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《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
开展断层脆塑性转化带的变形机制、断层带流体-岩石相互作用、断层愈合作用等研究,对理解间震期、同震加载、震后滑动阶段断层的变形机制转化、强震孕育和发生具有重要意义。笔者采用Carrara大理岩,在温度300~700℃、围压300 MPa和600~800 MPa、应变速率1×10-4/s~1×10-5/s和1×10-7/s~2.5×10-6/s、水含量0.005%~0.01%和0.1%~0.5%条件下,开展了轴向压缩变形实验与裂隙愈合实验。通过偏光显微镜、扫描电镜与能谱分析,研究了实验变形样品的微观结构与变形机制,讨论了水、温度、围压、应变速率对脆塑性转化和变形机制的影响,以及裂隙愈合对断层强度和流体压力变化的制约作用。实验结果表明:(1)Carrara大理岩在低温(300~400℃)、低应变速率和高含水条件下发生了压溶,其中,在低温低应变速率(1×10-7/s)条件下为压溶蠕变,在低温中等应变速率(5×10-7/s)条件下为压溶+碎裂流动。(2)在低温(400℃)、中-高应变速率和低含水条件下发生了位错滑移(双晶滑移、机械双晶)与碎裂流动,局部伴有压溶作用。(3)在中温(500℃)、各应变速率和各含水条件下发生了位错滑移(双晶滑移、机械双晶)与动态重结晶作用。(4)在高温(600~700℃)条件下,动态重结晶作用成为主要变形机制。(5)在压溶和动态重结晶作用下,在脆性变形阶段产生的裂隙与孔隙被愈合。断层强度恢复程度受裂隙和孔隙愈合程度控制。温度、水和应变速率对大理岩脆塑性转化和变形机制的影响非常显著,在相同温度与应变速率条件下,水降低了样品强度,促进了压溶和塑性变形。增加应变和水含量,能够显著促进裂缝和孔隙愈合。根据实验结果推测:在快速变形的同震和震后滑动阶段,断层脆塑性转化带以碎裂变形为主;在缓慢变形的间震期,断层脆塑性转化带以压溶和动态重结晶为主。在塑性变形作用下,同震滑动产生的裂隙被愈合,不仅恢复了断层带强度,而且为断层带内部形成高压流体创造了条件。 相似文献
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为揭示尺寸效应和加载速率效应对冻结改良土力学特性的影响规律,以冻结水泥改良土为研究对象,开展了不同尺寸与加载速率条件下的单轴压缩试验,通过分析试验数据,讨论了高径比和加载速率对试样强度与变形特性的影响。研究结果表明,高径比影响试样的应力-应变曲线类型及峰值后的变形特性。高径比增加,应力-应变曲线出现明显弹性屈服点,峰后脆性增强,试样破坏形式由劈裂破坏变为单一剪切破坏。试样的抗压强度、切线模量、起始屈服模量、破坏应变随高径比变化均可用抛物线进行拟合,综合考虑,推荐试验宜采用高径比为1.62~2.02的试件。在试验设定的温度和加载速率条件下冻结水泥土的单轴压缩应力-应变关系均为应变软化型。与冻土类似,冻结水泥土的抗压强度与起始屈服强度同样随温度的降低和加载速率的增加而增大。不同温度下冻结水泥土抗压强度与加载速率的关系可用幂函数表示。温度越低,起始屈服强度受加载速率影响越大。温度和加载速率对冻结水泥土切线模量也有较大影响,不同加载速率条件下切线模量与温度呈线性关系。冻结水泥土的破坏应变随温度的降低和加载速率的增加而增大,在1.94%~6.94%之间变化,不同加载速率条件下破坏应变与温度呈幂函数关系。 相似文献
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为了探讨温度周期变化与高围压对大理岩变形、强度特性及破坏断裂损伤劣化的影响,采用MTS815.03电液伺服刚性岩石试验系统,选取四川凉山雅砻江大河湾锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞围岩大理岩试样分别进行不同温度变化（100～ 600 ℃）,周期次数为8次。进行高围压（60 MPa）作用下全应力应变过程三轴压缩与单轴压缩对比试验,系统分析比较了温度循环与高围压作用对大理岩应力-应变关系曲线、峰值应力、残余应力,峰值应变、残余应变以及弹性模量等的影响。试验结果表明,大理岩随着温度升高,峰值强度、残余强度、弹性模量下降,峰值应变和残余应变随之增大;在同一温度下,随着循环次数增加,其弹性模量、峰值强度、残余强度降低,温度越高,降低越明显;多次循环后,岩石的脆性变大,应力-应变曲线峰后段不再平滑,残余应变变小,其研究成果为锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞围岩稳定性分析提供理论依据。 相似文献
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橄榄石集合体中与位错蠕变相伴随的粒间滑动 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了研究橄榄岩位错蠕变过程中粒间滑动所起的作用,对经脱水干燥的橄榄石集合体试件进行了一系列的变形试验。三轴压缩蠕变试验在T=1473K、P=200和400MPa条件下使用一台高分辨率气体介质变形装置进行,每个试件在介于100~250MPa之间的不同应力水平下变形,得到的应变率介于10-4 ~10-6S-1之间。随着差应力的增加,得到扩散蠕变到位错蠕变的过渡,在位错蠕变域,易滑动体系在~50MPa和颗粒尺寸为15μm时伴随粒间滑动。这一粒径敏感蠕变域由应力指数3.2±0.1和粒径指数1.8±0.2来刻划。将这一流动律与其他扩散和位错蠕变结果进行对比,表明本文得出的流动律可应用于粒度小于100μm和差应力大于20MPa时的岩石流动。因此,与粒间滑动相伴的位错蠕变可能是上地幔岩石圈剪切带变形局部化的主要变形机制。 相似文献
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白云石CaMg(CO3)2常见于白云岩、灰岩及大理岩中,其稳定的温压范围很广,是研究俯冲隧道变形、全球碳循环和地幔交代作用的重要矿物。白云石的有序度可能与重结晶过程相关,温度是影响白云石有序度的关键因素,压力对白云石有序度的影响较弱。在1~3 GPa 下白云石完全无序的转变温度为1150~1200℃,Fe、Mn、Cd 离子含量的增高可显著降低白云石结构无序化的转变温度。天然变形的白云石常发育由底面c 滑移控制的晶格优选定向。根据白云石的流变律,在天然
应变速率下（10-15~10-12 s-1）,>400℃细粒白云石以扩散蠕变为主;而粗粒白云石以位错蠕变为主,只有在高温下（>600~700℃） 扩散蠕变才成为主控变形机制。分解反应或者动态重结晶可导致白云石流变强度的显著下降,应变集中。白云石c滑移的临界剪应力随温度升高而增大的现象可能与白云石有序度的变化有关,而围压、水逸度和成分对白云石流变的影响尚不清楚,定量研究白云石的有序度与流变学性质的相关性将为追踪碳酸盐岩和大理岩的成岩和变形历史提供新的信息。 相似文献
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本文通过对三条切割花岗岩的断裂构造岩的显微构造和岩石化学变化特征的研究和对比分析,认为:断层岩岩石化学的变化与变形的关系密切。一般,石英含量随变形程度的增加而升高,长石则降低,而斜长石成分却向偏基性转变。但是,在脆性变形条件下产生的具较低的变形温度,较高的差异应力和应变能以及较高的应变速率的断层岩岩石化学变化,比在塑性条件下产生的具较高的变形温度,较低的差异应力和应变速率的断层岩的变化小。 相似文献
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利用GDS应力路径三轴试验系统对南阳膨胀土进行3种应力速率下、4种超固结比（OCR）的被动压缩三轴试验及3种超固结比的被动挤伸三轴试验,分析了不同超固结比和应力速率下其应力（孔隙水压力）-应变关系、有效应力路径及变形模量的演化规律,对膨胀土变形模量各向异性特性进行了初步探讨。结果表明,应力速率、超固结比及卸荷路径均对膨胀土力学特性有一定影响。在被动压缩路径和被动挤伸路径下,随着应力速率和超固结比的增加,相同轴向应变时的偏应力值单调增加;不同超固结比和应力速率时膨胀土的孔隙水压力始终为负值,且其降幅总体上随超固结比的增加而增大,但其降幅随应力速率的变化规律与剪切路径有关。在被动压缩路径下,相同应变时不同应力速率下的孔压降幅基本相同;而在被动挤伸路径下,其降幅随应力速率的增加而增大。边坡开挖路径的选择对于边坡变形影响显著,被动挤伸路径下达到设定极限偏应力时的轴向应变明显大于被动压缩路径。膨胀土变形模量E100随着超固结比和应力速率的增加而增加,但各应力速率下变形模量的各向异性特性则随着超固结比的增加而变弱。 相似文献
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岛礁工程建设常用珊瑚砂吹填地基或作为土工构筑物的填料。珊瑚砂在填筑期的应力路径具有静止土压力系数K0固结和等应力比路径的特点,为了准确预估填筑期的填土变形量,需要建立能够反映填土应力路径影响的变形计算模型。根据广义虎克定律,建立了幂律形式的非线性弹性模型来描述土体的应力-应变关系,提出了变形参数的表达式。对珊瑚砂开展了K0固结试验和等应力比路径下的排水三轴压缩试验,分析了珊瑚砂的应力-应变曲线和颗粒破碎状况,研究了幂律应力-应变模型的适用性,并将模型计算结果与试验曲线进行了对比。结果表明：填土路径下的应力-应变曲线具有幂函数曲线形式,可以用幂律非线性弹性模型来描述。模型的切线模量和切线泊松比均可以表示为轴向有效应力的函数,并通过与主应力比或系数K0相关的参数得到表达。等应力比路径下的切线泊松比和切线模量随着轴向有效应力的增加而增大。在相同的轴向有效应力条件下,主应力比越大,切线模量越大,切线泊松比越小。随着轴向有效应力的增加,K0固结珊瑚砂的静止土压力系数和切线泊松比减小,切线模量增大。在试验应力范围内,填土路径下珊瑚砂的颗粒破碎量都很小,对应力-应变特性的影响不大。幂律模型合理地预测... 相似文献
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通过GDS三轴试验系统对K0固结原状南阳膨胀土原状样进行了不同卸荷速率和卸荷路径下的不排水三轴剪切试验,在试验资料的基础上,建立了K0固结膨胀土的初始切线模量Ei和极限偏应力qult与固结应力及卸荷速率的关系式。发现,K0固结膨胀土在卸荷剪切过程中的应力-应变关系曲线呈典型双曲线特征;膨胀土的不排水剪切强度随轴向固结应力及卸荷速率的增加而单调增加;Ei及qult随固结应力及卸荷速率的变化规律与强度基本类似,但Ei随固结应力的增加呈指数增加,而qult则表现为线性增加。通过改进邓肯-张双曲线表达式,建立了K0固结膨胀土下不同卸荷速率时应力-应变关系的预测公式,并进行了模型验证。 相似文献
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Folding experiments have been carried out on single-layers of Carrara marble and Solnhofen limestone at a confining pressure of 275 bars, temperature of 400°C, and strain rates of 5.5×10−7 to 8.2×10−7. The marble and limestone layers were embedded in a rock-salt matrix and in a matrix of a mixture of 60% fine-grained halite and 40% fine-grained calcite, respectively, and deformed to different percentages of bulk shortening. Aspect ratios of the layers varied between 11.25 and 15. The stress-strain relationship reveals that strain increased with a very small increment in compressive stresses, once folding was initiated.With progressive deformation the bulk strain is compensated by folding along one fold hinge. The resulting folds are concentric and a combination of class 1a, 1b and 3 type. The changes in the arc length, layer thickness, limb dip and wavelength with progressive folding in marble layers, are discussed.The microstructure and texture of the folded marble and limestone layers have been investigated optically and by means of an X-ray texture goniometer. The inner fold arc exhibits a strong preferred orientation, whereas in the outer fold are the preferred orientation is poorly developed. Differences in the fabric in medium-grained marble and fine-grained limestone layers have been attributed to the difference in mechanism of deformation. 相似文献
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Fracturing and Failure Behavior of Carrara Marble in Quasistatic and Dynamic Brazilian Disc Tests 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Louis Ngai Yuen Wong Chunjiang Zou Yi Cheng 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(4):1117-1133
The tensile strength and fracturing behavior of Carrara marble subjected to the dynamic Brazilian disc test using the split Hopkinson pressure bar technique are determined and compared with those obtained by the conventional quasistatic Brazilian disc test. Detailed observation of the cracking processes is aided by high-speed video footage captured at a frame rate of 100,000 frames per second. The dynamic increase factor is computed, revealing a strong strain rate dependence of the Carrara marble when subjected to strain rates above 1 s?1. Similar to the quasistatic loading tests, conspicuous white zones/patches commonly appear prior to the initiation of visible cracks in the dynamic loading tests. Identification of the white patch initiation and evolution is aided by image comparison software. Comparing the cracking and failure processes under quasistatic and dynamic loading, some distinct differences in the white patch geometry and initiation load are observed. In addition, the extent of the compressive failure zones around the contact points between the loading platens and specimens is found to increase with the strain rate. 相似文献
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橄榄石集合体的简单剪切形变实验研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文利用高精度Paterson气体介质变形装置对富铁橄榄石集合体(Mg_(0.5),Fe_(0.5))_2SiO_4进行了高温简单剪切变形试验.试验在温度1473K和围压300MPa的条件下进行,差应力为64～153MPa,应变率为10~-5～10~-3s~-1.一共进行了三组试验,试件的剪切变形量分别为89%,131%和200%,通过对变形后试件的反射光学显微结构分析,得到富铁橄榄石集合体动态重结晶的微观机制,由结晶各向异性分析给出晶格最优取向和波速各向异性的分布及随应变的增加而表现出的演化特征. 相似文献
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An interesting feature of recently published experimental data on high temperature deformation of Solnhofen limestone and Carrara marble is that it is not possible, for either rock, to fit isothermal points on a log strain-rate vs. log stress plot to a single straight line as required for a flow law of the familiar form e = Aexp(- H/RT)σn. Instead for Solnhofen limestone the data can be well fitted to two straight line segments suggesting a change from power law with high stress exponent (at high stress) to power law with low stress exponent at low stress. However, the constant strain-rate data are even better fitted by a single composite flow law formed by addition of the two power laws; a single flow law operates throughout but the strain-rate contributions of the two components change in response to changing stress. Published microstructural evidence supports this composite flow law approach.For Carrara marble constant data provides much poorer control and it is possible to propose several composite flow laws (formed by addition of two or three separate power-law components) all of which provide reasonable correspondence with the data. Stress relaxation data is then used both to test these flow models and to suggest others. Flow models that are broadly compatible with constant and stress relaxation data can then be tested against microstructural measurements.It is suggested that, by treating a set of composite flow laws as alternative hypotheses to be tested against all available data, a more realistic Theological model will result. Composite flow laws have the major advantage of being able to represent a smooth transition from one dominant deformation mechanism to another irrespective of how wide the transition zone may be. 相似文献
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Post-deformational annealing of calcite rocks 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
The evolution of microstructure and crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) during post-deformational annealing was studied on three calcite rock types differing in purity and grain size: Carrara marble (98% calcite, mean grain size of 115 μm), Solnhofen limestone (96%, 5 μm) and synthetic calcite aggregates (99%, 7 μm). Samples were first deformed in torsion at 727 °C at a shear strain rate of 3 × 10− 4 s− 1 to a shear strain of 5 and subsequently heat-treated at 727 °C for various durations between 0 and 24 h. Microstructures and CPOs were analysed by optical microscopy, image analysis and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD).All rock types deformed in the dislocation creep field at the same applied conditions, but their microstructures and CPOs after deformation and after annealing differed depending on starting grain size and material composition. In Carrara marble and in the synthetic calcite aggregate, a strong CPO developed during deformation accompanied by dynamic recrystallisation with significant changes in grain size. During annealing, widespread grain growth and subtle changes of CPO occurred, and equilibrated foam microstructures were approached after long annealing times. The CPO is the only feature in annealed samples indicating an earlier deformation phase, although it is not always identical to the CPO formed during deformation. In the more impure Solnhofen limestone, secondary phases on grain boundaries suppressed grain boundary mobility and prevented both the formation of a recrystallisation CPO during deformation and grain size modification during deformation and annealing. 相似文献
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Strain Rate Dependency of Coarse Crystal Marble Under Uniaxial Compression: Strength,Deformation and Strain Energy 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Strain rate during testing, uniaxial or triaxial, has important influence on the measured mechanical properties of rocks. Uniaxial compression tests were performed at nine pre-specified static-to-quasistatic strain rates (ranging from 1 × 10?5 to 1 × 10?1 s?1) on coarse crystal marble. The aim is to gain deep insight into the influence of strain rate on characteristic stresses, deformation properties and conversion of strain energy of such rock. It is found that the strain rate of 5 × 10?3 s?1 is the threshold to delineate the failure modes the tested coarse marble behaves in. At a strain rate less than this threshold, single-plane shear and conjugate X-shaped shear are the main failure modes, while beyond this threshold, extensile and splitting failures are dominant. The stress for crack initiation, the critical stress for dilation, the peak stress, and Young’s modulus are all found to increase with strain rate, with an exception that the above stresses and modulus appear relatively low compared to the strain rate in the range of between 1 × 10?4 and 5 × 10?3 s?1. The pre-peak absorbed strain energy, damage strain energy and elastic strain energy are found to increase with strain rate. In addition, the elastic strain energy stored before peak point favors brittle failure of the specimen, as the more stored elastic energy in the specimen, the stronger the fragmenting. 相似文献
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The enthalpy of Mg-Fe ordering in En50Fs50 orthopyroxene was measured using the transposed temperature drop calorimetric method. Heat effects associated with two consecutive drops were recorded. In the first drop, synthetic orthopyroxene samples equilibrated at 823?K, 0.1?MPa and a f?O2 of the WI buffer were dropped from 823?K into the calorimeter, which was held at 1173?K. The measured heat effect corresponds to the enthalpy change due to the heat capacity of the sample from 823 to 1173?K and to the enthalpy associated with the (dis)ordering of Mg and Fe2+. In the second drop, the samples, with an Fe-Mg order corresponding to 1173?K, were dropped again from 823 to 1173?K. From the difference of the heat effects measured in the two experiments, the enthalpy of disordering associated with the temperature change from 823 to 1173?K was calculated to be ?1.73±0.04 J mol?1. The observed enthalpy corresponds to a change in the mole fraction of iron on the M2 site, ΔX Fe,M2=?0.096 ± 0.001, which leads to of ΔH 0 exch of 18.0 ± 0.4 kJ mol?1 for the exchange reaction: The degree of Fe-Mg order was characterized by 57Fe Mössbauer resonance spectroscopy. In order to minimize the error due to the thickness of the absorber, the iron concentration of the absorber was reduced step by step from 5 to 1 mg?Fe?cm?2. The iron distribution extrapolated to zero thickness was used for the calculations of the enthalpy of exchange reaction. 相似文献
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Duojun Wang Yingxing Guo Yingjie Yu Shun-ichiro Karato 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2012,164(1):17-25
We investigated the electrical conductivity of amphibole-bearing rocks under the conditions of the middle to lower crust.
Alternating current measurements were performed in the frequency range of 10–106 Hz in a cubic-anvil high-pressure apparatus at 0.5–1.0 GPa and 373–873 K. The electrical conductivity of these rocks is weakly
temperature dependent below ~800 K with modest anisotropy and relatively low conductivity (~5 × 10−3 S/m at ~750 K with the activation enthalpy of 64–67 kJ/mol). However, the electrical conductivity starts to increase with
temperature more rapidly above ~800 K (activation enthalpy of 320–380 kJ/mol). The infrared spectroscopy observations indicate
that dehydration occurs in this high temperature regime. The observed high activation enthalpy and the reproducibility suggest
that the enhanced conductivity is not due to the direct effect caused by the generation of conductive fluids. Dehydration
of amphibole is associated with the oxidation of iron (from ferrous to ferric), and we suggest that the increased conductivity
associated with dehydration is caused by oxidation. This effect may explain high electrical conductivity observed in some
regions of the continental crust. 相似文献