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1.
1998年 6月在美国南加州地震中心学术会议期间 ,曾举行过一次关于地震与断层行为的物理本质的讨论会 ,内容包括地震成核 ,断裂传播及抑制 ,地震活动的时空模式 ,断层的相互作用 ,断层系统的演化等。加深对地震物理过程的理解有助于提高对未来地震发生地点、震级、时间的概率估算能力 ,改善地震灾害的评估方法。它使科学家能把动态破裂与地震波传播的模拟结合到地震危险性分析模型中 ,从而合成设定地震的强地面运动时间过程 ,这是动态结构抗震设计的基础。这一问题牵涉到诸多领域 ,如连续介质力学、统计物理学、室内实验与野外观测等。来自各大学、美国地质调查局、国家实验室与政府机构的 5 3名代表参加了讨论会 ,对比各自的研究结果 ,讨论未来研究的关键性问题。以下是会议发言要点。Ｂｅｎ -Ｚｉｏｎ综述了在断裂力学、损伤流变学、颗粒力学 (ｇｒａｎｕｌａｒｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓ)、统计物理学方面的进展。当不存在一个统一的地震物理学框架时 ,连续固体材料的运动方程也许是一个好的选择。这些方程与尺度无关 ,即变形过程产生幂律统计学上的自相似模式。这种模式在地震现象中比比皆是。然而 ,在流变学与构造研究中 ,尺度效应会导致与自相似模 相似文献
2.
2003年2月24日发生在新疆塔里木盆地的巴楚-伽师6.8级地震可能是1997—1998年伽师强震群的继续,但其震源机制解、破裂过程与1997—1998年的强震群有一定的差别。从地震重新定位的结果看,巴楚-伽师6.8级地震与塔西南坳陷东侧麦盖提斜坡带上发育的一组NWW向隐伏逆断层有关,地震宏观考察①所发现的与构造变形有关的地裂缝也与这一隐伏断层带的位置相吻合,等震线形态与隐伏断层带的走向一致,极震区的形态与断层的破裂方向基本一致。这些均表明这次地震是盆地内一条近EW向北倾逆断层自NW向SE由深至浅破裂的结果 相似文献
3.
大震前地震活动性的加强,是震前地震活动异常变化的普遍现象,伴随着地震活动增强,开始出现区域震群活动.现代统计物理学中突变事件发生前的临界指标包括起伏加剧和起伏加剧时段所显示的复杂系统宏观有序性.研究表明,上述指标不仅能应用于中、强地震短临预报研究,在短临阶段地震活动性资料中同样存在. 相似文献
4.
通过对中国大陆及青藏高原、新疆、华北和东北各构造区的地震活动性的分析,论证了区域地震活动是一种自组织临界现象.利用分形理论中的粗视化网格法,研究了中国大陆以及各构造区断层系的分形特点和分形结构的跨尺度特征.开展了组构具有分形特点的沙堆模型实验.结合断裂力学理论,认为地震的自组织临界现象源于分形几何断层系的自组织临界性动力学过程,地震分维数和断层系分维数之间存在着一种正相关关系,明确了断层系分形和地震活动性分形之间的因果关系.在此基础上,提出了系统组构的分形是系统输出能量的分形的根源的观点,并进一步利用已有的观测资料进行了分析.最后,基于这个观点和区域断层分布可以通过常规的航卫片分析、地面调查和地质勘探等手段确定的事实,提出了利用断层的分维数与地震的分维数的相关关系,对区域地震的概率分布特征进行估计的观点,可为地震的预测预报提供参考. 相似文献
5.
研究了弹性回跳模型随机版的“应力释放模型”产生具有加速地震释放（ASR）特征的合成地震序列的条件。在这一模型中，过程的水平或“应力”通过构造输入而随时间线性地累积，并由于地震的发生而降低。这些“应力降”相应于地震释放能量的某次幂，即E^0.5（贝尼奥夫应变）或E（地震矩）。地震以点过程的方式发生，其发生的速率受该过程水平的控制。本文假定出现加速地震释放的关键因素是事件的大小取决于该过程水平的方式。这由遵从锥形的Pareto模型或截断的古登堡一里克特分布的释放能量的平方根来模拟，最大地震尺度受“曳尾”或“截断”点所控制。曳尾点变大，平均尺度也随之变大，相应于系统加速趋于临界状态。我们发现，过程的下伏水平相当于累加地震矩的情况产生了大量加速地震释放序列，而使用累加的贝尼奥夫应变作为水平的情况，则不然。这些结果说明，加速地震释放的出现，很大程度上取决于嵌入于断层系的大地震对断层系动力状态有怎样的影响，但愿这些结果能为认识有关加速趋于临界状态的机制即出现或不出现加速地震释放的可能成因提供某些见解。 相似文献
6.
地震位错理论是研究地震断层滑动与地球物理场变化之间关系的理论,是震源机制、地球内部构造、地震预测等基本地球物理问题与大地测量、地球物理观测数据之间的联系纽带。被广泛使用的半无限空间介质模型的位错理论,由于其几何模型的限制,在地震变形和地球动力学等应用研究中会导致一定程度的误差。此外,现代大地测量技术可以在全球和区域尺度上精确地观测地震变形,亟需一个适用于全球地震变形研究的地震位错理论。为此,本团队基于球形地球模型,经过多年系统性研究,建立了地震位错理论新体系。所构建的球形地球模型的地震位错理论,促进了全球地震变形和地球动力学变化的研究,是近年来地球物理学领域取得的重要理论进展之一。本文简要地介绍了国内球形地球模型地震位错理论的发展及其应用研究。首先,介绍了弹性球形地球模型、三维不均匀地球模型和黏弹地球模型的位错理论;其次,介绍球形地球模型的位错理论在地球动力学变化研究、断层与地下介质结构反演和地震大地测量学研究方面的相关应用;最后,对球形地球模型的位错理论的发展方向作出展望。 相似文献
7.
以四川盆地为例,通过分析沉积岩储藏系统中断层的发育特征和典型沉积岩断层形成前后岩石变形破坏过程的实验研究,探讨沉积岩层中小断层在油气田注水诱发地震中的作用及较大地震发生条件。首先,通过分析已有的有关四川盆地深部注水诱发地震活动情况的资料得到具有一定普遍性的认识:诱发地震的空间分布明显受已有断层或破裂的控制,有感地震尤其是可导致一定灾害的中强地震往往都是已有断层的重新活动所致。其次,结合石油地质资料及盆地边缘地区出露的一些未成熟小型断层的地质与构造特征观察分析,发现这些断层的存在具有普遍性而且是地下油气纵向运移的主要通道。进而,在实验室条件下对四川盆地几个典型沉积岩样本进行了三轴压缩破坏实验。采用多通道宽动态高速声发射观测技术与三维X射线CT成像技术分析断层形成过程及形成后的几何特征和摩擦系数的变化。最后,通过融合各方面研究结果分析注水诱发地震的发生机制和模型,探讨了较大地震发生条件,为提升注水诱发地震评估能力和建立安全注水操作管理指南提供理论基础。该结果有助于理解为何四川盆地油气田注水诱发地震活动如此剧烈。主要的前三叠系沉积岩(包括白云岩、页岩及白云质灰岩)均具有较高的破坏强度和脆性变形破坏特征,使四川盆地油气储藏系统有条件保持较高的应力水平和在一定条件下导致地震性断层破坏。一般,一条尺度达到几km的断层便足以产生M5级别的中强地震。这些条件使得该区具有发生破坏性注水诱发地震的可能。有必要在对注水孔周围的破裂及断层构造的空间分布、尺度大小及力学性质特征有基本了解的条件下,通过注水数值模拟和监测注水诱发地震的时空演化,建立适当的统计模型实现诱发地震的统计评估和预测,指导注水操作而达到减少灾害性地震发生的风险。 相似文献
8.
颁奖辞加州大学圣克鲁斯分校的Emily Brodsky博士被评选为2005年度里克特(Charles F.Richter)早期事业奖的获得者,而且她还获得了此奖项首位获得者的荣誉。里克特奖评选委员会对Brodsky研究的广博和创新印象深刻,尤其是“地震、火山与滑坡产生机制”的阐述方面。她在地震触发和地震远场效应理论、断层蠕滑理论、以及扩散校正理论方面的贡献备受称道。在探讨这些课题时,她充分发挥了自己在物理学和流体力学方面的优势,用以了解这些系统的动力学过程。例如,她致力于由地震波传播引发的地壳动态应力变化的非线性响应的理解,用于解释地震、火… 相似文献
9.
地震时大部分断层位移发生在断层带内的主滑动面上。虽然断层面形貌对地震和断层力学具有重要意义,但是在地震滑距尺度上几乎是未知的。我们使用新的基于激光技术的方法绘制了10μm～120m尺度范围内的暴露断层面。这些数据提供了首个定量证据显示断层面粗糙度随滑距递增而变化。长度在10μm到大于100m范围内的数千条剖面表明,在平行滑动方向上小滑距断层(滑距<1m)比大滑距断层(滑距为10m～100m或更大)粗糙。小滑距断层表面在全部观测尺度上都有凹凸体,而大滑距断层面是平滑的,且长达1～2m的纵剖面上均方根(RMS)值小于3mm。大滑距断层面表现为光滑的、拉长的、半椭圆状的、约1m高数米长的凸起。我们推断这些凸起随断层成熟进程不断演化。这种几何学上的差别显示,在相对成熟的断层上,地震的成核、发展和终止与新断层是根本不同的。 相似文献
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Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
Kenneth J. Hsu 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》1998,41(5):449-472
Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before
and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global
temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude
lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production.
Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation,
rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the
Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately
to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind.
Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people.
Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but
water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population. 相似文献
13.
Fractals,fault-gouge,and friction 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
The particle-size distribution of a natural fault-gouge has been determined over the range from 5 m to 40 cm. The gouge is self-similar over the range from 5 m to 1 cm having a fractal dimension of 2.60±0.11. The lower and upper fractal limits were also determined. The lower fractal limit occurs at a dimension of about 1–10 m where mineral cleavage and intergranular porosity dominate the cataclasis. The upper fractal limit occurs at particle sizes on the order of 1 cm where the scaled particle density decreases abruptly by a factor of about three. By analogy to soil-mechanics shear box tests and laboratory rock friction experiments, it is argued that the upper fractal limit of the gouge determines the characteristic displacement parameter in stick-slip friction models. A characteristic displacement on the order of 1 cm is consistent with estimates based on numerical simulations of faulting. 相似文献
14.
The Mill Run watershed is a structurally-controlled synclinal basin on the eastern limb of the Massanutten Mountain complex of northwestern Virginia. Bedrock contacts are obscured by coarse sandstone debris from exposures near basin divides. Colluvium blankets more than half the basin, masking geomorphic surfaces, affecting vegetation patterns, and contributing to the convexity of the alluvial, terrace, pediment and erosion surfaces. Examination of the bedrock geology, geomorphology, soils and vegetation shows distinct distributional correspondences. Vegetation is strongly interdependent with geomorphology, bedrock geology, and soils. On convex colluvial slopes, mixed hardwood forests are most common. In concave coves and deep gorges, mixed hardwoods are replaced by conifers. In thin colluvium, in poorly developed soils, and on blockfields, chestnut oak is singularly prevalent. Conifers dominate shaley bedrock areas. Soils and surficial sediments have a major effect on near-surface hydrology. During wet seasons, cemented horizons in the subsurface cause temporary saturation in the superjacent horizons; lateral movement of soil-water effectively eliminates a vertical component of ground-water recharge. Vegetation is strongly dependent on water availability and thus reflects the distribution of subsurface barriers and sediment-soil fades changes. 相似文献
15.
Art Raiche 《Surveys in Geophysics》1994,15(2):159-207
Researchers in the field of electromagnetic modelling and inversion have taken advantage of the impressive improvements of new computer hardware to explore exciting new initiatives and solid extensions of older ideas. Finite-difference time-stepping methods have been successfully applied to full-domain 3D models. Another new method combines time-stepping with spatial frequency solutions. The 2D model 3D source (2.5D) problem is also receiving fresh attention both for continental and sea floor applications.The 3D inversion problem is being attacked by several researchers using distorted Born approximation methods. Q-domain inversions using transformation to pseudo-wave field and travel time tomography have also been successfully tested for low contrast problems. Subspace methods have been successful in dramatically reducing the computational burden of the under-determined style of inversion. Static magnetic field interpretation methods are proving useful for delineating the position of closely-spaced multiple targets.Novel (appeals to nature) methods are also being investigated. Neural net algorithms have been tested for determining the depth and offset of buried pipes from EM ellipticity data. Genetic algorithms and simulated annealing have been tested for extremal model construction.The failure of researchers to take adequate account of the properties of the mathematical transformation from algorithms to the number domain represented by the computing process remains a major stumbling block. Structured programming, functional languages, and other software tools and methods are presented as an essential part of the serial process leading from EM theory to geological interpretation. 相似文献
16.
Dynamics of dissolved major (Na,K, Ca,Mg, and Si) and trace (Al,Fe, Mn,Zn, Cu,and Cr) elements along the lower Orinoco River 
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下载免费PDF全文 Abrahan Mora Jürgen Mahlknecht Juan Carlos Baquero Alain Laraque Juan A. Alfonso Daniel Pisapia Laura Balza 《水文研究》2017,31(3):597-611
This study addresses the changes in dissolved major and trace element concentrations along the Orinoco River, including the mixing zone between the Orinoco and Apure Rivers. Water samples from the Apure and Orinoco Rivers were collected monthly in four sectors over a period of 15 months. Auxiliary parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature), total suspended sediments, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Si) and trace (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cr) element concentrations were measured in all sectors. The relative contribution of both rivers after the Apure–Orinoco confluence was determined using Ca as a tracer. Moreover, a mixing model was developed to determine whether dissolved species exhibit a conservative behavior during mixing. The results indicate that DOC is removed from waters during the Apure–Orinoco mixing, probably due to absorption of DOC on mineral phases supplied by the Apure River. Dissolved Na, Ca, and Mg behave conservatively during the mixing processes, and their concentrations are controlled by a dilution process. The anomaly in the temporal pattern of K in the Orinoco is caused by the input of biogenic K originating from the Apure River during the high‐water stage. The loss of dissolved Si during the low‐water stage can be explained by the uptake of Si by diatoms. Dissolved Mn, Zn, Al, and Fe showed a non‐conservative behavior during the Apure–Orinoco mixing. The removal of Mn and Zn from the dissolved phase can be explained by the formation of Mn‐oxyhydroxides and the scavenging of Zn onto Mn oxides. Dissolved Fe is controlled by redox processes, although the removals of Fe and Al due to the preferential adsorption of large organometallic complexes by mineral surfaces after the Apure–Orinoco confluence can affect the mobility of both elements during transport. The conservative behavior shown by Cu and Cr can be related to the tendency of both elements to be complexed with small organic colloids, which are not preferentially adsorbed by clays. 相似文献
17.
Michael O. Garcia Diane Hanano Ashton Flinders Dominique Weis Garrett Ito Mark D. Kurz 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2012,74(6):1445-1463
The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km3) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New 40Ar–39Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high 3He/4He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized. 相似文献
18.
Transitional, entraining, cloudy, and coastal boundary layers 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Wayne M. Angevine 《Acta Geophysica》2008,56(1):2-20
Atmospheric boundary layers are marvelously varied and complex. Recent research has examined some of that variety. Boundary
layers over land undergo drastic changes throughout the day as the sun rises and sets, and as clouds form and dissipate. Air
is entrained at the top of the boundary layer at varying rates. As air moves over the coast, the boundary layer reacts to
changes in surface forcing. All of these changes affect pollutant transport and weather formation. In this paper, research
attempting to understand transitional, cloud-topped, and coastal boundary layers, and boundary-layer top entrainment, is reviewed. 相似文献
19.
Drop calorimetry measurements between 900 and 1850 K are reported for amorphous anorthite, andesine, wollastonite, diopside, cordierite and pyrope. The isobaric heat capacities of the glassy and liquid phases of these materials, and the enthalpies of fusion of the minerals have been derived. The calorimetric entropies of fusion of these substances and of other oxide minerals are generally consistent with the calculated volume changes on melting and with the observed pressure dependences of the melting points. The thermodynamics of mixing of liquid plagioclases have been examined, and it is concluded that their enthalpies of mixing are markedly different from the values derived directly from solution calorimetry measurements at 985 K. 相似文献
20.
A list of volcanic eruption plumes observed to ascend into or near the stratosphere since 1883 shows that the volcanoes divide readily into two groups, one at low and one at higher latitudes. A model for the rise of a buoyant volcanic plume rise as applied to volcanic eruptions is corrected for realistic temperature profiles and for the finite vertical extent of the resultant debris clouds. The utility of the model can be questioned, however, owing to the highly uncertain and variable nature of the efficiency of use of heat energy of buoyant rise. The observed correlation of stratospheric plumes with climatic effects indicates that those plumes nearer the equator have the largest impact on surface temperatures. Analysis of the observations also suggests that injection of debris into the stratosphere is more important in determining the effect on climate than either the total volcanic explosivity of the eruption or the actual height reached within the stratosphere. 相似文献