep-seated asthenospheric circulation, and of lithospheric foundering + shallow asthenospheric return flow evidently have evolved gradually over geologic time in response to the progressive cooling of the Earth. 相似文献
8.
V. P. Trubitsyn 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2012,445(2):1025-1028
This paper presents the numerical models built for convection in a three-component mantle with heavy matter in the form of the D“ layer and a light highly viscous supercontinent. The models explain deformation of the heavy layer by mantle flows with hot provinces concentrating on the mantle bottom. The role played by supercontinents in plume generation is also explained, as well as the regularities of how plumes, which produce hot spots, traps, and basaltic plateaus on the Earth’s surface and ore diamond deposits in the lithosphere, are generated on the mantle bottom. 相似文献
9.
华南地区岩石圈三维结构类型与演化动力学 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
从地球层块结构研究思路出发,对华南及邻区天然地震面波层析成像进行系统地构造解析,发现岩石圈中下部存在形态各异,大小不等的高速块体,结合地质学、地球化学、其它地球物理学标志等多学科综合研究,将其称为幔块构造。研究显示高速块体或幔块构造是华南地区岩石圈构造格局和岩石圈表层构造变形最基本条件之一。首次建立起华南地区岩石圈三种三维几何结构样式:克拉通陆根状结构、造山带楔状结构和碎块状结构,以及岩石圈三类构造演化类型:克拉通型岩石圈、增厚型岩石圈和减薄型岩石圈(弱减薄型岩石圈及强减薄型岩石圈)。本文在论述华南岩石圈三维结构构造类型基本特征基础上,首次探讨了华南地区软流圈三维结构以及该区岩石圈演化动力学特征。 相似文献
10.
A. V. Zubovich V. I. Makarov S. I. Kuzikov O. I. Mosienko G. G. Shchelochkov 《Geotectonics》2007,41(1):13-25
The results of longstanding GPS measurements in the northwestern part of Central Asia are discussed. These results impose certain constraints for modeling of intraplate tectonic processes. In the territory covered by observations, the velocity vectors of recent motions of the Earth’s surface relative to the stable portion of Eurasia decrease northward. The plane field of velocities, which rules out the development of extension zones, indicates the impossibility of the mountain building driven by ascending mantle flows beneath the lithosphere of these regions. The nonuniform spatial distribution of the motions is suggestive of the discrete character of the Earth’s crust and its deformation. The crust is brittle, at least in its upper part, and capable of breaking into blocks. The blocks, which move at different velocities, interact with one another and change their original orientation and position, while experiencing independent deformations. This phenomenon has been exemplified in the Tarim Block and the Tien Shan. Within the limits of the constraints imposed by the GPS measurements, the mechanism of intracontinental mountain building related to the lateral flow of asthenospheric material and to the drag of the overlying lithospheric layers is discussed. This mechanism springs from Argand’s ideas [2, 29] and the plate tectonic concept [10, 23]. The upper-mantle convective flow in the direction of the Indian Plate’s motion was the main cause of the crustal deformation. The detachment of the lithospheric mantle from the Indian Plate approximately 25 Ma ago and its subduction beneath the Himalayas and Tibet, along with simultaneous ascent of the remaining crust and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, allowed the mantle flow to spread far northward beneath the Asian continent. This process is accompanied by consecutive separation and sinking of the cooling asthenospheric material over the entire area from the Himalayas to Siberia as the subcrustal material cools. As a result, the flow velocity decreases, the roof of the active flow plunges, and the lithosphere becomes thicker. The motion and deformation of the lithospheric layers dragged by deep flow cannot follow the asthenospheric flow strictly, owing to the rigidity of the layers. Therefore, a difference of tangential velocities originates between the flow and the lithosphere, thus giving rise to horizontal shear stresses. These stresses affect the overlying lithospheric layers, including the crustal ones, and bring about their drag and tectonic delamination. Simultaneously, the decreasing velocity in the direction of the mantle flow results in bending of the lithospheric layers that is accompanied by local warping of the crust and its stacking and fragmentation into blocks. The different velocities of block motions lead to their mechanical interactions. This scenario of intracontinental mountain building allows an explanation of the many specific features of tectonic processes and orogeny in within-plate mountainous regions. 相似文献
11.
壳-幔动力学与活化构造(地洼)理论 总被引：9，自引：9，他引：0
陈胜早 《大地构造与成矿学》2005,29(1):87-98
壳-幔动力学是地球内部物理学和大地构造演化的重要研究方向之一。本文从地球物理角度出发,以物理概念和数学描述相结合的定量方式,对陈国达院士生前所创建的活化构造(地洼)理论研究中的某些地球深部动力学问题进行了较系统的综合评述和探讨。主要论题包括岩石圈的性质与物理学、地幔流变学、重力与均衡理论、地球的温度和热传递,诸如热传导、物质的物理运动所引起的热传输、地球内部的热对流及地幔柱的形成和作用等。作者特别强调了构造演化的定量分析问题,如热时间常数、热应力与其它力源、水平运动与垂直运动的关系,以及地壳断裂作用。岩石圈的构造作用与演化是与深部热运动有关的水平 (压缩和扩张)应力和由地壳厚度差异所导致的垂直应力差的共同结果。热应力的构造意义主要表现为短时间尺度的脆性断裂或柔性应变松弛过程。局部对流机制对活化构造(地洼)研究值得重视。 相似文献
12.
Doklady Earth Sciences - A model of the Earth’s cooling, which describes the formation of a solid core, is considered. Its formation enhances the convection due to additional energy sources... 相似文献
13.
蛇绿岩型金刚石和铬铁矿深部成因 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
地球上的原生金刚石主要有3种产出类型,分别来自大陆克拉通下的深部地幔金伯利岩型金刚石、板块边界深俯冲变质岩中超高压变质型金刚石,和陨石坑中的陨石撞击型金刚石。在全球5个造山带的10处蛇绿岩的地幔橄榄岩或铬铁矿中均发现金刚石和其他超高压矿物的基础上,我们提出地球上一种新的天然金刚石产出类型,命名为蛇绿岩型金刚石。认为蛇绿岩型金刚石普遍存在于大洋岩石圈的地幔橄榄岩中,并提出蛇绿岩型金刚石和铬铁矿的深部成因模式。认为早期俯冲的地壳物质到达地幔过渡带(410~660 km深度)后被肢解,加入到周围的强还原流体和熔体中,当熔融物质向上运移到地幔过渡带顶部,铬铁矿和周围的地幔岩石以及流体中的金刚石等深部矿物一并结晶,之后,携带金刚石的铬铁矿和地幔岩石被上涌的地幔柱带至浅部,经历了洋盆的拉张和俯冲阶段,最终在板块边缘就位。 相似文献
14.
六十年代以来,由于卫星重力测量和计算技术的迅速发展,有些研究者,如Runcorn(1967)和Liu(1976-1980),根据卫星重力数据计算获得地幔对流及其应力场图象来研究全球板块构造和区域构造。愈来愈多的事实表明,构造运动不仅是地壳和岩石圈层物质运动的表现,而更重要的是地幔物质运动的反映。因此,本文应用作者计算获得的岩石圈层下面地幔流运动图象与大地构造及近代构造运动的资料相对比,探索我国岩石圈层下的地幔对流格局形成及其对构造运动的影响。 相似文献
15.
地球系统多圈层构造观的基本内涵 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
地球系统多圈层构造观的基本点是,把地球作为一个活的天体放在宇宙系统之中,更多地考虑地球深部壳-幔-核之间的相互作用,考虑地外天体对地球运动的作用和影响。这一构造观认为:构造运动并不仅仅是岩石圈板块之间的相互作用,而是地球系统的全球动力作用过程;陆与洋是对立统一相互转化的,单纯的大陆增生说是不正确的;地幔对流说至今未被证实,陆块是活动的,但不能大规模漂移;大陆地壳不是单纯地侧向或垂向增生,而是多旋回构造-岩浆作用叠合的产物;地球的构造不是均变式向前发展,而是非均变、非线性、旋回式向前演化的;地球表层在不同地史阶段,均有其受相应深断裂体系控制的不同的构造格局,大西洋-印度洋-太平洋式大洋盆体制,只是在中生代晚期以来才出现的。 相似文献
16.
The Earth was born from a giant impact at 4.56 Ga. It is generally thought that the Earth subsequently cooled, and hence shrunk, over geologic time. However, if the Earth's convection was double-layered, there must have been a peak of expansion during uni-directional cooling. We computed the expansion-contraction effect using first principles mineral physics data. The result shows a radius about 120 km larger than that of the present Earth immediately after the consolidation of the magma-ocean on the surface, and subsequent shrinkage of about 110 km in radius within about 10 m.y., followed by gradual expansion of 11 km in radius due to radiogenic heating in the lower mantle in spite of cooling in the upper mantle in the Archean. This was due to double-layered convection in the Archean with final collapse of overturn with contraction of about 8 km in radius, presumably by the end of the Archean. Since then, the Earth has gradually cooled down to reduce its radius by around 12 km. Geologic evidence supports the late Archean mantle overturn ca. 2.6 Ga, such as the global distribution of super-liquidus flood basalts on nearly all cratonic fragments (>35 examples). If our inference is correct, the surface environment of the Earth must have undergone extensive volcanism and emergence of local landmasses, because of the thin ocean cover (3–5 km thickness). Global unconformity appeared in cratonic fragments with stromatolite back to 2.9 Ga with a peak at 2.6 Ga. The global magmatism brought extensive crustal melting to yield explosive felsic volcanism to transport volcanic ash into the stratosphere during the catastrophic mantle overturn. This event seems to be recorded by sulfur mass-independent fractionation (SMIF) at 2.6 Ga. During the mantle overturn, a number of mantle plumes penetrated into the upper mantle and caused local upward doming of by ca. 2–3 km which raised local landmasses above sea-level. The consequent increase of atmospheric oxygen enabled life evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes by 2.1 Ga, or even earlier in the Earth history. 相似文献
17.
M.I. Kuzmin V.V. Yarmolyuk A.B. Kotov N.A. Goryachev 《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2018,59(12):1535-1547
The paper is focused on the evolution of the Earth starting with the planetary accretion and differentiation of the primordial material (similar in composition to CI chondrites) into the core and mantle and the formation of the Moon as a result of the impact of the Earth with a smaller cosmic body. The features of the Hadean eon (ca. 4500–4000 Ma) are described in detail. Frequent meteorite-asteroid bombardments which the Earth experienced in the Hadean could have caused the generation of mafic/ultramafic primary magmas. These magmas also differentiated to produce some granitic magmas, from which zircons crystallized. The repeated meteorite bombardments destroyed the protocrust, which submerged into the mantle to remelt, leaving refractory zircons, indicators of the Early Earth’s geologic conditions, behind.The mantle convection that started in the Archean could possibly be responsible for the Earth’s subsequent endogenous evolution. Long-living deep-seated mantle plumes could have promoted the generation of basalt-komatiitic crust, which, thickening, could have submerged into the mantle as a result of sagduction, where it remelted. Partial melting of the thick crust, leaving eclogite as a residue, could have yielded tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) melts. TTG rocks are believed to compose the Earth’s protocrust. Banded iron bodies, the only mineral deposits of that time, were produced in the oceans that covered the Earth.This environment, recognized as LID tectonics combined with plume tectonics, probably existed on the Earth prior to the transitional period, which was marked by a series of new geologic processes and led to a modern-style tectonics, involving plate tectonics and plume tectonics mechanisms, by 2 Ga. The transitional period was likely to be initiated at about 3.4 Ga, with the segregation of outer and inner cores, which terminated by 3.1 Ga. Other rocks series (calc-alkaline volcanic and intrusive) rather than TTGs were produced at that time. Beginning from 3.4-3.3 Ga, mineral deposits became more diverse; noble and siderophile metal occurrences were predominant among ore deposits. Carbonatites, hosting rare-metal mineralization, could have formed only by 2.0 Ga. From 3.1 to 2.7 Ga, there was a period of “small-plate” tectonics and first subduction and spreading processes, which resulted in the first supercontinent by 2.7 Ga. Its amalgamation indicates the start of superplume-supercontinent cycles.Between 2.7 and 2.0 Ga, the D″ layer formed at the core-mantle interface. It became a kind of thermal regulator for the ascending already tholeiitic mantle plume magmas. All deep-seated layers of the Earth and large low-velocity shear provinces, called mantle hot fields, partially melted enriched EM-I and EM-II mantles, and the depleted recent asthenosphere mantle, which is parental for midocean-ridge basalts, were finally generated by 2 Ga. Therefore, an interaction of all Earth’s layers began from that time. 相似文献
18.
Venus is similar to the Earth in size， mass， composition and distance to the sun. However， Venus has neither plate tectonics nor dynamo that exists on the Earth. The lithosphere of Venus is very thick based on its topography and gravity. The admittance and correlation between Venusian geoid and topography are very high， suggesting that they are strongly influenced by the internal dynamical process of Venus. Analyses show that there may be 10 Hawaii-like mantle plumes in Venusian mantle. Data from Venus Express has shown evidence for recent active volcanism among several of these plumes. The distribution of impact craters on Venus shows that Venusian surface has a young age and the age is averaged about 500 Ma， suggesting that Venus may have experienced a global resurfacing event. However， whether this resurfacing is catastrophic or equilibrium is still under debate. It is also unclear whether Venus had plate tectonics in the past， is it always in stagnant lid regime， or might it have an entirely different mode？In general， the style of mantle convection on Venus is quite different from that of the Earth which is manifested by the plate tectonics. Here we reviewed the main observations including gravity， topography and surface tectonics which provide constrains on the interior structure and dynamics of Venus， and recent advance in the interior structure and dynamics of Venus. This review aims to provide new insights into the interior dynamics of Venus. 相似文献
19.
We examine the formation of the Michigan Basin in terms of elastic flexure of the lithosphere. The shape of the flexure accurately determines the flexural rigidity of the lithosphere and the lateral extent of the load responsible for the flexure. The amplitude of differential subsidence then gives the magnitude of the load. Gravity anomalies in the southern peninsula of Michigan further restrain the dimensions of the load. We propose a model for the formation of the Michigan Basin involving mantle diapirs. We suggest that the first stage in its evolution was diapiric penetration of the lithosphere by hot asthenospheric mantle rock to the vicinity of the Moho. The heating of the lower crust by these hot rocks caused the transformation of lower crust, meta-stable gabbroic rocks to eclogite. Initially the lighter mantle rocks nearly balanced the heavier eclogite. As the mantle rocks cooled by conduction, the basin subsided under the load of the eclogite. The thermal contraction mechanism is supported by evidence that the flexural rigidity of the lithosphere increases with time. This is the effect of thickening of the elastic lithosphere as cooling progresses. 相似文献
20.
The Late Cenozoic geodynamics of the Alpine-Himalayan belt comprised the collision between continental-lithosphere plates and blocks and the effect of the Neo-Tethyan active residual asthenosphere, which reached the northern margin of the belt after the ocean had closed. From the late Eocene to the early Pliocene, strong deformation, lateral migrations of flaked plates, metamorphism, and magmatism (they all consolidated the crust) took place in the lithosphere with the participation of mobile asthenospheric components. In the Pliocene–Quaternary, the asthenosphere beneath the consolidated crust partly replaced the dense mantle lithosphere with remaining paleoocean mafic rocks, which subducted into the mantle. Phase transformations and deformations in the subducting metamafic slabs caused mantle earthquakes. The less compact metamafic rocks experienced metamorphic weakening under the effect of the asthenosphere and incorporated into the Earth’s crust. The upper-mantle and lower-crust weakening led to a drastic intensification of uplifting and the formation of mountain ranges. Recent volcanism is also attributed to the activity of the Neo-Tethyan asthenosphere. 相似文献