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1.
选取2016—2017年乌鲁木齐机场冬季浓雾个例,根据浓雾出现时环流形势分为槽后—脊前和偏西气流弱短波两类,进一步分析微波辐射计监测气象要素变化,结果表明浓雾出现、持续、结束与气象要素变化紧密相关:90%浓雾个例出现在综合水汽含量持续下降阶段,浓雾出现前1 h综合水汽含量降幅0.1~1.5 kg/m2。浓雾出现前1 h近地面相对湿度增幅5%~15%,浓雾出现时近地面空气相对湿度出现90%以上的湿区,多数出现相对湿度为95%以上的湿区,并向垂直方向扩展、接地;近地面相对湿度为95%以上的湿区消失,主导能见度好转。浓雾出现前30~60 min近地面探空气温持续降温,同时出现贴地逆温层,500~1500 m高度探空气温增温出现更早;浓雾结束前形成脱地逆温层,近地面出现等温层或减温层;浓雾结束时近地面增温,或近地面等温层或减温层高度达到300 m以上。 相似文献
2.
江苏沿海高速公路低能见度浓雾的气候特征和影响因子研究 总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0
文章对2012年6月至2014年6月期间发生于江苏省沿海高速公路的浓雾过程(能见度0.5 km)进行统计分析,探讨了低能见度浓雾的气候特征、气象要素变化以及主要环流形势背景。研究结果表明:(1)低能见度浓雾月分布次数有显著差异,3-6月、12月至次年2月雾发生次数最高,春、冬季高于夏、秋季;03:00-05:00为低能见度生成的高峰时段,08:00左右为消散峰值时段。(2)能见度低于0.5 km后,如果相对湿度继续增大到97%左右、温度处于0~4℃、风速在0~2 m·s~(-1)、风向在ENE-SSE,能见度可能继续下降到0.2 km以下。(3)对150366个样本的环流背景统计分析表明,中北部路段的低能见度天气大多数是由锋前雾引起的,主要出现在中低层暖区域内,地面为冷锋前部弱气压场的环流条件下。全路段大面积低能见度天气由辐射雾和平流雾造成,辐射雾天气形势主要是高层为下沉气流,配合地面受弱高压或高压南下;平流雾出现在中低层暖性系统,地面位于入海高压后部或低压倒槽东侧,低层盛行偏东风或东南风。(4)"象鼻型"先期振荡现象适用于沿海高速公路低能见度预报过程,尤其对能见度稳定维持0.2 km以下的浓雾过程有很好的预警和监测作用。 相似文献
3.
利用常规气象观测数据、NCEP再分析资料和WRF4.0中尺度数值模式，对2019年12月8—15日新疆天山北坡出现的一次持续性大雾天气的成因进行分析。结果表明：此次大雾天气出现在500 hPa新疆脊控制、850 hPa暖中心维持、地面蒙古冷高压影响的环流背景下。雾开始和维持阶段，地面1 200 m存在逆温强度为0.9℃/100 m的强逆温层，为大雾的形成和维持提供了静力稳定条件；大雾一般出现在辐射降温最明显的傍晚前后；大雾天气出现后2 m气温和地面温度温差始终维持在5℃左右，地、气温差使地面积雪一直升华，为大雾天气持续提供了充足的水汽条件；近地层大气一直存在2.0 m/s以下的微风，形成的湍流维持了雾滴悬浮的平衡状态。当逆温层中上层出现6～10 m/s偏东风时，雾层厚度增加；中上层风速过大或地面～600 m风向一致时，雾减弱或消散。 相似文献
4.
利用常规观测资料、微波辐射仪和风廓线仪等资料对2007年10月25～27日期间雾天气过程进行分析。结果表明:(1)此次雾天气过程是在大的天气背景下形成的,高低空和地面形势均有利于雾形成和维持;(2)微波辐射仪反演产品可以清楚地看出高低空湿度的配置以及雾维持的机理;(3)进一步分析温湿特点可以看出,地面温度、2 000 m高度下的逆温厚度和最大强度变化与能见度、雾、浓雾、强浓雾之间的转换关系密切;雾出现对应地面降温幅度最大,雾期间有逆温(特别是贴地逆温);雾期间地面相对湿度均在83%以上,浓雾在90%以上,强浓雾在97%以上;雾刚生成并没有液态水,1 h后出现液态水,在天气系统接近前均是100 m高度上液态水含量最大;(4)雾期间边界层内600～700 m高度以下,水平风速比较小,在600 m高度上下水平风速切变很明显;(5)雾过程期间边界层维持微弱的上升和下沉运动。 相似文献
5.
基于国家气象信息中心冬季(12月—次年2月)逐日气温和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用非滤波方法提取10~30 d低频成分,分析了1979—2011年中国低频气温及与之关联的大气环流特征,着重讨论了乌拉尔山环流对中国冬季地面低频气温的影响。结果表明:1)全国气温第一模态呈现全国大部偏冷(暖)的空间分布型;典型年气温10~30 d低频方差贡献率占30%以上。2)北大西洋到极地、乌拉尔山及贝加尔湖地区环流异常与中国冬季气温异常显著相关。当极涡偏弱或北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation,NAO)正异常,乌拉尔山地区高压脊偏强时,有利于地面贝加尔湖附近的冷高压加强,使中国冬季气温偏冷;反之亦然。3)中国冬季低频气温与乌拉尔山环流密切相关,且当乌拉尔山环流异常超前约15 d时,两者相关关系最好。即乌拉尔山高度场的加强有利于乌拉尔山高压脊及西伯利亚高压加强,对应东亚冬季风加强,导致中国冬季气温偏低。 相似文献
6.
京津塘高速公路秋冬雾气象要素与环流特征 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
利用京津塘高速公路2007年10—12月沿路自动气象站风、温、湿及能见度连续观测资料,结合气象台站地面观测及NCEP再分析资料,分析了雾过程中的大尺度环流背景及气象要素分布特征。分析表明局地路段类型雾天气主要出现在上层为下沉气流同时地面为弱气压场的环流条件下;全路段类型雾过程主要出现在对流层低层弱西风槽前的暖平流区、地面冷锋前弱气压场中。2007年10—12月各月雾发生时近地面温度范围分别为9～13℃,4～7℃和-6～1℃;近地面相对湿度一般大于90%。相对湿度为85%～90%时,也有500～1000 m低能见度天气发生。雾发生时近地面风向不定,风速一般小于2 m·s~(-1);当风速大于5 m·s~(-1)时,雾存在的概率极低。文中还给出了各路段雾生消时间、持续时段及雾天气出现次序的一般特征。 相似文献
7.
利用榆林市12个国家气象观测站2016—2020年逐小时地面观测资料,统计分析了榆林地区雾的变化特征及地面气象条件。结果表明：(1)榆林地区各等级雾中强浓雾出现时数最多,特强浓雾鲜少出现;各等级雾都呈现显著的季节变化和日变化特征,多出现于秋季,10月最多,日变化呈单峰型,07:00前后达到峰值。(2)雾整体呈现“东多西少”的空间分布,大雾和浓雾主要出现在东南部的吴堡、绥德、清涧等地,西部的定边、靖边出现最少,强浓雾和特强浓雾主要出现在东南部的绥德、米脂等地,北部的府谷次之。(3)大雾和浓雾天气过程持续时间短,大多为1 h,强浓雾一旦生成,很难在短时间内消散;雾主要在夜间到凌晨生成,在日出后消散,强浓雾的生成和消散时段均比大雾和浓雾偏早且集中。(4)雾强度越强,对应地面相对湿度越高,温度露点差越低,气温和露点温度的降幅越大,风速越小;雾在地面各风向均可出现,但较盛行东南风和西北风。(5)强浓雾由于发生时数多、持续时间长,是榆林市影响最严重的大雾天气,95%强浓雾出现条件为相对湿度大于95%和温度露点差小于1℃,风速基本小于2 m/s,这对强浓雾的预报具有很好的指示意义。 相似文献
8.
采用内蒙古自治区111个国家地面气象站1961—2016年12月平均气温和同期美国NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料、美国国家海洋和大气局(NOAA)月平均北极涛动(AO)指数资料,分析了在12月份AO异常的环流背景下,内蒙古12月气温的分布特征;重点分析负异常时环流型与全区低温的关系,得出如下结论:(1)AO与同期12月份气温呈显著负相关;负AO共30a,其中全区低温19a,占50.0%;区域性低温占33.3%;全区高温只占16.7%。(2)负AO异常年14a中出现全区低温的频率最大,有10a,且都出现全区或区域性异常低温现象,占71.4%。(3)全区低温的环流型为一槽型和一脊一槽型,不同的环流型,乌拉尔山高压脊、西伯利亚高压和亚洲区纬向环流指数的配置完全不同。(4)预测冬季低温在考虑AO影响的同时,必须与500hPa环流特征相结合。 相似文献
9.
利用乌鲁木齐市L波段雷达系统探空资料，对2014—2016年冬季12月至次年2月乌鲁木齐机场雾日、非雾日，雾日中持续浓雾日和非持续浓雾日的低空温、湿、风等气象要素特征进行了对比分析，结果表明：（1）雾日较之非雾日，近地层湿润层更厚，贴地逆温更厚更强（顶高950 m,强度0.55 ℃/100 m)。风速普遍略小于非雾日，地面为西南风，低空东南风厚度大，起始高度低于500 m，最大风速层低于1200 m。（2）持续浓雾日较非持续浓雾日，贴地逆温或悬垂逆温的第一逆温层底高和顶高更低，平均逆温强度更强，地面西南和近地层偏南风频数大，低空型东南风较强。第一逆温顶高低于600 m，悬垂逆温底高低于100 m，逆温强度大于0.55 ℃/100 m，低空型东南风起始高度高低于300 m，600 m高度以上东南风风速大于等于8 m/s等条件有利于持续浓雾的发生。 相似文献
10.
张亚莉 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2024,18(4):85-93
摘要：利用欧洲中心ERA5 0.25°×0.25°再分析、机场HTG-3微波辐射计、FY4A新一代静止气象卫星、机场跑道自动观测系统(AWOS)等多源观测资料,对2021年11月16日乌鲁木齐机场浓雾天气进行观测、诊断分析。结果表明：机场历年首场强浓雾多出现和维持在11月的早晨-午后,以辐射雾为主,持续3～4 h,此场强浓雾呈现持续时间偏长,辐射和平流兼有的特点。降水后高湿、夜间辐射作用及地面西北风增大至4～5 m·s-1时,利于机场辐射雾形成和上游辐射雾的平流;地面辐合带与强浓雾区有较好对应关系,辐合带北侧为偏北风,南侧为偏南风,当近地面逆温层建立,利于辐合带内雾体爆发性增强;近地层小高压维持静稳流场、近地层东南风层、暖平流和逆温层加强并维持、300 m以下相对湿度95%以上及地面偏北风0～2 m·s-1,利于强浓雾维持;机场升温破坏贴地逆温,地面风速加大至2～4 m·s-1,破坏地面静稳状态,地面辐合带东移至城区一带,逆温层减弱抬升至城区上空时,机场强浓雾消散。对于浓雾监测,综合使用FY4A 的10.8μm-3.75μm通道差、0.83μm、2.2μm、3.75μm能很好的显示雾区范围、雾区温度、雾区移动、雾的消散等特征,利于浓雾区的识别和预报预警。 相似文献
11.
Predictability of low frequency modes 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
T. N. Krishnamurti M. Subramaniam D. K. Oosterhof G. Daughenbaugh 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1990,44(1-4):63-83
Summary In this paper we propose a procedure for the extended integration of low frequency modes of the time scale of 30 to 50 days. A major limitation of the extended integrations arise from a contamination of low frequency modes as a result of energy exchanges from the higher frequency modes. In this study we show an example on the prediction of low frequency mode to almost a month which is roughly 3 weeks beyond the conventional predictability. This was accomplished by filtering the higher frequency modes from the initial state. The initial state included a time mean state and a low frequency mode. The sea surface temperature anomalies on this time scale and the annual cycle were also prescribed.The specific experiment relates to the occurrence of a dry and a wet spell in the monsoon region. The meridional passage of an anticyclonic circulation anomaly over the lower troposphere and the eastward passage of a negative velocity potential anomaly over the upper levels of the Indian monsoon, on this time scale, are reasonably predicted. The aforementioned experiment was carried out with the 1979 data sets of the global experiment. A second example during an anomalous southward propagation of the low frequency waves over the Indian monsoon region during 1984 was also reasonably predicted by this model. Suggestions for further experimentation on the predictability of low frequency modes are proposed.With 16 Figures 相似文献
12.
Boundary-layer flow over low hills 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
13.
H. Nørstrud 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1982,23(1):115-124
A simplified model is given which computes the wind distribution over an arbitrary mountain range for a given upwind boundary-layer profile. The method has been adopted for the HP-41C calculator and results include the distribution of the amplification factor along the wind direction for various topographies. 相似文献
14.
A. H. Gordon 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1958,10(4):339-349
Summary The primitive equations of motion are solved to find peak latitudes of families of trajectories of air moving from low latitudes towards the pole from a state of rest under the action of a constant meridional pressure gradient. The general case is discussed first and then calculations are applied to the 20° West meridian in January and July for the Northern Hemisphere.The resulting mass transposition indicates that a belt of convergence should occur at about 32° N in January; this agrees well with the latitude of the axis of the mean sub-tropical high pressure belt at that time of year.The nature of the climatological model in low latitudes suggested by the calculation is then discussed.
With 1 Figure 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Die vereinfachten Bewegungsgleichungen werden gelöst, um Scheitelbreiten für Trajektorienscharen der Luftbewegungen zu finden, die ausgehend von dem Ruhezustand unter Einwirkung eines konstanten meridionalen Druckgradienten polwärts gerichtet sind. Der allgemeine Fall wird diskutiert und es werden Berechnungen für den 20. westlichen Längengrad der Nordhemisphäre für Januar und Juli durchgeführt.Der resultierende Massentransport zeigt, daß im Januar in 32° N ein Konvergenzgürtel auftreten sollte. Dies stimmt gut überein mit der geographischen Breite der Achse des mittleren subtropischen Hochdruckgürtels zu dieser Jahreszeit.Schließlich wird die Form des klimatologischen Modells für niedere Breiten, das durch diese Berechnungen nahegelegt wird, diskutiert.
Résumé Résolution des équations simpflifiées du mouvement pour déterminer l'origine des faisceaux de trajectoires des courants aériens qui, partant du repos, sont dirigés vers le pôle sous l'effet d'un gradient constant de pression méridien. Discussion du cas général; calcul pour le 20e méridien Ouest de l'hémisphère Nord en janvier et en juillet.Le transport de masse résultant montre qu'il doit y avoir en janvier, a 32° de latitude Nord, une ceinture de convergence ce qui concorde bien avec la latitude de l'axe de la zone moyenne des hautes pressions subtropicales en cette saison.Forme du modèle climatologique aux basses latitudes suggéré par ces calculs.
With 1 Figure 相似文献
15.
Achieving a successful transition to a low carbon economy, in the UK and other countries, will require sufficient people with appropriate qualifications and skills to manufacture, install, and operate the low carbon technologies and approaches. The actual numbers and types of skills required are uncertain and will depend on the speed and direction of the transition pathways, but there are reasons to doubt that market mechanisms will deliver the necessary skilled workers in a timely manner. The range of market, government, and governance failures relating to the provision of low carbon skills are examined, particularly for their potential to cause a slower, costlier, and less employment-intensive transition. The potential policy responses to these failures are considered, including standardization of funding for training; formalization of transferable qualifications; legally binding targets for carbon emissions reductions and low carbon technology deployment; framework contracts and agreements between actors in key sectors; licensing and accreditation schemes for key technology sectors; government support for skills academies and training centres; support for first movers in niches; increasing mobility of workers; and providing a clear long-term cross-sectoral framework for a low carbon transition, including skills training. Policy relevance The article argues for the importance of skills issues for a successful transition to a low carbon economy. It outlines the potential causes of skills shortages, both generic and those specific to low carbon, as well as the probable impact of these types of shortages. By changing existing sectoral and occupational patterns, the transition will disrupt the existing market and government mechanisms to identify and remedy skills shortages in specific sectors. The nature and required pace of the low carbon transition also means that there are pressures that could induce greater skills shortages. These shortages, in turn, could critically delay elements of the transition and increase its cost and duration. The article outlines approaches taken to address these causes of skills shortages, drawing on examples from UK low carbon policy. The article ends with an argument that skills issues need to be more central to transitions debates. 相似文献
16.
J. R. Garratt 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1985,32(4):307-327
Observations from the Koorin boundary-layer experiment in Australia (latitude 16 °S) were analysed in a study of the nocturnal jet development. For geostrophic winds in the range 10–20 m s-1, ageostrophic wind magnitudes of 5–10m s-1 were common above the surface layer near sunset, with cross-isobar flow angles of about 40 °. The jet that then developed by midnight was probably the result of these large ageostrophic winds, strong surface cooling and favourable baroclinity and sloping terrain.The analysis is supported by numerical model calculations with special emphasis on the role of long-wave radiative cooling on turbulent decay. Decay is rapid in the presence of radiation, although there is little influence on stress divergence levels.Evidence of sea-breeze influences on the jet evolution, and on features of deeply penetrating sea breezes in general, will be presented and discussed in part 2 of this study (submitted to Boundary-Layer Meteorol.). 相似文献
17.
A nocturnal low-level jet characterized by a distinct inertial oscillation lasting from around sunset until sunrise the next day was observed during the coastal experiment PUKK. The phenomenon appeared over an area of at least 40 km in diameter; it thus had a mesoscale extension. We were able not only to observe this fine case but also to simulate it by an integrated dynamical PBL model. 相似文献
18.
Klaus Wege 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1991,12(4):381-390
On 1 February 1989, -83.5°C was recorded in 27.8 hPa over Hohenpeißenberg, the lowest temperature in the 22-year series. This was measured together with a very low total ozone amount of 266 DU. This may be compared with nearly twice this amount on 27 February 1989. The situation was very unusual: following an extremely cold winter in the Arctic stratosphere, the stratospheric cold pole was located over southern Scandinavia on 1 February in a very southerly position. The analyzed temperatures of -92 °C in 30 hPa were also unusual. Even though the low ozone amounts over Hohenpeißenberg were probably dynamically caused, an additional very small ozone decrease due to heterogeneous reactions in altitudes from 23–28 km, where the temperatures lie below -80 °C, cannot be ruled out. Extinction measurements by the orbitting SAGE II instrument indeed show polar stratospheric clouds over Europe near 50° N during the period 31 January–2 February. Also, polar stratospheric clouds were previously observed over Kiruna at similarly low temperatures and signs of a corresponding small ozone decrease were noted there. 相似文献
19.
20.
《Climate Policy》2013,13(1):77-88
Abstract The UK climate change programme has introduced a range of instruments to foster investment in low carbon technologies and markets. We estimate the total value of these interventions, in terms of the redirection of financial flows and directly foregone tax income, to be about £1.3 billion per year (c. Euro or US$ 2 billion per year), as from 2002 to 2003 when the renewable obligation certificates (ROCs) first take effect. About 20% of this consists of direct expenditure, the remaining 80% is in the form of indirect expenditures contained within sectors (ROCs, the energy efficiency commitments), and foregone tax revenues. Most of the energy-efficiency investment is estimated to recoup expenditure within normal life-cycles and may thus be considered profitable; the profitability of the supply-side interventions is predicated mostly upon expected cost reductions associated with the build up of the associated industries. 相似文献