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1.
Summary In the study, urban-suburban/rural vapour pressure and relative humidity differences at fixed hours in the Belgrade area
were analysed and compared. The data from one urban, two suburban and one rural stations (0700, 1400 and 2100 hours LTC),
for the period 1976–1980 were used. It has been found, on the basis of the vapour pressure differences that the atmosphere
in urban areas is more humid than that in the suburban and rural areas at 0700 and 2100 hours, in the period from September
to February, while from February to September the urban atmosphere is drier. At 1400 hours, urban atmosphere is drier throughout
the year. However, relative humidity differences indicate that urban air is less humid than the air in suburban and rural
areas throughout the year. Relationships between urban-suburban/rural vapour pressure differences and heat island intensity
revealed that the local effects could be significant.
Received December 23, 1999 Revised September 27, 2000 相似文献
2.
Summary Data from two automatic stations in Łódź (one urban and one rural) for the period 1997–2002 are analyzed to reveal urban–rural
contrasts of such parameters as air temperature, relative humidity, water vapour pressure and wind speed. Under favourable
weather conditions the highest temperature differences between the urban and rural station exceeds 8 °C. Relative humidity
is lower in the town, sometimes by more than 40%. Water vapour pressure differences can be either positive (up to 5 hPa) or
negative (up to −4 hPa). Wind speed at the urban station is on average lower by about 34% in night and 39% during daytime.
Regression analysis shows that for rural winds lower than 1.13 m s−1 urban winds can be stronger than rural speeds. Attention has also been paid to singularities in the course of the analyzed
parameters over 24 hour periods. It is shown that the typical course of the urban heat island intensity under favourable conditions
is similar in all season. Four stages of this course have been distinguished. Wind speed differences also seem to change in
a typical way. Case studies show that humidity contrasts, unlike temperature, can evolve in different ways under fine weather
conditions. Types of relative humidity evolution are proposed. 相似文献
3.
Temporal characteristics of the Beijing urban heat island 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Summary This paper describes the inter-annual trend, and the seasonal and hourly variation of the near surface urban heat island (UHI)
in Beijing. The surface air temperature data (mean, maximum, and minimum) from one urban (downtown Beijing) and one rural
(70 km from downtown Beijing) station were used for the period 1977 and 2000. It is found that the temperatures in both urban
and rural stations show an increasing tendency. Specifically, minimum temperature shows the greatest tendency at the urban
station whereas maximum temperature shows the greatest increase at the rural station. The UHI intensity obtained by calculating
the difference in temperatures between the two stations identifies that the intensity is greatest and has the greatest increasing
trend for minimum temperature, while the UHI intensity of maximum temperature shows a slow decrease over time. UHI intensity
for minimum temperature has a strong positive correlation with the increase in the urban population and the expansion of the
yearly construction area. Seasonal analyses showed the UHI intensity is strongest in winter. This seasonal UHI variation tends
to be negatively correlated with the seasonal variation of relative humidity and vapor pressure. Hourly variation reveals
that the strongest UHI intensity is observed in the late nighttime or evening, while the weakest is observed during the day. 相似文献
4.
Y. R. Adebayo 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1991,43(1-2):17-30
Summary Oke (1986) observedvery few studies make comparison of urban-rural vapour pressure or density values. This observation is particularly true of studies in tropical area. Budding from this situation of inadequacy of investigation is the scientific uncertainty about the true nature of the effect of urbanization on atmospheric vapour content in general. In the light of this situation, a concurrent analysis of the day-time effect of urbanization on both relative humidity and vapour pressure was carried out. A set of data, collected by the Nigerian Department of Meteorology, which covered 730 days (in 1985 and 1986) at two urban stations and a rural surrogate-station was used. The study was limited to day-time because of non-availability of adequate nocturnal data.Simple frequency analysis of the urban-rural dichotomy was carried out. It was discovered that urbanization had a notable effect on both relative humidity and vapour pressure in the afternoon and during the dry season, as both parameters attenuated considerably during these periods. Of special note was the fact that both measures of humidity were affected by urbanization in the same manner. However, the effect of urbanization on relative humidity was greater.With 5 Figures 相似文献
5.
Changes in Chinese temperature extremes are presented based on a six-hourly surface air
temperature dataset for the period 1961--2005. These temperature series are manually observed at
0200, 0800, 1400, and 2000 Beijing Time (LST), and percentile based extreme indices of these time
series are chosen for analysis. Although there is a difference in time among the different time
zones across China, as more than 80% of the stations are located in two adjacent time zones,
these indices for all the stations are called warm (cold) nights (0200 LST), warm (cold) mornings
(0800 LST), warm (cold) days (1400 LST), and warm (cold) evenings (2000 LST), respectively for
convenience. The frequency of the annual warm extremes has generally increased, while the frequency
of the annual cold extremes has decreased, and significant changes are mainly observed in northern
China, the Tibetan Plateau, and the southernmost part of China. Based on the national average, annual
warm (cold) nights increase (decrease) at a rate of 5.66 (-5.92) d (10 yr)-1, annual warm (cold)
days increase (decrease) at a rate of 3.97 (-2.98) d (10 yr)-1, and the trends for the annual warm
(cold) mornings and evenings are 4.35 (-4.96) and 5.95 (-4.35) d (10 yr)-1, respectively. For
China as a whole, the increasing rates for the occurrence of seasonal warm extremes are larger in the
nighttime (0200, 2000 LST) than these in the daytime (0800, 1400 LST), the maximal increase occurs at
2000 LST except in the summer and the minimal increase occurs at 1400 LST except in autumn; the maximal
decrease in the occurrence of seasonal cold extremes occurs at 0200 LST and the minimal decrease occurs
at 1400 LST. 相似文献
6.
Summary A measurement programme was conducted in G?teborg Sweden, to examine the spatial variations of incoming longwave irradiance
on calm, cloudless nights. Both regional and local spatial variations were examined. Incoming longwave irradiance data was
obtained from mobile car transects, and at a fixed site on a building roof at the city centre. Ancillary data included sky
view factor at various transect locations, and balloon soundings of air temperature and humidity on one night.
Measurements revealed that on average, incoming longwave irradiance at the fixed urban site was 11 W m
−2 higher than at the rural station, with varying differences for intervening sites. Bulk apparent sky emissivity was higher
at the most rural station compared to the fixed urban site, by about 0.03 on average. Nighttime balloon measurements and a
sensitivity analysis with a radiative transfer model argue that the bulk apparent sky emissivity differences stem mainly from
the temperature structure of the lower boundary layer which changes markedly from rural to urban areas.
A good relationship was found between sky view factor and incoming longwave irradiance for a range of urban and park locations.
The relationship applies to both individual nights and average data. Using a simple obstruction model, canyon wall temperatures
are derived, and the relationship between sky view factor and wall temperature is examined.
Received December 23, 1999 Revised May 5, 2000 相似文献
7.
选取湖北省自动观测记录较长的38个站作为被检站,每个被检站选取3个邻近站,统计相对湿度、水汽压序列与邻近站的相关系数、平均值及方差变化情况,分析由人工观测改变为自动气象站观测后,两者存在的差异,并对其中4个国家基准气候站2003—2011年自动观测和同期人工观测进行对比,得到这4个站9年内每次更换温湿度传感器对相对湿度、水汽压记录的影响情况。结果表明:对比自动观测与人工观测两个序列,被检站与对应邻近站的相对湿度、水汽压的相关系数呈减小趋势,两种观测差值的平均值和方差差异显著;温湿度传感器的更换易产生相对湿度和水汽压记录的跳变;温湿度传感器的检定示值误差是加剧自动观测与人工观测序列显著差异的重要因素;改进观测方法,完善自动气象站检定规程,是自动观测与人工观测序列均一性的重要保证。 相似文献
8.
北京地区城市热岛强度变化对区域温度序列的影响 总被引：57，自引：2，他引：55
通过对北京地区20个台站1961~2000年月平均温度资料的对比分析,证实热岛效应对城市气象站记录的地表平均气温的绝对影响随时间显著增大,近20 a尤为突出,但其相对影响即热岛增温对全部增暖的贡献却呈下降趋势。近40 a来,北京地区的国家基本、基准站平均温度距平序列与被认为不受城市热岛影响的郊区站平均温度距平序列差异明显,由于热岛效应加强因素引起的国家基本、基准站平均年温度变化速率为0.16℃/(10 a),对整个时期全部增温的贡献达到71%;近20 a来热岛效应加强因素使北京地区国家基本、基准站年平均温度每10 a增暖0.33℃,对该时期全部增温的贡献达到49%。城市热岛效应加强因素对国家基本、基准站季节平均温度上升的贡献在夏、秋季高,冬季最小。本文的结果说明,目前根据国家基本、基准站资料建立的全国或较大区域平均温度序列可能在很大程度上保留着城市化的影响,有必要做进一步的检验和订正。 相似文献
9.
使用2008~2012年逐日地面观测资料,揭示了安徽不同地区雾、霾、晴空天气气象条件的差异,指出不同地区要根据本地特点建立雾、霾预报指标和预报方法。3类天气差异最大的地面气象要素是能见度和相对湿度。根据3种天气前一日和当日能见度和相对湿度分布特征,全省站点可以分为3类:1)从雾、霾到晴空,能见度递增、相对湿度递减,且差异显著,如合肥站;2)雾、霾天的能见度和相对湿度均很接近,但与晴空天差别较大,如阜阳站;3)能见度在雾、霾天无明显差别,但相对湿度在雾、霾天差异显著,如安庆站。地级市测站雾后即霾的可能性较大(大于50%),县城测站雾后即霾的可能性较低(低于25%)。垂直方向,雾时相对湿度随高度下降很快,850 h Pa中位值已降到20%(安庆)和45%(阜阳)以下,霾时相对湿度随高度下降缓慢,850 h Pa中位值仍在60%左右;另外,霾天边界层中上部风切变较小,雾天和晴空天边界层中上部都存在较大的风切变。 相似文献
10.
利用2008—2012年北京城区平均5 km的高密度自动气象站逐时观测数据,分析了北京城区近地面比湿、风向和风速的时空精细分布特征,初步探究了城市下垫面对局地气象要素的影响机制。研究表明:夏季白天北京城区为干岛,冬季城区表现为弱湿岛特征。受城市效应的影响,北京城区与郊区比湿日变化有明显差异。近地面10 m风受到地形、城市和季节性盛行风的共同影响。当气流经过城区时有明显的绕流现象。夏季05:00—10:00 (北京时,下同),受山风、弱的夏季偏南风和城市热岛共同作用,气流向城市中心辐合。冬季15:00—19:00,受季节盛行风偏北气流和谷风偏南气流的共同作用,在城区形成一条西北—东南走向的辐合线。对风速研究发现:城市粗糙下垫面使北京城区风速减小,二环路和三环路之间存在一条“n”状的风速小值带。由此可见,除已开展较多研究的城市热岛效应外,北京城市效应对近地面湿度和风场亦有显著影响。 相似文献
11.
以北京市观象台2010年8月、2011年8月每日3次 (08:00, 14:00, 20:00,北京时,下同) L波段探空秒间隔数据为实况,对BJ-RUC系统 (rapid updated cycle system for the Beijing area) 分析和预报边界层性能进行了初步评估。结果表明:BJ-RUC系统对北京地区夏季白天边界层的细致特征具有较好的预报能力,但也存在明显的系统性误差。08:00边界层偏冷; 14:00和20:00 1 km以下的边界层则显著偏暖, 边界层内明显偏湿。整体上模式对边界层内温度、湿度的预报误差均高于自由大气。该系统对北京地区边界层内早晨 (08:00) 从夜间山风向白天谷风环流过渡、午后 (14:00) 到日落后 (20:00)1500 m以下盛行西南偏南气流的日变化特征具有较强的预报能力。系统预报的14:00边界层顶高度与评估时段内实际对流边界层高度的变化趋势一致。但预报的对流边界层顶偏高,这与BJ-RUC系统采用YSU边界层参数化方案的垂直混合更强有关。 相似文献
12.
P. Ricaud C. Genthon P. Durand J. -L. Attié F. Carminati G. Canut J. -F. Vanacker L. Moggio Y. Courcoux A. Pellegrini T. Rose 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2012,143(1):227-259
The HAMSTRAD (H2O Antarctica Microwave Stratospheric and Tropospheric Radiometers) microwave radiometer operating at 60?GHz (oxygen line, thus temperature) and 183?GHz (water vapour line) has been permanently deployed at the Dome C station, Concordia, Antarctica [75°06??S, 123°21??E, 3,233?m above mean sea level] in January 2010 to study long-term trends in tropospheric absolute humidity and temperature. The great sensitivity of the instrument in the lowermost troposphere helped to characterize the diurnal cycle of temperature and H2O from the austral summer (January 2010) to the winter (June 2010) seasons from heights of 10 to 200?m in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The study has characterized the vertical resolution of the HAMSTRAD measurements: 10?C20?m for temperature and 25?C50?m for H2O. A strong diurnal cycle in temperature and H2O (although noisier) has been measured in summertime at 10 m, decreasing in amplitude with height, and phase-shifted by about 4?h above 50?m with a strong H2O?Ctemperature correlation (>0.8) throughout the entire PBL. In autumn, whilst the diurnal cycle in temperature and H2O is less intense, a 12-h phase shift is observed above 30?m. In wintertime, a weak diurnal signal measured between 10 to 200?m is attributed to the methodology employed, which consists of monthly averaged data, and that combines air masses from different origins (sampling effect) and not to the imprint of the null solar irradiation. In situ sensors scanning the entire 24-h period, radiosondes launched at 2000 local solar time (LST) and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses at 0200, 0800, 1400 and 2000 LST agree very well with the HAMSTRAD diurnal cycles for temperature and relatively well for absolute humidity. For temperature, HAMSTRAD tends to be consistent with all the other datasets but shows a smoother vertical profile from 10 to 100?m compared to radiosondes and in-situ data, with ECMWF profiles even smoother than HAMSTRAD profiles, and particularly obvious when moving from summer to winter. For H2O, HAMSTRAD measures a much moister atmosphere compared to all the other datasets with a much weaker diurnal cycle at 10?m. Our study has helped characterize the time variation of the PBL at Dome C with a top around 200?m in summertime decreasing to 30?m in wintertime. In summer, from 2000 to 0600 LST a stable layer is observed, followed by a well-mixed layer the remaining time, while only a nocturnal stable layer remains in winter. In autumn, a daytime convective layer shallower than the nocturnal stable layer develops. 相似文献
13.
北京城市热岛效应的流动观测和初步研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用车载气象观测仪器结合GPS定位、连续数据采集系统的流动观测方法研究了北京城区内不同城市地表覆盖物对城市局地小气候的影响和气象要素分布,发现城市下垫面分布与城市的温度和湿度有密切关系,一般在城市建筑物密集、水体和植被少的区域具有较高的气温和较低的相对湿度,在建筑物稀疏和植被、水体较多的区域则相反。观测结果表明,流动观测方法是对常规气象观测资料的有益补充,也是城市气候观测中的一种有效方法。 相似文献
14.
本文利用雷达、加密地面自动站等高时空分辨率的观测资料,结合NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、常规观测等资料,对2011年6月23日发生在北京城区的极端强降水事件开展了细致的观测和诊断分析。结果表明,这次极端强降水事件,主要是由向东南移动的东北—西南走向的飑线右端的强降水超级单体（High Precipitation Supercell,简称HPS）造成的,这是目前已有文献记载的中国发生纬度最高的HPS。HPS在移动方向的右后侧和右前侧均有明显的“V”型入流,这不同于已有HPS模型,表明中、低层干冷空气和低层暖湿气流特征显著。在环境条件方面,存在对流层低层逆温层,其能量存储盖作用使得雷暴具有爆发性增强的潜势,但该逆温层是在08:00～14:00（北京时,下同）的6小时内形成的,对业务预报极具挑战性。相对其他大气层结热动力参数, 风暴相对螺旋度和粗理查逊数在14:00较08:00显著增大,对HPS的发生具有一定指示作用。高空偏西风急流和低层偏东风活动显著,使得北京地区的水平风垂直切变增强,形成上干下湿的对流不稳定以及次级环流圈。高空急流造成强烈的相当位温差动平流,促进对流不稳定度发展加强。结合复杂地形作用,在北京西部100 m地形高度线附近形成显著的平原暖湿空气与山地干冷空气的干湿分界线以及风场辐合线。水汽供应主要源自低层偏东风和本地水汽积累。当飑线从西北方向侵入北京并向东南方向移动时,在北部山区,由于条件不足,雷暴没有显著发展加强;然而,在西部山区,在湖面、城市热岛、低层偏东风、冷池出流共同作用下,加之其他有利的环境条件,飑线右端雷暴强烈发展加强,特别是当经过100 m地形高度线附近时发展成为HPS,进而造成石景山区模式口站的大暴雨中心。 相似文献
15.
2013年1月10-14日,北京平原地区出现了水平能见度在2 km以下、以PM2.5为首要污染物、空气质量持续5 d维持在重度以上污染水平的霾天气。综合分析此次霾天气过程的天气形势、北京地区常规和加密气象资料以及城郊连续观测的PM2.5浓度资料。结果表明：此霾过程期间,北京高空以平直纬向环流为主,受西北偏西气流控制,没有明显冷空气南下影响北京地区,地面多为不利于污染物扩散和稀释的弱气压场;大气层结稳定、风速小(日平均风速小于2 m·s-1)、相对湿度较大（日平均相对湿度在70 %以上）、逆温频率高强度大,边界层内污染物的水平和垂直扩散能力差;北京城区及南部的京津冀地区人类活动排放污染物强度大,在相对稳定和高湿的天气背景下,受地形和城市局地环流的影响,北京本地污染物累积和区域污染物输送以及PM2.5细粒子在高湿条件下的物理化学转化等过程共同作用造成此次北京城区及平原地区污染物浓度快速增长并持续偏高,高浓度PM2.5对大气消光有显著影响,造成低能见度和持续霾天气。 相似文献
16.
城市化对高温热浪的频次和强度具有重要影响,但目前对于城市化影响高温热浪过程的机理了解还不充分。本文利用WRF模式,对2010年7月2～6日（北京时）北京一次高温过程进行了模拟,分析了城市化对此次高温过程的影响机理。采用优化后的WRF模式,能够模拟出北京连续5日高温的特征和城市热岛强度的变化。城市下垫面的不透水性决定了城区2 m高度处相对湿度低于乡村,削弱了城区通过潜热调节城市气温的能力。日落后,城市感热通量下降缓慢,城区降温速率小于乡村,夜间边界层稳定、高度低,风速小,抑制了城乡之间能量的传输,形成了夜间强的城市热岛强度,造成夜间城市气温明显高于乡村。日出后城乡地面感热通量、潜热通量迅速上升,边界层稳定性下降。午后,城市下垫面分别为地表感热通量和潜热通量的高、低值中心,通过潜热调节气温的能力被削弱;边界层稳定性降低,有利于能量的垂直扩散;此时,城市热岛强度小于夜间。因此,北京城市下垫面形成了明显的城市热岛效应,加重了城区极端高温事件的强度。此外,在这次高温热浪期间,中国东部大部分地区受到大陆暖高压控制,晴空少云,西北气流越山后形成焚风效应,是北京地区高温热浪形成的天气背景。 相似文献
17.
利用北京和张家口地区气象站建站至2016年历年11月至次年3月气象资料,研究2022年北京冬奥会人工造雪地面气象条件,结果表明：降水相态与地面气温(T)和相对湿度线性组合关系密切,通过计算不同温度对应降水相态频率,发现北京T≤-0.2℃,张家口市T≤-0.8℃时,降水相态为雪的频率≥95%;估算了冬奥会和残奥会举办地区域自动气象站2014—2016年赛事期间可造雪时数,发现冬奥期间造雪时数较为充足,残奥期间造雪时数较少,可以采用造雪和储雪结合保证赛事用雪。 相似文献
18.
利用汛期2011年5—8月逐日20时人工观测和自动观测的气压、气温、相对湿度资料,对人工和自动观测数据的相关性及差异进行了分析。分析表明:人工观测和自动观测数据很接近,自动观测数据可以准确反映当地汛期的气压、气温、相对湿度;其次给出了自动观测数据的修正方程,为今后的天气预报和气象服务提供参考。 相似文献
19.
影响人工站与自动站水汽压差值原因探究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探究人工观测气象站与自动站水汽压差值产生原因,利用全国134个1年的基准气象观测站逐时气压、干球气温、湿球温度等资料,分别采用人工站和自动站水汽压计算公式,模拟了本站气压、干球温度、湿球温度、自动站气温、相对湿度等要素产生一增量时,水汽压所对应变化量随各要素的变化规律,并分析了影响水汽压差值与其主导因子定量关系。通过实际观测资料的数据模拟分析,气压和干球温度的系统误差对人工与自动观测站的水汽压差值影响很小,而自动站的相对湿度和气温对水汽压差值影响较大,其中相对湿度的影响最明显。当自动站的相对湿度或气温的系统误差为一固定值时,水汽压差值变化幅度随气温大小变化,气温越高,水汽压差值越大。 相似文献
20.
Simulation of urban climate with high-resolution WRF model: A case study in Nanjing, China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this study, urban climate in Nanjing of eastern China is simulated using 1-km resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with a single-layer Urban Canopy Model. Based on the 10-summer simulation results from 2000 to 2009 we find that the WRF model is capable of capturing the high-resolution features of urban climate over Nanjing area. Although WRF underestimates the total precipitation amount, the model performs well in simulating the surface air temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation frequency and inter-annual variability. We find that extremely hot events occur most frequently in urban area, with daily maximum (minimum) temperature exceeding 36°C (28°C) in around 40% (32%) of days. Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect at surface is more evident during nighttime than daytime, with 20% of cases the UHI intensity above 2.5°C at night. However, The UHI affects the vertical structure of Planet Boundary Layer (PBL) more deeply during daytime than nighttime. Net gain for latent heat and net radiation is larger over urban than rural surface during daytime. Correspondingly, net loss of sensible heat and ground heat are larger over urban surface resulting from warmer urban skin. Because of different diurnal characteristics of urban-rural differences in the latent heat, ground heat and other energy fluxes, the near surface UHI intensity exhibits a very complex diurnal feature. UHI effect is stronger in days with less cloud or lower wind speed. Model results reveal a larger precipitation frequency over urban area, mainly contributed by the light rain events (< 10 mm d?1). Consistent with satellite dataset, around 10?C20% more precipitation occurs in urban than rural area at afternoon induced by more unstable urban PBL, which induces a strong vertical atmospheric mixing and upward moisture transport. A significant enhancement of precipitation is found in the downwind region of urban in our simulations in the afternoon. 相似文献