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1.
2013~2017年中国出台《大气污染防治行动计划》(简称"大气十条"),实施了系列污染减排措施,重点地区PM2.5质量浓度下降明显,这其中气象条件变化起到了多大作用,是政府和公众特别关心的问题.文章主要基于各类气象要素观测、诊断、结合污染-气象条件指数等对PM2.5污染影响的深入分析,发现"大气十条"实施后的2014~2015年中国重点地区气象条件相较2013年变差, 2016和2017年气象条件相较转好.但在京津冀地区2017年相较2013年PM2.5质量浓度下降的39.6%中,仅有~5%(约占总PM2.5降幅的13%)是来自气象条件转好的贡献;在长三角地区下降的34.3%中,有~7%(约占总PM2.5降幅的20%)是来自气象条件转好的贡献,由于气象条件改善程度明显低于此区域观测到的PM2.5降幅,显示出"大气十条"实施五年减排仍然发挥了PM2.5污染改善的主导作用,天气和气候变化因素虽有影响但没有起到控制性作用(文章是用PLAM指数来量化气象条件变好或变差的).在珠三角地区,气象条件对2017年相较2013年的年均PM2.5浓度下降影响较弱,下降成效也主要来自减排的贡献. 2017年冬季气象条件在京津冀和长三角区域相较2013年分别转好约20%和30%,在两区域冬季PM2.5分别约40.2%和38.2%的降幅中起到了明显的"助推"作用.京津冀区域2016年冬季气象条件好于2017年冬季约14%,但2017年冬季PM2.5降幅仍大于2016年,显示出2017年更大力度的减排措施发挥了重要作用;在北京冬季持续性重污染期间选择气象条件相同的过程对比,也发现因减排导致的PM2.5下降幅度逐年增加,特别是2016和2017年下降的PM2.5浓度幅度更为明显,表明"大气十条"实施5年后空气质量改善的根本原因还是在于各项控制措施取得了实质性进展,特别是2017年冬季污染物排放量得到了有效削减.中国大气PM2.5持续性重污染主要发生在冬季,冬季京津冀地区仅因气象条件不利就会导致PM2.5浓度较其他季节上升约40~100%,这与冬季到达地面的太阳辐射下降有关,与中国华北冬季受青藏高原大地形"背风坡"效应所导致的下沉气流和"弱风效应"有关,与气候变暖导致的区域边界层结构日趋稳定有关.重污染形成是因为区域出现停滞-静稳的形势,高空环流型主要可分为平直西风和高压脊型,污染形成后不断累积的PM2.5污染还会进一步导致边界层气象条件转差、转差气象条件的反馈作用控制了PM2.5的"爆发性增长"现象,形成显著的不利气象条件与PM2.5累积之间的双向反馈.这些表明在中国现今大气气溶胶污染程度仍然居高的情况下,不利气象条件是持续性重污染形成、累积的必要外部条件.在重污染形成初期大幅降低区域污染排放,是消除和减少持续性重污染事件的关键手段.即使在有利气象条件下,也不宜无限制地允许排放,因为当污染累积到一定程度后会显著改变边界层气象条件、会"关闭"污染扩散的"气象通道".  相似文献   

2.
为应对严重的大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染,中国于2013年发布了《大气污染防治行动计划》(以下简称"大气十条"),制定了严格的污染控制措施.大气中PM2.5化学成分的浓度变化与其前体物排放的变化直接相关,因此,分析"大气十条"实施期间中国PM2.5化学成分的时空变化有助于评估控制措施的效果,并可为未来减排政策的制订提供参考.然而目前中国尚未开展PM2.5化学成分的常规监测,对区域尺度PM2.5化学成分的时空变化特征尚不清楚.本研究融合卫星遥感数据和空气质量模型模拟,构建了中国东部地区2013~2017年时空覆盖完整的PM2.5化学成分浓度数据集,并据此分析了中国东部地区大气PM2.5化学成分的时空变化特征.结果表明, 2013~2017年间,中国东部地区PM2.5各种成分的浓度均有所下降,硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐、有机碳、黑碳和其他组分的人口加权平均浓度分别从2013年的11.1、13.8、7.4、9.9、4.6和12.9μg m–3下降至2017年的6.7、13.1、5.8、8.4、3.8和9.6μg m–3.其中硫酸盐的下降幅度最大, 2017年的浓度相较于2013年下降了40%,而硝酸盐下降幅度最小,仅为5%.由此导致PM2.5中硝酸盐比例升高,硫酸盐比例下降.在区域层面,京津冀地区PM2.5及其化学成分的下降幅度最大.硫酸盐浓度的下降幅度与其前体物SO2排放的下降幅度相当,而SO2排放下降主要由工业部门减排主导.硝酸盐浓度的下降幅度较小,这主要是由于大气富氨条件下硫酸盐浓度降低,促进了大气中硝酸向硝酸盐的生成,从而部分抵消了NOx减排带来的成效.为更有效地控制PM2.5污染,未来应加强对氨的减排工作.  相似文献   

3.
大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)污染对公众健康造成严重危害. 2013年,中国发布了《大气污染防治行动计划》,开始实施严格的污染控制措施,空气质量随之迅速改善.在此背景下,本研究评估了2013~2017年中国地区PM2.5暴露及其健康影响的变化情况.首先结合地面观测数据、卫星遥感数据和大气化学传输模型模拟,构建了2013~2017年中国高时空分辨率PM2.5浓度数据集,基于该数据集评估了PM2.5暴露的时空变化,并结合PM2.5暴露的长期和短期健康效应模型评估了中国PM2.5暴露导致的超额死亡人数的变化情况.研究显示, 2013~2017年间中国人口加权的PM2.5年均浓度从67.4μg m-3降至45.5μg m-3,下降幅度达到32%.在此期间, PM2.5浓度的快速降低使得与PM2.5长期暴露相关的超额死亡人数下降了14%,从2013年的120万人/年(95%置信区间:100, 130;占总死亡人数的13%)降至2017年的100万人/年(95%置信区间:90, 120;占总死亡人数的10%).目前中国大多数地区的PM2.5暴露依然处于较高水平,由于在高浓度区间PM2.5暴露水平下降带来的健康效益改善幅度要小于暴露下降幅度,虽然2013~2017年间PM2.5浓度迅速下降,但带来的健康效益却相对有限.研究还发现由于重污染天数迅速减少,PM2.5急性暴露导致的超额死亡人数在2013~2017年间降低了61%.本研究表明中国的清洁空气政策有效缓解了当前空气污染所导致的健康危害,但未来仍需要继续大幅减少大气污染物排放,以进一步保护公众健康.  相似文献   

4.
对大气颗粒物浓度及其化学组分精准观测有助于探究大气霾污染的成因与来源解析,评价环境空气质量控制策略的合理性.文章基于CARE-China观测网中中国重点区域典型站点大气PM2.5膜采样和分不同粒径段颗粒物采样及化学成分数据,结合同期中国环境监测总站发布的环境空气质量数据,评估分析了中国2013~2017年《大气污染防治行动计划》实施期间,全国及重点区域大气颗粒物质量浓度的变化及其相应化学组成的演变.研究结果表明:(1)研究期内,中国环境空气颗粒物年平均浓度整体呈明显下降趋势,但仍有64%的城市PM2.5年平均浓度未达到中国现行标准(GB3095-2012).太行山东麓、汾渭平原和新疆乌昌等地区大气PM2.5浓度负荷依然较高,秋冬季重霾污染频发.(2)秋冬季重污染期间,颗粒物中硫酸盐和有机组分质量浓度下降明显.京津冀、珠三角、成渝和汾渭平原地区PM2.5中SO42-平均浓度分别下降了76%、12%、81%和38%;OM平均浓度分别下降70%、44%、48%和31%;NH4+平均浓度分别下降68%、1.6%、38%和25%. EC平均浓度在京津冀和成渝分别下降84%和20%,在珠三角和汾渭平原地区分别上升61%和11%;矿尘及未解析的化学成分(MI)平均浓度在京津冀、珠三角和汾渭平原地区下降了70%、24%和13%. PM2.5中化学成分的变化量,总体上与PM2.5质量浓度的下降量相一致.(3)相比2013年, 2015年京津冀、长三角、珠三角和成渝地区粗颗粒物中OM平均浓度下降46~57%,MI分别下降31~60%和39~73%,是颗粒物浓度下降的最主要因素. 2013~2015年,不同粒径段化学组分中,粗粒径段峰值降低显著,并且随着不同粒径段中颗粒物质量浓度的降低,其SO42-、NO3-和NH4+的细粒径段峰值从0.65~1.1μm转移到更细的0.43~0.65μm粒径段.  相似文献   

5.
城市环境大气重污染过程周边源影响域   总被引:39,自引:9,他引:39  
北京城市周边污染源影响问题是北京环境污染治理决策亟待解决的关键环节之一. 综合分析2001年1~3月份BECAPEX(Beijing City Atmospheric Pollution Experiment), MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)与TOMS(Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer)卫星遥感资料, 提出追踪污染源“上游”风场合成矢量法. 通过统计分析北京及周边地区TOMS与MODIS卫星遥感气溶胶区域性特征, 发现北京城市重污染过程与南部周边城市群落排放源影响相关显著, 北京周边向南开口的类似“马蹄型”地形可能导致周边源远距离输送的污染物“滞留”效应, 形成北京与南部周边排放源近似南-北向带状影响域. 综合分析北京地区重污染过程轨迹特征, 并选取2001年1~3月份重污染过程与空气质量良好时段作为分析样本, 采用HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory)轨迹模式进行模拟试验, 揭示了北京城区重污染过程河北、山东和天津等地城市群落污染排放源扩散轨迹. 选取北京城区异常重污染过程个例, 并用RAMS(Regional Atmosphere Model System)模式模拟试验, 亦揭示了北京城区异常污染过程周边外源贡献率, 进一步证实了北京城市重污染过程加剧的重要因素之一是南部周边城市污染物外源的输入.  相似文献   

6.
"八国集团"(G8)于2009年7月在意大利举行的峰会上,提出2050年全球温室气体排放削减50%,其中发达国家削减80%的目标(简称"G8目标").本研究设置4种碳排放情景,对"G8目标"的内涵以及科学性、公正性和可行性进行了分析.结果表明:(1)将2050年的大气CO2浓度控制在450ppmv以内的唯一情景是:全球发达国家和发展中国家都于2005年开始均匀减排至2050年,且满足"G8"全球减排目标.在现实条件下,这种情景是不可能发生的.(2)发展中国家即便遵从极为苛刻的排放路径,"G8目标"仍不能满足其排放需求:在"G8目标"约束下,未来45年发展中国家将短缺1/3以上的排放需求量.(3)按"G8目标",在2006~2050年期间,发达国家和发展中国家的人均累计排放量分别为81吨碳和40~47吨碳,前者约为后者的2倍;而历史上,发达国家的人均累计排放量已是发展中国家的12倍.基于上述结果,得出如下结论:(1)"G8目标"企图把发展中国家纳入减排框架,这不仅会阻滞发展中国家的工业化进程,也将导致发展中国家阵营内部因分解减排责任而产生矛盾,甚至发生分化;(2)"G8目标"限制了发展中国家的碳排放,不仅延续了发达国家与发展中国家历史时期的排放不平等,而且进一步加剧了未来排放的不平等,是对发展中国家的严重不公平;(3)作为"G8目标"理论依据的450ppmv大气CO2浓度的控制阈值不现实,缺乏可行性.总之,"G8目标"背离了"共同但有区别的责任"原则,是发展中国家所不能接受的.  相似文献   

7.
近年来,京津冀地区频繁发生O3和PM2.5同时超标的双高污染(CP)过程,给大气污染协同控制带来了严峻挑战.京津冀地区50%以上的CP事件发生在4~5月,并且在2018年达到了最高的11天. CP事件期间的O3和PM2.5浓度略低于但接近仅发生O3和PM2.5污染时的浓度,这表明双高污染会造成更为严重的危害.由斯堪的纳维亚遥相关型的两个中心与华北上空的异常反气旋环流中心组成的Rossby波波列导致京津冀地区出现高温、潮湿和静稳的气象条件,这同时增加了O3和PM2.5的浓度,有利于CP事件的发生.在2018年之后CP日数急剧减少,而气象条件并没有明显的趋势变化.因此,气象条件的变化并没有真正促成2019年和2020年CP日数的下降.这其中隐含着是PM2.5相关排放的减少导致了CP日数的减少(2019年和2020年共减少约11天).本文所揭示的不同污染事件之间大气条件的差异有助于在日-周的时间尺...  相似文献   

8.
2013年元月我国中东部地区强霾污染成因分析   总被引:25,自引:0,他引:25  
2013年元月,罕见强霾污染席卷我国中东部地区,引起社会各界高度关注.中国科学院“大气灰霾追因与控制”专项组,利用其建立的“中国气溶胶观测研究网”(CARE.China)对整个强霾污染过程进行了全程追踪观测,并对其成因进行了分析研究.本次强霾污染涉及我国整个中东部地区,污染最严重的京津冀地区共计发生5次强霾污染过程,其中两次超强过程发生在9—15日和25—31日,北京PM2.5小时浓度最高值分别达到680和530嵋m-。,石家庄和天津等重要城市强霾污染状况与北京相似.天气系统弱、强冷空气活动少和极其不利于污染物扩散的局地气象条件及地理位置,是造成本次强霾污染形成的外部条件;一次排放的气态污染物向颗粒态的快速转化,是本次强霾污染“爆发性”和“持续性”的内部促发因子,特别是大气中燃油排放为主的大量NOx促发了燃煤排放气态SO2向颗粒态硫酸盐的快速转化.通过NOx/SO2协同转化途径分析,发现气态污染物在细颗粒表面的非均相反应可改变大气颗粒物的粒径及化学组分,促使颗粒物中的二次无机盐(如硫酸盐和硝酸盐等)的比例逐渐增大,导致颗粒物吸湿性显著增强,从而对强霾污染形成起到了促进作用.  相似文献   

9.
太湖流域望虞河西岸地区氮磷污染来源解析及控制对策   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5  
张利民  王水  韩敏  何卿  潘国权  王春 《湖泊科学》2010,22(3):315-320
本文比较全面地调查了太湖流域望虞河西岸地区氮磷污染来源,结果表明:太湖流域望虞河西岸水体氮磷污染严重,氮磷污染物主要来源于生活污染,其氨氮、总氮、总磷排放量分别占总负荷量的60.2%、52.5%和52.9%.工业污染问题突出,纺织印染是污染物排放最大的工业行业.张家港市和江阴市为氮磷污染的主要贡献地.对区域环境容量进行了预测,并提出了氮磷污染削减目标,氨氮、总氮和总磷污染削减率分别达32.4%,51.8%和51.1%.最后,从加大污染综合治理力度、落实河道及生态修复工程、加强环境管理和监控等方面提出了望虞河西岸地区的氮磷污染控制对策.  相似文献   

10.
城市冬、夏季大气污染气、粒态复合型相关空间特征   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
利用2003年冬、夏季北京城市大气环境现场科学试验(BECAPEX,BeijingCityAirPollutionObservationExperiment)综合观测资料,采用点-面结合的研究途径,探讨城市建筑群“冠层”边界观测“点上”与城市区域“面上”大气动力-化学过程时空变化信息,研究观测点大气污染气、粒态的季节性相关结构与转化特征,采用“一维空间EOF”主成分分析模型,分析城市边界层复杂结构背景下气溶胶气、粒态季节变化以及污染物种间关联特征;通过粒子浓度、气体污染物种及其气象条件“主成分”综合分析,揭示城市大气污染气、粒态复杂的组合成分与结构特征的季节变化.以进一步追踪城市区域气溶胶污染面源影响特征及其源影响大气污染成分结构季节差异.研究结果表明:冬、夏季城市大气污染气、粒态时间演变NOx,CO,SO2均呈“同位相”,且与O3呈“反位相”,具有显著“非独立性”特征.总体上,夏季气体污染物CO,SO2,NOx浓度相对于冬季明显偏低,其中CO浓度减少最为明显,其次为SO2和NOx,但夏季O3浓度却高于冬季2倍以上,而冬、夏季PM2.5,PM10粒子浓度季节性差异相对不显著,这一研究结果表明PM10,PM2.5浓度变化对冬、夏季采暖期排放源差异的响应远不如NOx,SO2,CO那样明显.冬、夏季气、粒态相关特征描述出PM10,PM2.5均与NOx有显著的相关性,且此气、粒相关性较其它污染物更为显著.采用主成分分析,发现冬、夏季PM10,PM2.5粒子各污染物种主成分组合结构存在显著差异,冬季PM10,PM2.5粒子主成分结构以SO2,NOx为主,夏季PM10,PM2.5粒子主成分结构则以CO,NOx为主,冬、夏季PM10,PM2.5粒子可能存在此类“非独立”性污染物种的不同“组合”气、粒态相关结构.研究结果还揭示出气、粒态相互影响过程亦与城市边界层垂直结构有关,即城市边界层O3浓度的低值厚度层与大气垂直结构的逆温、逆湿和低空风速低值区“配置”特征相关,其描述了夏季边界层大气特征,即风、温、湿要素的非独立因子“组合”及其配置结构对不同气体污染物浓度变化的复合影响,此类边界层O3异常低值厚度结构与其它气体污染物种的“反位相”关系特征吻合.有关PM10,PM2.5粒子浓度的气象因子主成分分析亦可揭示出PM10,PM2.5浓度变化对局地气象条件“组合”特征的敏感性.  相似文献   

11.
The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.  相似文献   

12.
Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.  相似文献   

13.
Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.  相似文献   

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15.
陈伯舫 《华南地震》2004,24(4):8-10
综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。  相似文献   

16.
The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.  相似文献   

17.
Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.  相似文献   

18.
The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.  相似文献   

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Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...  相似文献   

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