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1.
In part 1 of this study, an assessment of commonly used surface pressure profiles to represent TC structures was made. Using the Australian tropical cyclone model, the profiles are tested in case studies of high-resolution prediction of track, structure and intensity. We demonstrate that: (1) track forecasts are mostly insensitive to the imposed structure; (2) in some cases [here Katrina (2005)], specification of vortex structure can have a large impact on prediction of structure and intensity; (3) the forecast model mostly preserves the characteristics of the initial structure and so correct structure at t?=?0 is a requirement for improved structure forecasting; and (4) skilful prediction of intensity does not guarantee skilful prediction of structure. It is shown that for Ivan (2004) the initial structure from each profile is preserved during the simulations, and that markedly different structures can have similar intensities. Evidence presented suggests that different initial profiles can sometimes change the timing of intensification. Thus, correct initial vortex structure is an essential ingredient for more accurate intensity and structure prediction. 相似文献
2.
Summary Current understanding of tropical cyclone (TC) structure and intensity changes has been reviewed in this article. Recent studies in this area tend to focus on two issues: (1) what factors determine the maximum potential intensity (MPI) that a TC can achieve given the thermodynamic state of the atmosphere and the ocean? and (2) what factors prevent the TCs from reaching their MPIs? Although the MPI theories appear mature, recent studies of the so-called superintensity pose a potential challenge. It is notable that the maximum intensities reached by real TCs in all ocean basins are generally lower than those inferred from the theoretical MPI, indicating that internal dynamics and external forcing from environmental flow prohibit the TC intensification most and limit the TC intensity. It remains to be seen whether such factors can be included in improved MPI approaches.Among many limiting factors, the unfavorable environmental conditions, especially the vertical shear-induced asymmetry in the inner core region and the cooling of sea surface due to the oceanic upwelling under the eyewall region, have been postulated as the primary impediment to a TC reaching its MPI. However, recent studies show that the mesoscale processes, which create asymmetries in the TC core region, play key roles in TC structure and intensity changes. These include the inner and outer spiral rainbands, convectively coupled vortex Rossby waves, eyewall cycles, and embedded mesovortices in TC circulation. It is also through these inner core processes that the external environmental flow affects the TC structure and intensity changes. It is proposed that future research be focused on improving the understanding of how the eyewall processes respond to all external forcing and affect the TC structure and intensity changes. Rapid TC intensity changes (both strengthening and weakening) are believed to involve complex interactions between different scales and to be worthy of future research.The boundary-layer processes are crucial to TC formation, maintenance, and decaying. Significant progress has been made to deduce the drag coefficient on high wind conditions from the measurements of boundary layer winds in the vicinity of hurricane eyewalls by Global Positioning System (GPS) dropsondes. This breakthrough can lead to reduction of the uncertainties in the calculation of surface fluxes, thus improving TC intensity forecast by numerical weather prediction models. 相似文献
3.
On the bogusing of tropical cyclones in numerical models: The influence of vertical structure 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Yuqing Wang 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1998,65(3-4):153-170
Summary In this study, idealised conditions are used to study the influence of vertical structure of the bogus vortex on its motion in numerical models by comparing the resultant forecast tracks. Two vortices were used: one has a cyclonic circulation throughout the troposphere and the other has an upper tropospheric anticyclone. Both vortices have the same structure in the middle and lower troposphere. The two vortices were inserted into four different environmental flows on a beta-plane: (a) a resting atmosphere; (b) a uniform flow; (c) a horozontal shear flow and (d) a vertical shear flow. The results show that the forecast tracks are very sensitive to the vertical structure of the bogus vortex, especially when the environmental flow is very weak, or is westerly and has a cyclonic horizontal shear. However, this sensitivity is reduced in moderate vertical shear. This motion sensitivity is found to arise from the vertical coupling mechanism by which the upper-and lower-level circulations interact with each other when a horizontal displacement occurs between them.The vertical structure of the bogus vortex can also affect the intensity of the model cyclone, depending on the configuration of the environmental flow. In general, the bogus vortex without an upper-level anticyclone will intensify quicker and will develop more intense than the one with an upper-level anticyclone. The vertical coupling mechanism can result in different asymmetric rainfall pattern in cyclone core region depending on the vertical structure of the bogus vortex. The asymmetric divergent flow associated with these convective asymmetries may in turn further influence the vortex motion. It is suggested that care needs to be taken in determining the vertical structure of the bogus vortex in numerical models.With 14 Figures 相似文献
4.
主要回顾热带气旋(TC)强度与结构变化的研究发展近况。以往热带气旋的理论研究认为在给定的大气和海洋热状况下,存在着一个TC所能达到的最大可能强度(MPI)。但实际上,海洋生成的热带气旋达到的最大强度普遍要比由MPI理论计算得到最大强度要低。近几年的研究表明,存在着内部和外部的不利因子通过对TC结构的改变来阻碍其加强,从而限制TC的强度。以往认为在诸多因子中,垂直风切变产生的内核区非对称结构与眼墙区下方海水上涌造成的海面冷却是制约TC达到MPI的主要因子。最新的研究进一步指出,产生TC非对称性的中尺度过程对其强度与结构的变化至关重要。中尺度过程包含有对流耦合的涡旋Rossby波、内外圈螺旋雨带、嵌于TC环流内的中尺度涡旋。外部的环境气流也是通过这些眼墙的中尺度过程影响到TC的强度与结构变化。 相似文献
5.
用一个高分辨率的 f平面正压涡度方程模式 ,实施了时间积分为 36h的 2 1组试验 ,研究相邻中尺度涡旋与台风涡旋的相互作用。结果指出 :这种相互作用能否导致台风加强 ,取决于两类因子 :一是台风涡旋最大风速的取值以及圆形基流切变的强弱 ;二是切变基流中的中尺度涡旋的自身条件 ,包括中尺度涡旋的分布、尺度、强度和结构。台风强度与初始中尺度涡旋的尺度、强度之间存在着非线性的联系 相似文献
6.
为了进一步提高国家气象中心区域模式台风数值预报系统（GRAPES_TYM）的预报能力,2016年对模式参考大气廓线以及涡旋初始化方案进行了改进:由模式初始场水平方向平均的一维参考大气代替原来的等温大气,涡旋初始化方案取消了原涡旋重定位并将涡旋强度调整半径由原来的12°减小到4°。对2014—2016年的生命史超过3 d的所有台风进行了回算,路径及近地面最大风速统计误差分析表明:参考大气的改进可以减小模式对台风预报路径预报的系统北偏和平均路径误差,尤其是140°E以东的转向台风。涡旋初始化方案中强度调整半径的减小会进一步减小模式预报路径的北偏趋势,从而进一步减小平均误差。同业务系统预报结果相比,改进后的GRAPES_TYM（包括参考大气和涡旋初始化）可以使平均路径误差分别减小10%（24 h）,12%（48 h）,16%（72 h）,14%（96 h）以及15%（120 h）。同美国NCEP全球模式路径预报相比,GRAPES_TYM在西行、西北行登陆我国的台风路径预报有一定优势。 相似文献
7.
强台风Chanchu（0601）的数值研究：转向前后内核结构和强度变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
使用FY卫星TBB资料和新一代非静力中尺度模式WRF分析南海强台风Chanchu(0601)"急翘"转向前后内核结构和强度变化过程。结果表明:转向后内核结构非对称特征明显。WRF数值模式较好地模拟出Chanchu强度和异常路径变化过程,再现了内核结构演变:转向前,垂直切变较弱,有利于快速加强,内核结构较为对称;转向后,垂直切变明显增大,强回波位于垂直切变下风方向的左侧,显示为内核非对称结构。使用傅立叶变换方法分解模拟结果中的雷达回波,发现眼壁和内螺旋雨带的2波非对称沿方位角移速与涡旋罗斯贝波(VRWs)的理论波速一致,Chanchu快速加强过程中断和强度维持的可能原因为:眼壁传播的VRWs受到外螺旋雨带的扰动以及涡旋倾斜加剧引起眼壁非对称性加强导致"急翘"时眼壁破裂,此后眼区和眼壁区水平混合过程加强,850 hPa眼区相当位温明显增加,抑制高层相对暖干空气和低层相对冷湿空气相互交换,使得随眼壁内侧下沉气流向下输送的暖干空气减少,低层增温作用减弱,快速加强过程中断;VRWs径向内传导致高值涡度由眼壁内侧向眼心传播,引起最大风速半径(RMW)内侧切向风速增大,RMW随时间向眼心延伸,眼壁进一步收缩,一定程度上抵消了垂直切变加大的负面影响,Chanchu维持强度。 相似文献
8.
Based on different parameterization schemes of planetary boundary layer (PBL), the uncertainty of intensity and structure of the Super-strong Typhoon Rammasun (1409) is investigated using the WRF model (v3.4) with six PBL parameterization schemes. Results indicate that PBL uncertainty leads to the uncertainty in tropical cyclone (TC) prediction, which increases with forecast time. The uncertainty in TC prediction is mainly reflected in the uncertainty in TC intensity, with significant differences in the TC intensity forecasts using various PBL schemes. The uncertainty in TC prediction is also reflected in the uncertainty in TC structures. Greater intensity is accompanied by smaller vortex width, tighter vortex structure, stronger wind in the near-surface layer and middle and lower troposphere, stronger inflow (outflow) wind at the lower (upper) levels, stronger vertical upward wind, smaller thickness of the eye wall, smaller outward extension of the eye wall, and warmer warm core at the upper levels of eye. PBL height, surface upward heat flux and water vapor flux are important factors that cause the uncertainty in TC intensity and structure. The more surface upward heat flux and water vapor flux and the lower PBL height, the faster TC development and the stronger TC intensity. 相似文献
9.
利用美国威斯康星大学气象卫星研究合作院提供的集成微波图像资料和联合台风预警中心的最佳路径资料,普查2005—2014年西北太平洋地区具有同心眼墙结构的35个强台风个例。对比分析了有、无同心眼墙及同心眼墙生成快、慢的样本的环境场和自身初始结构差异。结果表明:环境场要素对同心眼墙形成与否具有重要调制作用,环境场相对湿度越大,海温越高,同心眼墙越易生成;而同心眼墙的形成速率与自身结构存在密切关系,初始涡旋尺度越大,同心眼墙生成越快,外眼墙位置距离台风中心越远,眼墙替换时间越长,眼墙替换前后强度变化越明显。 相似文献
10.
台风初始化方案最大的困难在于其只能根据有限的观测资料（台风中心位置、最低气压、最大风速和大风半径等）来构造一个与模式动力-物理过程协调的涡旋模型。首先根据实际观测资料对背景场中的涡旋扰动进行重定位和风速调整,然后将分析增量更新（Incremental Analysis Update,IAU）技术应用于台风初始化方案中,将调整后的涡旋当作一个强迫项逐渐加入到模式预报过程中,通过模式自身调整来得到一个协调性较好的台风初始结构,从而改善模式对台风的预报性能。对“山竹”台风的多次预报结果表明:（1）台风初始化对于台风路径误差影响较小,对于强度预报改进则比较明显。特别是在台风生成初期,台风初始化技术能够有效地增强全球模式分析场中的涡旋强度,并解决预报过程中强度较弱的问题。（2）根据预先给定的三维风场,IAU技术能通过模式自身预报过程对其他变量进行调整,从而得到一个热力和动力协调的初始涡旋结构。相对于仅对初始风场的调整,它对24 h之后的路径和强度预报误差会有更进一步的改善。（3）对IAU中的松弛时间进行参数敏感性试验,发现该变量取3—6 h效果较好。 相似文献
11.
Hyeong-Bin Cheong In-Hyuk Kwon Hyun-Gyu Kang Ja-Rin Park Hyun-Jun Han Jae-Jin Kim 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2011,47(3):293-303
A new Tropical Cyclone (TC) initialization method with the structure adjustable bogus vortex was applied to the forecasts of track, central pressure, and wind intensity for the 417 TCs observed in the Western North Pacific during the 3-year period of 2005–2007. In the simulations the Final Analyses (FNL) with 1° × 1° resolution of National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) were incorporated as initial conditions. The present method was shown to produce improved forecasts over those without the TC initialization and those made by Regional Specialized Meteorological Center Tokyo. The average track (central pressure, wind intensity) errors were as small as 78.0 km (11.4 hPa, 4.9 m s?1) and 139.9 km (12.4 hPa, 5.5 m s?1) for 24-h and 48-h forecasts, respectively. It was found that the forecast errors are almost independent on the size and intensity of the observed TCs because the size and intensity of the bogus vortex can be adjusted to fit the best track data. The results of this study indicate that a bogus method is useful in predicting simultaneously the track, central pressure, and intensity with accuracy using a dynamical forecast model. 相似文献
12.
Full field digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) measurements of strongly stratified grid turbulence have been carried out for long times (up to Nt ≈ 1000). Quasi-2D vortices were formed that were separated vertically by strong horizontal vortex sheets. Dissipation scales were resolved and the relative dissipation fractions in the horizontal and vertical planes were determined. A simple vortex model, involving a dense packing of discus-shaped structures connected by vortex lines that alternate between horizontal and vertical orientation, is shown to be consistent with both the observed velocity and vorticity fields, and the evolution of the measured length scales in orthogonal planes. 相似文献
13.
利用CIMSS微波卫星产品和多普勒天气雷达资料,分析超强台风利奇马（1909）的长时间双眼墙特征,并采用集合卡尔曼滤波方法同化雷达径向风资料,诊断利奇马双眼墙的三维结构演变特征。结果表明:在双眼墙演变过程初期,受强垂直风切变和中高层干空气入侵的影响,外眼墙对流减弱,呈非对称特征。Sawyer-Eliassen方程诊断结果显示:台风利奇马（1909）内、外眼墙次级环流之间的相互作用不明显,不同于发生眼墙替换过程的台风,其外眼墙处非绝热加热引起的下沉运动发生在内眼的眼心,内眼墙的上升运动并未受到外眼墙次级环流抑制。另外,在强垂直风切变条件下,非对称的外眼墙不能持续增强收缩并取代内眼墙,因此双眼墙结构得以长时间维持。可见,台风利奇马（1909）外眼墙的非对称结构和特殊的次级环流分布是其双眼墙能够长期维持的重要原因。 相似文献
14.
台风数值模拟中bogus涡旋四维变分同化的研究 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
研究用MM5四维变分同化系统同化bogus涡旋变量对台风数值模拟的影响,对2002年13号台风Phanfone进行48h预报,结果表明：用四维变分方法同化bogus涡旋变量效果优于在背景场中直接植入模型涡旋的传统bogus技术。同时同化bogus涡旋的风、气压、温度和比湿效果不如只同化气压和其中任一变量。同化bogus涡旋的气压和比湿,能够调整模式初始场的其他变量,得到结构更清晰、与环境场更协调的初始涡旋,从而在一定程度上提高了台风Phanfone路径和强度预报的准确性。 相似文献
15.
基于1967—2017年美国环境预报中心和国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)的逐日再分析资料及英国气象局哈德来中心(Hadley Centre)的海温资料,通过计算冬季东北冷涡结构的特征指数并利用经验正交函数分解等方法,研究了冬季东北冷涡的时空变化特征及其与环流和海温变化的联系。结果表明:(1)冬季东北冷涡具有显著的年际变化与年代际变化特征,各指数年际分量的方差贡献率较大;冷涡强度与经、纬度呈正相关,且经、纬度之间呈正相关;(2)年际尺度第一模态反映了冬季东北冷涡气候平均位置以南为正(负)异常而以北为负(正)异常的南北反位相变化特征,第二模态反映了冬季东北冷涡在气候平均位置附近强度一致增强(强弱)的变化特征,而年代际尺度主要反映在第一模态,即冬季东北冷涡在气候平均位置附近强度一致增强(强弱)的变化特征;(3)北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO)和西大西洋遥相关型(Western Atlantic, WA)的位相转换可能与年代际尺度冬季东北冷涡的强度强弱变化有关。 相似文献
16.
The results of a laboratory investigation of the dust devil vortex are presented. Vortex velocity and temperature profiles were measured for various initial conditiions of boundary heat input and outer flow swirl. Three different categories of core structure were observed depending on the amount of axial flow force and circulation strength produced in the experiment and dust devil models are constructed based on the measured mean behavior of each core category. 相似文献
17.
We use the WRF (V3.4) model as the experimental model
and select three horizontal resolutions of 15, 9, and 3km to
research the influence of the model’s horizontal resolution on
the intensity and structure of the super-strong typhoon Rammasun
(1409) in 2014. The results indicate that the horizontal
resolution has a very large impact on the intensity and
structure of Rammasun. The Rammasun intensity increases as the
horizontal resolution increases. When the horizontal resolution
increases from 9km to 3km, the enhancement of intensity is more
obvious, but the strongest intensity simulated by 3km horizontal
resolution is still weaker than the observed strongest
intensity. Along with the increase of horizontal resolution, the
horizontal scale of the Rammasun vortex decreases, and the
vortex gradually contracts toward its center. The vortex
structure changes from loose to compact and deep. The maximum
wind radius, thickness of the eye wall, and outward inclination
of the eye wall with height decrease, and the wind in the inner
core region, updraft motion along the eye wall, and strength of
the warm core become stronger. Additionally, the pressure
gradient and temperature gradient of the eye wall region
increase, and the vortex intensity becomes stronger. When the
horizontal resolution increases from 9km to 3km, the change in
the Rammasun structure is much larger than the change when the
horizontal resolution increases from 15km to 9km. When the model
does not employ the method of convection parameterization, the
Rammasun intensity simulated with 3km horizontal resolution is
slightly weaker than the intensity simulated with 3km horizontal
resolution when the Kain–Fritsch (KF) convection
parameterization scheme is adopted, while the intensity
simulated with 9km horizontal resolution is much weaker than the
intensity simulated with 9km horizontal resolution when the KF
scheme is adopted. The influence of the horizontal resolution on
the intensity and structure of Rammasun is larger than the
influence when the KF scheme is adopted. 相似文献
18.
利用2008年6月广西致洪暴雨过程高分辨率数值模式资料,分析引起暴雨的中尺度涡旋在移动和持续性发展过程中其内部结构的演变以及系统的动力学特征。研究结果表明,中尺度涡旋是导致此次广西暴雨的主要系统,其发展移动过程中伴随有强烈上升运动的深厚湿对流,并在中高层持续形成明显的暖心结构。此次涡旋系统移动过程可分为涡旋南移和涡旋东移两个阶段,由于受到环境场的影响,涡旋中心区域动量、热量和水汽的再分配为其持续性发展提供有利条件。同时诊断分析表明,涡旋内部存在具有继发特征的长时间维持的组织化深厚湿对流系统,以强非地转分量为特征的超地转流,并表现出涡散运动共存且同量级的特征,具有典型的准平衡特征。 相似文献
19.
2018年9月17日台风山竹（1822）外围螺旋雨带中发生EF2级龙卷。在高湿度、高不稳定、强垂直风切变的环流背景下,龙卷在台风外围雨带上微型超级单体右后侧钩状回波顶端的弱回波区中发展起来。具有高时空分辨率的广州X波段双极化相控阵雷达,不仅观测到超级单体的发展过程,还呈现出龙卷涡旋演变特征:单体风暴尾端在右后方入流加强作用下,逐渐形成钩状回波形态,此时对流层中低层2~3 km高度附近的中气旋强度率先达到最大,随着旋转强度进一步加强和旋转中心高度逐步下降,低层强旋转特征越来越明显,当低层旋转速度达到峰值（超过21 m·s-1）,旋转直径收缩到1 km范围,地面出现EF2级以上龙卷,旋转速度对区域出现清晰的弱回波龙卷眼区特征。X波段双极化相控阵雷达在龙卷观测中优势显著,弥补了多普勒天气雷达观测的不足。 相似文献
20.
《Atmospheric Science Letters》2001,2(1-4):104-113
Intense columnar vortices in a convecting layer are explored with direct numerical simulations that are otherwise similar to the large-eddy simulations of6, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 126, 2789–2810). With free-slip boundaries and a Rayleigh number of 106(4096 times critical), vortices similar to large dust devils are readily produced. The genesis, intensity and life cycle of these intense vortices (dust devils) are studied. The simulated dust devils last for the order of the over-turning time of the largest eddies. The intensity is limited by the hydrostatic pressure drop supported by the buoyancy confined in the core. The genesis of a simulated dust devil requires not only tilting of the baroclinically generated vorticity, but also a symmetry-breaking event that allows one sign of vorticity to become concentrated in an updraft. Such symmetry breaking is the rule with random initialization in the simulations. However, when initialization is restricted to certain Fourier modes, exceptions are found that produce only symmetric vortex couplets that are relatively weak. 相似文献