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1.
Zi-Shun Li 《应用地球物理》2012,9(3):286-292
To avoid spatial aliasing problems in broad band high resolution seismic sections, I present a high density migration processing solution. I first analyze the spatial aliasing definition for stack and migration seismic sections and point out the differences between the two. We recognize that migration sections more often show spatial aliasing than stacked sections. Second, from wave propagation theory, I know that migration output is a new spatial sampling process and seismic prestack time migration can provide the high density sampling to prevent spatial aliasing on high resolution migration sections. Using a 2D seismic forward modeling analysis, I have found that seismic spatial aliasing noise can be eliminated by high density spatial sampling in prestack migration. In a 3D seismic data study for Daqing Oilfield in the Songliao Basin, I have also found that seismic sections obtained by high-density spatial sampling (10 × 10 m) in prestack migration have less spatial aliasing noise than those obtained by conventional low density spatial sampling (20 × 40 m) in prestack migration. 相似文献
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The data recorded during the site survey in the Zhangzhou area in Fujian Province between October 23, 2007 and December 3, 2007 was analyzed. The main methods adopted for the noise level of this area are the noise root mean square (RMS), noise power spectrum density and noise coherency function. The results indicate that the noise levels of the survey sites are higher in the 1s-10s periods, which is the main frequency band of preliminary microseism, and also, two main noise sources were found in 1.5Hz and around 5Hz. According to arithmetic, the direction and frequency band of the noise source were analyzed and academic proofs were presented. At last, we found that the noise source in 1.5Hz was made by the water wave aroused by the wind in the reservoir region and the noise source around 5Hz was made by the power station in the northeast direction. 相似文献
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A single watergun generates a ‘stand-alone’ narrow pulse of acceptable energy content and broad-band spectrum. When multiple units of equal volume are fired simultaneously and are accurately synchronized, carefully depth-controlled and spaced beyond their near-field interactive distance, the energy measured in the far-field increases proportional to the square of the number of individual units employed. When these multiple units are configured in areal array designs based on distance weighting or varying density distribution of the equal elements, further gains in downward directivity and attenuation of horizontally traveling interference accrue. Such pattern designs take account of the spectral content of the particular watergun used, while the wavenumber response is concentrated to attenuate the dominant interference at water velocity. Finally, the high-frequency content, and high repeatability and synchronizing accuracy of the new generation of waterguns improves the high resolution potential to help combat natural earth absorption losses. We should, therefore, keep the ‘in-line’ dimensions at both source and receiver as short as possible. Unacceptable interference that persists during subsequent processing can be controlled by the long-array simulation technique. 相似文献
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Three‐dimensional receiver ghost attenuation (deghosting) of dual‐sensor towed‐streamer data is straightforward, in principle. In its simplest form, it requires applying a three‐dimensional frequency–wavenumber filter to the vertical component of the particle motion data to correct for the amplitude reduction on the vertical component of non‐normal incidence plane waves before combining with the pressure data. More elaborate techniques use three‐dimensional filters to both components before summation, for example, for ghost wavelet dephasing and mitigation of noise of different strengths on the individual components in optimum deghosting. The problem with all these techniques is, of course, that it is usually impossible to transform the data into the crossline wavenumber domain because of aliasing. Hence, usually, a two‐dimensional version of deghosting is applied to the data in the frequency–inline wavenumber domain. We investigate going down the “dimensionality ladder” one more step to a one‐dimensional weighted summation of the records of the collocated sensors to create an approximate deghosting procedure. We specifically consider amplitude‐balancing weights computed via a standard automatic gain control before summation, reminiscent of a diversity stack of the dual‐sensor recordings. This technique is independent of the actual streamer depth and insensitive to variations in the sea‐surface reflection coefficient. The automatic gain control weights serve two purposes: (i) to approximately correct for the geometric amplitude loss of the Z data and (ii) to mitigate noise strength variations on the two components. Here, Z denotes the vertical component of the velocity of particle motion scaled by the seismic impedance of the near‐sensor water volume. The weights are time‐varying and can also be made frequency‐band dependent, adapting better to frequency variations of the noise. The investigated process is a very robust, almost fully hands‐off, approximate three‐dimensional deghosting step for dual‐sensor data, requiring no spatial filtering and no explicit estimates of noise power. We argue that this technique performs well in terms of ghost attenuation (albeit, not exact ghost removal) and balancing the signal‐to‐noise ratio in the output data. For instances where full three‐dimensional receiver deghosting is the final product, the proposed technique is appropriate for efficient quality control of the data acquired and in aiding the parameterisation of the subsequent deghosting processing. 相似文献
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It is shown that the so-called Kirchhoff-summation operator is of a very wide-band nature and even contains an evanescent part. As a consequence, discretization may cause serious aliasing errors, particularly for small extrapolation steps. It is proposed to use in all practical cases band-limited versions of the summation operator, the spatial cut-off frequency being determined by the spatial Fourier spectrum of the coherent noise. 相似文献
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The τ-p transform is an invertible transformation of seismic shot records expressed as a function of time and offset into the τ (intercept time) and p (ray parameter) domain. The τ-p transform is derived from the solution of the wave equation for a point source in a three-dimensional, vertically non-homogeneous medium and therefore is a true amplitude process for the assumed model. The main advantage of this transformation is to present a point source shot record as a series of plane wave experiments. The asymptotic expansion of this transformation is found to be useful in reflection seismic data processing. The τ-p and frequency-wavenumber (or f-k) processes are closely related. Indeed, the τ-p process embodies the frequency-wavenumber transformation, so the use of this technique suffers the same limitations as the f-k technique. In particular, the wavefield must be sampled with sufficient spatial density to avoid wavenumber aliasing. The computation of this transform and its inverse transform consists of a two-dimensional Fast Fourier Transform followed by an interpolation, then by an inverse-time Fast Fourier Transform. This technique is extended from a vertically inhomogeneous three-dimensional medium to a vertically and laterally inhomogeneous three-dimensional medium. The τ-p transform may create artifacts (truncation and aliasing effects) which can be reduced by a finer spatial density of geophone groups by a balancing of the seismic data and by a tapering of the extremities of the seismic data. The τ-p domain is used as a temporary domain where the attack of coherent noise is well addressed; this technique can be viewed as ‘time-variant f-k filtering’. In addition, the process of deconvolution and multiple suppression in the τ-p domain is at least as well addressed as in the time-offset domain. 相似文献
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The time‐invariant gain‐limit‐constrained inverse Q‐filter can control the numerical instability of the inverse Q‐filter, but it often suppresses the high frequencies at later times and reduces the seismic resolution. To improve the seismic resolution and obtain high‐quality seismic data, we propose a self‐adaptive approach to optimize the Q value for the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation. The optimized Q value is self‐adaptive to the cutoff frequency of the effective frequency band for the seismic data, the gain limit of the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation, the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation function, and the medium quality factor. In the processing of the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation, the optimized Q value, corresponding gain limit, and amplitude compensation function are used simultaneously; then, the energy in the effective frequency band for the seismic data can be recovered, and the seismic resolution can be enhanced at all times. Furthermore, the small gain limit or time‐variant bandpass filter after the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation is considered to control the signal‐to‐noise ratio, and the time‐variant bandpass filter is based on the cutoff frequency of the effective frequency band for the seismic data. Synthetic and real data examples demonstrate that the self‐adaptive approach for Q value optimization is efficient, and the inverse Q‐filter amplitude compensation with the optimized Q value produces high‐resolution and low‐noise seismic data. 相似文献
10.
M. D. Trifunac 《地震工程与结构动力学》1994,23(4):389-411
It is shown how the empirical equations for scaling the Fourier amplitude spectra in the frequency band from ～0.1 to 25 Hz can be extended to describe the strong motion amplitudes in a much broader frequency range. At long periods, the proposed equations are in excellent agreement with (1) the seismological and field estimates of permanent ground displacement (near field) and (2) the independent estimates of seismic moment (far field). At high frequencies, f ≥ 25 Hz, the spectral amplitudes can be described by exp (? πkf), where k ranges from 0·02 (near source) to about 0·06 at an epicentral distance of about 200 km. It is also shown how amplification by local soil and geological site conditions can be defined to apply in the same broad frequency range. 相似文献
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Field‐survey characteristics can have an important impact on the quality of multiples predicted by surface‐related multiple elimination (SRME) algorithms. This paperexamines the effects of three particular characteristics: in‐line spatial sampling, source stability, and cable feathering. Inadequate spatial sampling causes aliasing artefacts. These can be reduced by f–k filtering at the expense of limiting the bandwidth in the predicted multiples. Source‐signature variations create artefacts in predicted multiples due to spatial discontinuities. Variations from a well‐behaved airgun array produced artefacts having an rms amplitude about 26 dB below the rms amplitude of multiples predicted with no variations. Cable feathering has a large impact on the timingerrors in multiples predicted by 2D SRME when it is applied in areas having cross dip. All these problems can be reduced by a combination of better survey design, use of advanced data‐acquisition technologies, and additional data‐processing steps. 相似文献
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由于气枪震源信号较弱, 容易受外界噪声或者地震等因素干扰, 而使得其真实的振幅被掩盖。 这些干扰记录若直接参与叠加容易导致振幅信息不可靠, 也会影响叠加效果。 为消除干扰影响, 提出概率筛选和噪声模型筛选振幅叠加方法, 以2018年6月在福建龙门滩水库和沙溪口水库的气枪实验数据为例, 从剔除干扰的能力、 波形形态、 振幅值等方面说明两种方法的实际效果, 并对比两者的优缺点。 研究结果表明: ① 两种筛选方法均能有效去除异常干扰, 经处理后的气枪信号的波形形态和最大振幅值与直接线性叠加基本一致; ② 对于固定台网台站, 噪声频谱方法可方便确认台站的运行状态, 及时筛除异常台站; ③ 对于灵敏度等信息不详的流动台站, 噪声模型筛选方法使用受限, 而概率筛选方法简洁, 适用性强。 相似文献
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The resolution of seismic data is critical to seismic data processing and the subsequent interpretation of fine structures. In conventional resolution improvement methods, the seismic data is assumed stationary and the noise level not changes with space, whereas the actual situation does not satisfy this assumption, so that results after resolution improvement processing is not up to the expected effect. To solve these problems, we propose a seismic resolution improvement method based on the secondary time–frequency spectrum. First, we propose the secondary time-frequency spectrum based on S transform (ST) and discuss the reflection coefficient sequence and time-dependent wavelet in the secondary time–frequency spectrum. Second, using the secondary time–frequency spectrum, we design a twodimensional filter to extract the amplitude spectrum of the time-dependent wavelet. Then, we discuss the improvement of the resolution operator in noisy environments and propose a novel approach for determining the broad frequency range of the resolution operator in the time–frequency–space domain. Finally, we apply the proposed method to synthetic and real data and compare the results of the traditional spectrum-modeling deconvolution and Q compensation method. The results suggest that the proposed method does not need to estimate the Q value and the resolution is not limited by the bandwidth of the source. Thus, the resolution of the seismic data is improved sufficiently based on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). 相似文献
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作为一种特殊的噪声,鬼波对一次波的波形及频带宽度产生极大的影响,鬼波压制是提高海上地震资料分辨率及保真度的重要因素.以格林公式为基础,详细论述了基于格林函数理论的鬼波压制方法,在不需要地下介质信息的条件下,进行地震数据驱动鬼波压制,并根据"Double Dirichlet"(双狄利克雷)边界条件,预测压力波场和垂直速度波场.建立了基于格林函数理论鬼波压制的处理流程,数值模拟和实际资料处理结果表明,基于格林函数理论鬼波压制方法在很好地去除鬼波的同时极大地拓宽了地震资料的频带,尤其提升了低频端能量,有利于后续资料的处理解释. 相似文献
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Anton Egorov Stanislav Glubokovskikh Andrej Bóna Roman Pevzner Boris Gurevich Mikhail Tokarev 《Geophysical Prospecting》2018,66(1):3-12
Most seismic processing algorithms generally consider the sea surface as a flat reflector. However, acquisition of marine seismic data often takes place in weather conditions where this approximation is inaccurate. The distortion in the seismic wavelet introduced by the rough sea may influence (for example) deghosting results, as deghosting operators are typically recursive and sensitive to the changes in the seismic signal. In this paper, we study the effect of sea surface roughness on conventional (5–160 Hz) and ultra‐high‐resolution (200–3500 Hz) single‐component towed‐streamer data. To this end, we numerically simulate reflections from a rough sea surface using the Kirchhoff approximation. Our modelling demonstrates that for conventional seismic frequency band sea roughness can distort results of standard one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional deterministic deghosting. To mitigate this effect, we introduce regularisation and optimisation based on the minimum‐energy criterion and show that this improves the processing output significantly. Analysis of ultra‐high‐resolution field data in conjunction with modelling shows that even relatively calm sea state (i.e., 15 cm wave height) introduces significant changes in the seismic signal for ultra‐high‐frequency band. These changes in amplitude and arrival time may degrade the results of deghosting. Using the field dataset, we show how the minimum‐energy optimisation of deghosting parameters improves the processing result. 相似文献
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H. F. WEICHART 《Geophysical Prospecting》1973,21(2):281-295
There are different types of acoustic noise induced in streamer cables. One type consists of pulsed waves preferentially generated by vertical motions of the towing ship or of the tail buoy. The pulsed waves travel along the streamer with low attenuation and a velocity about 15% less than the velocity of water. Frequencies observed lie between 5 and 15 Hz. These pulsed waves are well known and for the last few years acoustic isolator sections have been used to reduce their generation. But under bad weather conditions and especially in cold water these waves become stronger. Recent investigations demonstrated that the pulsed waves are able to produce a high noise level even in new streamers with acceleration cancelling hydrophones. We point out that the material of the hoses has a dominant effect on the amplitude picked up by the hydrophones. Acoustic theory is applied to understand the phenomenon of these waves. 相似文献
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地层的Q吸收会造成地震波振幅衰减、相位畸变,分辨率和信噪比明显降低.反Q滤波可消除由于地层Q吸收造成的振幅衰减和相位畸变,从而提高地震资料的分辨率;但反Q滤波振幅补偿的数值不稳定性问题会严重降低地震资料的信噪比,并产生很多假象.截止频率法和稳定因子法反Q滤波振幅补偿方法虽可控制数值非稳定性问题,但振幅补偿函数的增益限为一个时不变的常数,且与地震数据动态范围无关,其经常会压制深层地震波的高频成分,反而降低地震资料的分辨率;因此,本文在研究截止频率法和稳定因子法的基础上,结合地震数据的动态范围对地震记录分辨率的影响,提出了一种自适应增益限的反Q滤波振幅补偿方法,其增益限和稳定因子都是时变的,且都自适应于地震数据有效频带的截止频率.合成数据和实际数据试算表明,本文的自适应增益限的反Q滤波方法可恢复地震信号有效频带范围内的能量,且能较好地控制数值非稳定性问题,最终获得高分辨率和高信噪比的地震数据. 相似文献
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利用2020年5月1—7日乌加河地震台、乌力吉地震台波形数据,应用噪声功率谱概率密度（PDF）方法,计算2个台站的台基噪声,分析了2种观察环境下的台基噪声特征及影响因素。结果显示,在小于0.1 Hz频段乌力吉地震台台基噪声值明显大于乌加河地震台,说明地震计在小于0.1 Hz频段受环境温度影响的特征较显著;在大于1 Hz频段2个台站台基噪声值均有台阶性升高频段,这是由在该频段台基噪声受人为活动影响所致。 相似文献
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利用中国地震局的“中国地震科学台阵——华北地区东部”(简称科学台阵3.2期)项目西拉木伦断裂带东沿地区26个流动台站连续观测数据，通过计算其加速度功率谱密度和相应的概率密度函数及1～20 Hz频段速度均方根值，研究西拉木伦断裂带东沿地区背景噪声特征。研究结果表明，高频段背景噪声时空分布差异性显著，噪声源主要来自人类活动；微震频段背景噪声主要来自海洋活动，其中高频微震频段背景噪声没有时空分布差异；低频微震频段背景噪声有一定的时空分布差异，白天差异性相比夜间更突出，这主要因温度变化和观测井微变形引起；低频段，白天三分向噪声水平大于夜间，且水平向噪声水平和动态范围大于垂直向，主要因白天环境温度变化和地倾斜影响大于夜间，且水平向对温度和地倾斜比垂直向更敏感导致。 相似文献
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