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高分辨率的宽带地震勘探技术是最近几年海上油气地震勘探的热点问题,鬼波压制是其中的核心议题.石油工业界,除了提出各种压制鬼波的采集方式外,资料处理过程中压制鬼波的方法也在不断地推陈出新.源、检鬼波的存在使得反射子波的有效频带变窄,成像分辨率降低,且干扰后续的自由表面多次波压制、FWI等.不同于常规的鬼波压制模型,本文基于编码与解码理论框架,用编码建立起鬼波预测模型,在Bayes反演框架下建立起解码估计一次波、从而压制鬼波的方法.基于此鬼波预测模型及相应反演理论的鬼波压制方法对鬼波的压制更为彻底.理论模型数据与实际资料测试结果验证了本文提出的理论框架和方法技术的有效性与优越性. 相似文献
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鬼波问题是影响海上地震资料分辨率和保真度提高的最重要因素之一.详细论述了逆散射级数理论和逆散射级数法鬼波压制原理,说明了逆散射级数方法进行鬼波压制理论的完善性和对鬼波描述的精确性.实现了基于逆散射级数理论的鬼波压制方法,方法以波动方程和Lippmann-Schwinger方程为基础,在频率-波数-波数域内构造与鬼波相关的压制算子,在不需要对地下介质作任何假设条件下实现地震数据驱动鬼波压制,并通过改善消除鬼波的压制算子,提高算法的稳定性.资料处理试验与处理结果分析表明,基于逆散射级数鬼波压制方法能在实现鬼波压制的同时较好保留有效反射波的信息,从而补偿地震资料低频损失和提高地震数据的保真度.数据处理试验还表明,研究方法能对低信噪比的地震资料进行有效的鬼波压制处理.建立了基于逆散射级数鬼波压制处理流程. 相似文献
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受海平面及水下观测方式的影响,海洋地震资料中普遍发育鬼波.作为一种虚假干扰信号,鬼波的存在会给地震解释造成一定的困难,因此在数据处理环节需要将其消除.目前,虽然鬼波压制方法多种多样,但大部分是针对多道地震发展起来的,并不适用于单道地震鬼波处理.预测反褶积一直是压制单道地震鬼波的主要方法,然而由于野外资料通常不能满足该方法的假设条件,导致应用效果不佳.针对单道地震资料鬼波压制问题,本文结合预测反褶积鬼波压制思路和整形正则化非平稳回归技术在自适应匹配滤波方面的优势,提出了一种基于整形正则化非平稳回归技术的匹配滤波压制单道地震鬼波方法,通过模型试验和实际数据处理分析表明该方法能够有效地压制鬼波,并且在计算过程中不会产生虚假延续相位,应用效果良好. 相似文献
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海洋地震勘探由于受到海面强反射界面的影响,记录数据中存在鬼波,致使数据频谱中产生陷波效应,限制数据的频带宽度,影响数据的分辨率,干扰地层反射的识别.近年来发展的鬼波压制方法,能够较好的压制地震数据中的鬼波,然而现有鬼波压制技术容易产生延续相位,且计算效率较低.为进一步提高鬼波压制效果和工作效率,本文对海上地震资料特性进行分析,研究认为,海上地震资料中的海底反射信号真实记录了海底有效反射、震源鬼波和检波点鬼波的形态,可以利用提取的海底反射子波对数据进行确定性子波反褶积处理,能够有效的压制震源鬼波和检波点鬼波.模型海上实际数据测试结果表明,该方法具有鬼波压制效果好、计算效率高的优势,处理之后的数据频带得到有效拓宽,低频和高频信息均得到加强. 相似文献
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传统基于Marchenko理论自聚焦法压制层间多次波技术需要初始下行聚焦函数的估计,再进行多次波压制的自适应相减.论文基于传统方法的研究成果,提出了一种无需先验信息和自适应相减步骤的层间多次波压制方法.当聚焦点在实际反射层的反射点上时,上行格林函数为聚焦点上的脉冲源在表面所产生的上行波场,该反射层的反射将是上行格林函数的第一个同相轴.通过将格林函数与下行直达波场进行褶积,可将反射层处的所有焦点重新计算到地表,得到只含一次反射波的波场.利用初始下行聚焦函数和初始直达下行格林函数互为逆函数的关系,引入delta函数,将特定深度上所有聚焦点的聚焦函数投影到采集面上的检波器位置,可只利用地表获取的地震记录一步计算得到一次反射波.水平层状介质模型和复杂的含高速薄透镜地质体的介质模型中,进行了多次波压制的数值试验,通过与传统基于Marchenko理论自聚焦方法的压制效果进行对比分析,显示论文给出的一步法压制层间多次波的效果更好,进而验证了所提出方法的有效性和高精度的特点. 相似文献
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针对天然气水合物钻探难以有效解决的矿体空间展布等难点,提出一套基于自适应鬼波压制技术的地震宽频处理技术,有效改善资料分辨率。首先采用上下行波场分离的鬼波压制技术实现对震源端和电缆端鬼波的压制;然后通过高精度网格层析反演速度建模技术获取高质量速度场,利用叠前深度偏移成像进一步提高水合物层成像精度。实践表明,相对于常规处理而言,宽频处理的水合物地震特征更清晰,细节信息更丰富,有利于天然气水合物矿体的准确描述。 相似文献
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《地球物理学进展》2017,(4)
在海洋地震勘探中,鬼波不仅对一次反射波的波形产生干涉现象,而且使地震记录的频带变窄.虽然近几年发展起来的斜缆、上下缆地震采集系统和相应的鬼波压制方法已取得较好的效果.然而对于老数据的重处理以及目前依然广泛采用的水平缆,需要一种更适合的鬼波压制方法.本文开展了τ-p域压制水平缆鬼波的方法研究.首先,本文分析了水平缆数据鬼波特征,推导了时间域和τ-p域的鬼波延时估算公式,在τ-p域内构建了上、下行波的算子,提出了基于τ-p域平面波分解的水平缆鬼波压制算法,并通过引入Cauchy范数能量约束算子提高算法的稳定性.应用数值模型及海上实际地震数据进行了检波点端的鬼波压制试验.结果表明,该方法在不需要射线垂直入射的假设和介质速度模型的前提下,能有效分离出一次反射波,并拓宽地震数据的有效频带. 相似文献
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《地球物理学进展》2016,(5)
在海洋地震勘探中,水层多次波是一种常见的干扰波.水层多次波的存在常常会造成地震资料分辨率降低,损伤地震资料频带,产生虚假同相轴等假象,严重影响波组特征与地震资料解释.SRME(Surface Related Multiple Elimination)和MWD(Model-based Water-layer Demultiple)方法的提出为多次波预测压制提供了有效的解决方案.但SRME方法并不能适用于浅水以及起伏海底的OBC(Ocean Bottom Cable)观测数据的多次波压制,而常规的MWD方法构建格林函数进行多次波预测时仅仅考虑了地震波在传播过程中产生的时移和几何扩散等运动学特征,不能很好地将多次波进行精确的重建.为了解决上述问题,本文基于克希霍夫衍射理论在格林函数中加入角度算子,使预测结果更加准确、更具有动力学特征,并根据多次波射线路径提出了一种相对更加灵活的适用于浅水的水层多次波预测方法,精确预测了水层多次波,结合曲波域多次波提取技术使水层多次波得到了有效压制. 相似文献
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《地震地质》2020,(1)
当前陆域活动断层研究的相关理论方法已比较成熟,但针对海域的活动断层探测和研究还很缺乏。由于海域中水表和海底等强反射面的存在,多次波及其鬼波将对海域地震记录造成干扰,有效模拟多次波及其鬼波是进行多次波识别和压制的前提。近海及构造复杂区往往存在倾斜界面,基于水平界面假设的传统多次波压制方法难以准确地去除多次波的影响。文中结合海域地震记录及其采集方式,基于倾斜界面多次波的时距解析,针对近海等构造复杂区的实际记录利用简化模型预测多次波,给出了来自不同界面(包括倾斜界面)的多次波及其鬼波的时距特征,且与实际记录相吻合,其结果可提高地震资料的观测解释能力;在此基础上,利用时距信息人工合成理论地震记录,进行常规地震数据处理,进一步认识不同界面的多次波时距、速度及其造成的层面假象等特征。本研究结果有利于有效识别和预测海域地震记录中的多次波,为多次波的压制提供理论依据,进而为海域地震活动构造探测研究提供一定的帮助。 相似文献
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Single‐component towed‐streamer marine data acquisition records the pressure variations of the upgoing compressional waves followed by the polarity‐reversed pressure variations of downgoing waves, creating sea‐surface ghost events in the data. The sea‐surface ghost for constant‐depth towed‐streamer marine data acquisition is usually characterised by a ghost operator acting on the upgoing waves, which can be formulated as a filtering process in the frequency–wavenumber domain. The deghosting operation, usually via the application of the inverse Wiener filter related to the ghost operator, acts on the signal as well as the noise. The noise power transfer into the deghosted data is proportional to the power spectrum of the inverse Wiener filter and is amplifying the noise strongly at the notch wavenumbers and frequencies of the ghost operator. For variable‐depth streamer acquisition, the sea‐surface ghost cannot be described any longer as a wavenumber–frequency operator but as a linear relationship between the wavenumber–frequency representation of the upgoing waves at the sea surface and the data in the space–frequency domain. In this article, we investigate how the application of the inverse process acts on noise. It turns out that the noise magnification is less severe with variable‐depth streamer data, as opposed to constant depth, and is inversely proportional to the local slant of the streamer. We support this statement via application of the deghosting process to real and numerical random noise. We also propose a more general concept of a wavenumber–frequency ghost power transfer function, applicable for variable‐depth streamer acquisition, and demonstrate that the inverse of the proposed variable‐depth ghost power transfer function can be used to approximately quantify the action of the variable‐depth streamer deghosting process on noise. 相似文献
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A marine source generates both a direct wavefield and a ghost wavefield. This is caused by the strong surface reflectivity, resulting in a blended source array, the blending process being natural. The two unblended response wavefields correspond to the real source at the actual location below the water level and to the ghost source at the mirrored location above the water level. As a consequence, deghosting becomes deblending (‘echo‐deblending’) and can be carried out with a deblending algorithm. In this paper we present source deghosting by an iterative deblending algorithm that properly includes the angle dependence of the ghost: It represents a closed‐loop, non‐causal solution. The proposed echo‐deblending algorithm is also applied to the detector deghosting problem. The detector cable may be slanted, and shot records may be generated by blended source arrays, the blending being created by simultaneous sources. Similar to surface‐related multiple elimination the method is independent of the complexity of the subsurface; only what happens at and near the surface is relevant. This means that the actual sea state may cause the reflection coefficient to become frequency dependent, and the water velocity may not be constant due to temporal and lateral variations in the pressure, temperature, and salinity. As a consequence, we propose that estimation of the actual ghost model should be part of the echo‐deblending algorithm. This is particularly true for source deghosting, where interaction of the source wavefield with the surface may be far from linear. The echo‐deblending theory also shows how multi‐level source acquisition and multi‐level streamer acquisition can be numerically simulated from standard acquisition data. The simulated multi‐level measurements increase the performance of the echo‐deblending process. The output of the echo‐deblending algorithm on the source side consists of two ghost‐free records: one generated by the real source at the actual location below the water level and one generated by the ghost source at the mirrored location above the water level. If we apply our algorithm at the detector side as well, we end up with four ghost‐free shot records. All these records are input to migration. Finally, we demonstrate that the proposed echo‐deblending algorithm is robust for background noise. 相似文献
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海上倾斜缆采集技术具有多样的陷波特征,通过去鬼波处理可获得宽频数据.针对海水面波浪起伏及缆深误差引起的鬼波延迟时间估计误差以及崎岖海底和目的层深度变化使得鬼波和一次反射波的振幅差异系数随偏移距的变化而难以给定一个固定值的问题,本文推导出频率慢度域中鬼波滤波算子以及自适应迭代反演求解上行波算法,该鬼波滤波算子与不同水平慢度对应的鬼波和一次反射波的振幅差异系数以及鬼波延迟时间有关.并基于计算出的理论下行波与实际下行波之间的平方误差最小理论实现自适应反演迭代最优计算该振幅差异系数和鬼波延迟时间.合成的及某海上采集的倾斜缆数据去鬼波处理结果表明,频率慢度域自适应迭代反演算法能较好地去除海上变深度缆鬼波,能达到拓宽地震记录频带目的. 相似文献
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Three‐dimensional receiver ghost attenuation (deghosting) of dual‐sensor towed‐streamer data is straightforward, in principle. In its simplest form, it requires applying a three‐dimensional frequency–wavenumber filter to the vertical component of the particle motion data to correct for the amplitude reduction on the vertical component of non‐normal incidence plane waves before combining with the pressure data. More elaborate techniques use three‐dimensional filters to both components before summation, for example, for ghost wavelet dephasing and mitigation of noise of different strengths on the individual components in optimum deghosting. The problem with all these techniques is, of course, that it is usually impossible to transform the data into the crossline wavenumber domain because of aliasing. Hence, usually, a two‐dimensional version of deghosting is applied to the data in the frequency–inline wavenumber domain. We investigate going down the “dimensionality ladder” one more step to a one‐dimensional weighted summation of the records of the collocated sensors to create an approximate deghosting procedure. We specifically consider amplitude‐balancing weights computed via a standard automatic gain control before summation, reminiscent of a diversity stack of the dual‐sensor recordings. This technique is independent of the actual streamer depth and insensitive to variations in the sea‐surface reflection coefficient. The automatic gain control weights serve two purposes: (i) to approximately correct for the geometric amplitude loss of the Z data and (ii) to mitigate noise strength variations on the two components. Here, Z denotes the vertical component of the velocity of particle motion scaled by the seismic impedance of the near‐sensor water volume. The weights are time‐varying and can also be made frequency‐band dependent, adapting better to frequency variations of the noise. The investigated process is a very robust, almost fully hands‐off, approximate three‐dimensional deghosting step for dual‐sensor data, requiring no spatial filtering and no explicit estimates of noise power. We argue that this technique performs well in terms of ghost attenuation (albeit, not exact ghost removal) and balancing the signal‐to‐noise ratio in the output data. For instances where full three‐dimensional receiver deghosting is the final product, the proposed technique is appropriate for efficient quality control of the data acquired and in aiding the parameterisation of the subsequent deghosting processing. 相似文献
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海水面的虚反射(鬼波)引起海上拖缆采集数据陷波,导致地震记录频带变窄,而近年发展的变深度缆采集技术,具有多样的陷波特征,通过专门的去虚反射处理方法可获得宽频数据.本文基于已有研究成果,将最小二乘反演迭代压制虚反射算法应用于某海上变深度缆宽频处理.基于频率波数域镜像记录生成方法获得镜像炮集记录,并采用最小二乘解从变深度缆原始和镜像炮集记录中提取上行波.针对镜像炮集记录生成受初始速度模型精度的影响,使得某深度缆接收的上行波和下行波之间的实际延迟时间存在误差,采用最小二乘反演迭代算法最优化计算下行波与上行波之间的平均延迟时间和上行波记录,并采用时空数据窗口滑动克服延迟时间随炮检距和目的层深度变化问题.合成数据及某海上实际变深度缆数据处理测试结果表明,该方法能较好地压制变深度缆由海水面产生的虚反射,能达到拓宽地震记录频带目的. 相似文献
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Three‐dimensional receiver deghosting of seismic streamer data using L1 inversion and redundant extended radon dictionary 
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下载免费PDF全文 In this paper, we propose a novel three‐dimensional receiver deghosting algorithm that is capable of deghosting both horizontal and slanted streamer data in a theoretically consistent manner. Our algorithm honours wave propagation phenomena in a true three‐dimensional sense and frames the three‐dimensional receiver deghosting problem as a Lasso problem. The ultimate goal is to minimise the mismatch between the actual measurements and the simulated wavefield with an L1 constraint applied in the extended Radon space to handle the underdetermined nature of this problem. We successfully demonstrate our algorithm on a modified three‐dimensional EAGE/SEG Overthrust model and a Red Sea marine dataset. 相似文献
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Joint up/down decomposition and reconstruction using three‐component streamers with or without ghost model: the sampling theory 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 This paper addresses two artefacts inherent to marine towed‐streamer surveys: 1) ghost reflections and 2) too sparse a sampling in the crossline direction. A ghost reflection is generated when an upcoming reflection bounces off the sea surface back into the sensors and can, in principle, be removed by decomposing the measured wavefield into its up‐ and downgoing constituents. This process requires a dense sampling of the wavefield in both directions along and perpendicular to the streamers. A dense sampling in the latter direction is, however, often impossible due to economical and operational constraints. Recent multi‐component streamers have been designed to record the spatial gradients on top of the pressure, which not only benefits the wavefield decomposition but also facilitates a lower‐than‐Nyquist sampling rate of the pressure. In this paper, wavefield reconstruction and deghosting are posed as a joint inverse problem. We present two approaches to establish a system matrix that embeds both a deghosting and an interpolation operator. The first approach is derived with a ghost model, whereas the second approach is derived without a ghost model. The embodiment of a ghost model leads to an even lower sampling rate but relies on a more restrictive assumption on the sea surface. 相似文献
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Xing-Yan Zhang Dong-Ming Pan Wen-Ying Shi Zhong-Yu Fang Zhi-Wei Dan Li-Xia Zhang 《应用地球物理》2015,12(4):573-584
Currently, the deghosting of towed streamer seismic data assumes a flat sea level and a sea-surface reflection coefficient of ?1; this decreases the precision of deghosting. A new method that considers the rough sea surface is proposed to suppress ghost reflections. The proposed deghosting method obtains the rough sea surface reflection coefficient using Gaussian statistics, and calculates the optimized deghosting operator in the τ/p domain. The proposed method is closer to the actual sea conditions, offers an improved deghosting operator, removes the ghost reflections from marine towed seismic data, widens the bandwidth and restores the low-frequency information, and finally improves the signal-tonoise ratio and resolution of the seismic data. 相似文献
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In marine acquisition, reflections of sound energy from the water–air interface result in ghosts in the seismic data, both in the source side and the receiver side. Ghosts limit the bandwidth of the useful signal and blur the final image. The process to separate the ghost and primary signals, called the deghosting process, can fill the ghost notch, broaden the frequency band, and help achieve high‐resolution images. Low‐signal‐to‐noise ratio near the notch frequencies and 3D effects are two challenges that the deghosting process has to face. In this paper, starting from an introduction to the deghosting process, we present and compare two strategies to solve the latter. The first is an adaptive mechanism that adjusts the deghosting operator to compensate for 3D effects or errors in source/receiver depth measurement. This method does not include explicitly the crossline slowness component and is not affected by the sparse sampling in the same direction. The second method is an inversion‐type approach that does include the crossline slowness component in the algorithm and handles the 3D effects explicitly. Both synthetic and field data examples in wide azimuth acquisition settings are shown to compare the two strategies. Both methods provide satisfactory results. 相似文献