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1.
Plants have been shown to affect soil water content and temperature. Previous studies were conducted mainly in forestry and agricultural soils, where conditions of soil and vegetation are different from those in an urban landscape. In an urban landscape, the influence of plant roots on electrical conductivity, soil water content and temperature is still not clear. This study aims to investigate the effects of soil water content and temperature on electrical conductivity in vegetated soils through an integrated field monitoring and computational modelling approach. A new relationship between soil electrical conductivity and water content as well as temperature is proposed. Field monitoring was conducted in both vegetated (tree species) and bare soils. The monitoring included measurements of soil water content, soil temperature and soil electrical conductivity. This was followed by response surface regression modelling. Measured results show that soil temperature at shallow depths was lower in vegetated soil than that in the bare soil. This observation was also consistent with the higher soil water content and hence, higher electrical conductivity under tree canopy. The model developed could predict nonlinear relationships between electrical conductivity and soil temperature and water content. Uncertainty analysis indicated normal distribution for electrical conductivity under variation of soil temperature and water content. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

2.
A new probe was designed to quantify groundwater-surface water exchange in the hyporheic zone under dynamic stage condition. Current methods focus on either vertical pore water velocity or Darcy flux measurements. Both parameters must be understood to evaluate residence time and mass flux of constituents. Furthermore, most instruments are not well suited for monitoring instantaneous velocity or flux under dynamic exchange conditions. For this reason, the flux detection probe (FDP) was designed that employs electrogeophysical measurements to estimate in situ sediment porosity, which can be used to convert pore water velocity to Darcy flux. Dynamic pore water velocity is obtained by monitoring fluid conductivity and temperature along the FDP probe. Pressure sensors deployed at the top and bottom of the probe provide the additional information necessary to estimate vertical permeability. This study focuses on the use of a geophysical method to estimate pore water velocity, porosity, and permeability within a controlled soil column where simulated river water displaces simulated groundwater. The difference between probe derived and theoretical pore water velocity using natural tracers such as electrical conductivity and temperature was −4.9 and 3.9% for downward flow and 1.1 and 12.8% for upward flow, respectively. The difference in porosity calculated from mass and volume packed in the soil column and probe measure porosity ranged between −3.2% and 1.5%. Also, the calculated hydraulic conductivity differed from probe derived values by −8.9%.  相似文献   

3.
Very low frequency (VLF) military communications systems provide a primary field that can be used for shallow geophysical surveys to locate ground water contamination and vertical geologic contacts. Useful properties that can be easily obtained from the interaction of the earth and the primary field are the magnitude of the vertical secondary magnetic field, the surface impedence, and the phase angle between the electrical and magnetic horizontal components. The variations in the secondary magnetic field can be related to vertical geologic contacts, such as the edges of landfill trenches. The surface impedence yields an apparent terrain conductivity, which can be used to locate low-resistivity anomalies often associated with contaminated ground water. The phase angle gives information on vertical variations in resistivity, phase angles less than 45° indicating increasing resistivity with depth. The depth of penetration of the VLF field is about one skin depth. For a frequency of 20 kHz, the skin depth in meters is approximately equal to 3.67 where p is terrain resistivity in ohmmeters.  相似文献   

4.
Geomagnetic field variations recorded by an array of magnetometers spread across the Kachchh Rift basin are reduced to a set of induction arrows as a diagnostic of lateral electrical conductivity variations. A non-uniform thin-sheet electrical conductance model is developed to account for the salient induction patterns. It indicates that the imaged conductivity anomalies can be related to the sediment-filled structural lows in between the fault bounded uplifts. It is suggested that sagging structural lows preserved the marine sediments deposited during the Mesozoic sea transgression and later developed into first order embayment basins for the deposition of sediments in association with Late Eocene transgression. Depth integrated electrical conductance helped in mapping two depo-centres: along the ENE-WSW trending Banni half-Graben bounded by the Kachchh Main fault on the south and, second, along the Vinjan depression formed in response to the subsidence between the Vigodi fault and westward extension of the Katrol Hill fault together with the westward bending of the Median High. Presence of metamorphosed graphite schist clasts in shale dominated Mesozoic sequence and/or thin films of carbon resulting from the thermal influence of Deccan activity on Carbonate-rich formations can account for the high electrical conductivity anomalies seen in the depo-centres of thick Mesozoic and Tertiary sediments. Additionally two high conductivity zones are imaged encompassing a block defined by the 2001 Bhuj earthquake and its aftershocks. In agreement with gravity, magnetic and seismic velocity signatures, aqueous fluids released by recrystallizing magmatic bodies intruded in association with Deccan trap activity account for mapped high conductivity zones. High fluid pressure in such a fractured domain, surrounding the intruded magmatic plugs, perturb the regional stress concentrations to produce frequent and low magnitude aftershocks in the shallow section of the epicentral track of the 2001 Bhuj earthquake.  相似文献   

5.
Simultaneous measurement of coupled water, heat, and solute transport in unsaturated porous media is made possible with the multi-functional heat pulse probe (MFHPP). The probe combines a heat pulse technique for estimating soil heat properties, water flux, and water content with a Wenner array measurement of bulk soil electrical conductivity (ECbulk). To evaluate the MFHPP, we conducted controlled steady-state flow experiments in a sand column for a wide range of water saturations, flow velocities, and solute concentrations. Flow and transport processes were monitored continuously using the MFHPP. Experimental data were analyzed by inverse modeling of simultaneous water, heat, and solute transport using an adapted HYDRUS-2D model. Various optimization scenarios yielded simultaneous estimation of thermal, solute, and hydraulic parameters and variables, including thermal conductivity, volumetric water content, water flux, and thermal and solute dispersivities. We conclude that the MFHPP holds great promise as an excellent instrument for the continuous monitoring and characterization of the vadose zone.  相似文献   

6.
A 3D ERT study of solute transport in a large experimental tank   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
A high resolution, cross-borehole, 3D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) study of solute transport was conducted in a large experimental tank. ERT voxels comprising the time sequence of electrical images were converted into a 3D array of ERT estimated fluid conductivity breakthrough curves and compared with direct measurements of fluid conductivity breakthrough made in wells. The 3D ERT images of solute transport behaviour were also compared with predictions based on a 3D finite-element, coupled flow and transport model, accounting for gravity induced flow caused by concentration differences.The tank (dimensions 185×245×186 cm) was filled with medium sand, with a gravel channel and a fine sand layer installed. This heterogeneous system was designed to complicate solute transport behaviour relative to a homogeneous sand tank, and to thus provide a challenging but insightful analysis of the ability of 3D ERT to resolve transport phenomena. Four ERT arrays and 20 piezometers were installed during filling. A NaCl tracer (conductivity 1.34 S/m) was injected and intensively monitored with 3D ERT and direct sampling of fluid chemistry in piezometers.We converted the bulk conductivity estimate for 250 voxels in the ERT imaged volume into ERT estimated voxel fluid conductivity by assuming that matrix conduction in the tank is negligible. In general, the ERT voxel response is in reasonable agreement with the shape of fluid conductivity breakthrough observed in six wells in which direct measurements of fluid conductivity were made. However, discrepancies occur, particularly at early times, which we attribute to differences between the scale of the image voxels and the fluid conductivity measurement, measurement errors mapped into the electrical inversion and artificial image roughness resulting from the inversion.ERT images revealed the 3D tracer distribution at 15 times after tracer injection. The general pattern and timing of solute breakthrough observed with ERT agreed with that predicted from the flow/transport modelling. However, the ERT images indicate a vertical component of tracer transport and preferential flow paths in the medium sand. We attribute this to transient vertical gradients established during tracer injection, and heterogeneity caused by sorting of the sand resulting from the filling procedure. In this study, ERT provided a unique dataset of 250 voxel breakthrough curves in 1.04 m3. The use of 3D ERT to generate an array of densely sampled estimated fluid conductivity breakthrough curves is a potentially powerful tool for quantifying solute transport processes.  相似文献   

7.
Common studies on the static electric field distribution over a conductivity anomaly use the self-potential method. However, this method is time consuming and requires nonpolarizable electrodes to be placed in the ground. Moreover, the information gained by this method is restricted to the horizontal variations of the electric field. To overcome the limitation in the self-potential technique, we conducted a field experiment using a non conventional technique to assess the static electric field over a conductivity anomaly. We use two metallic potential probes arranged on an insulated boom with a separation of 126 cm. When placed into the electric field of the free air, a surface charge will be induced on each probe trying to equalize with the potential of the surrounding atmosphere. The use of a plasma source at both probes facilitated continuous and quicker measurement of the electric field in the air. The present study shows first experimental measurements with a modified potential probe technique (MPP) along a 600-meter-long transect to demonstrate the general feasibility of this method for studying the static electric field distribution over shallow conductivity anomalies.Field measurements were carried out on a test site on top of the Bramsche Massif near Osnabrück (Northwest Germany) to benefit from a variety of available near surface data over an almost vertical conductivity anomaly. High resolution self-potential data served in a numerical analysis to estimate the expected individual components of the electric field vector.During the experiment we found more anomalies in the vertical and horizontal components of the electric field than self-potential anomalies. These contrasting findings are successfully cross-validated with conventional near surface geophysical methods. Among these methods, we used self-potential, radiomagnetotelluric, electric resistivity tomography and induced polarization data to derive 2D conductivity models of the subsurface in order to infer the geometrical properties and the origin of the conductivity anomaly in the survey area. The presented study demonstrates the feasibility of electric field measurements in free air to detect and study near surface conductivity anomalies. Variations in Ez correlate well with the conductivity distribution obtained from resistivity methods. Compared to the self-potential technique, continuously free air measurements of the electric field are more rapid and of better lateral resolution combined with the unique ability to analyze vertical components of the electric field which are of particular importance to detect lateral conductivity contrasts. Mapping Ez in free air is a good tool to precisely map lateral changes of the electric field distribution in areas where SP generation fails. MPP offers interesting application in other geophysical techniques e.g. in time domain electromagnetics, DC and IP.With this method we were able to reveal a ca. 150 m broad zone of enhanced electric field strength.  相似文献   

8.
The hydraulic profiling tool (HPT) has become one of the basic tools for investigation of soils and unconsolidated formations over the last 10 years. The HPT is advanced into the subsurface using direct push methods. Clean water is injected into the formation from a small screened port on the side of the probe as it is steadily advanced into the subsurface. A downhole pressure sensor detects the pressure required to inject the water into the formation while an up-hole flowmeter monitors the water flow rate. An electrical conductivity (EC) array included in the lower end of the probe provides a simultaneous EC log of the bulk formation. The EC log, HPT pressure, and flow rate are logged and displayed onscreen as the probe is advanced. These logs enable the investigator to evaluate vertical changes in relative formation permeability at high resolution. Pressure dissipation tests may be performed at selected depths in coarse-grained materials to determine the piezometric pressure in saturated formations. This enables the operator to define the piezometric profile and determine the piezometric surface without a well. Post processing of the log in the viewing software provides for calculation of the corrected HPT pressure (Pc) and estimation of hydraulic conductivity (Est. K) within limits (~0.1 to 75 ft/d). In clean, coarse-grained materials the tandem EC log may be used to estimate groundwater specific conductance based on an Archie's Law model. Cross sections of HPT logs provide an efficient means to define hydrostratigraphy. When combined with contaminant logging tools such as the membrane interface probe (MIP) the HPT data may help to define contaminant migration pathways or contaminated low permeability zones that may result in back diffusion. The HPT can be a useful tool for many geoenvironmental investigations in unconsolidated formations.  相似文献   

9.
Summary We have analysed magnetovariational data of ten temporary field stations deployed as a 2-D array covering about 50 km square of a SFR/FRG border area adjacent to the KTB superdeep drill site. Single- and inter-station induction vectors were computed by frequency and time domain analyses. The distribution of induction vector characteristics was analysed, interpreted in terms of the electrical conductivity distribution across the array, and correlated with geological phenomena.  相似文献   

10.
In the past 30 to 40 years, floodplain areas of large rivers, such as the Missouri River, have been extensively used for large industrial and municipal landfills. Many of these sites are now causing varying degrees of ground water contamination. Rapid geophysical characterization techniques have proven useful for delineation of anomalous areas indicative of potential contaminant plumes. These methods have also resulted in a cost effective approach to the location and number of monitoring wells.
An effective technique to initially characterize ground water contamination at such landfills along the Missouri River in northwestern Missouri involved a combination of electrical resistivity and electromagnetic conductivity methods. Resistivity was used to obtain soundings of the alluvium by using a modified Wenner array and to corroborate shallow electromagnetic conductivity measurements by using short Wenner array electrode spacings.
Upon confirmation of similar measurements of the upper soils for the two methods, numerous electromagnetic conductivity traverses were made at each landfill site. The data generated from these surveys were graphed and contoured to delineate anomalous areas. Based on the geophysical study, a ground water monitoring well network was then designed for each landfill.
As a result, a minimal number of wells were required to initially characterize the ground water quality at these two sites. In general, analysis of water samples from these wells displayed good correlation with the geophysical results.  相似文献   

11.
An integral equation method is described for solving the potential problem of a stationary electric current in a medium that is linear, isotropic and piecewise homogeneous in terms of electrical conductivity. The integral equations are Fredholm's equations of the ‘second kind’ developed for the potential of the electric field. In this method the discontinuity-surfaces of electrical conductivity are divided into ‘sub-areas’ that are so small that the value of their potential can be regarded as constant. The equations are applied to 3-D galvanic modeling. In the numerical examples the convergence is examined. The results are also compared with solutions derived with other integral equations. Examples are given of anomalies of apparent resistivity and mise-a-la-masse methods, assuming finite conductivity contrast. We show that the numerical solutions converge more rapidly than compared to solutions published earlier for the electric field. This results from the fact that the potential (as a function of the location coordinate) behaves more regularly than the electric field. The equations are applicable to all cases where conductivity contrast is finite.  相似文献   

12.
In this paper we deal with an indirect measure of the dielectric permittivity of the soil starting from GPR surface data collected on a buried “cooperative” target, meant as an object buried on purpose and whose extent is known a-priori. This target is exploited in order to achieve, from its image obtained from a suitable GPR data processing, an indirect measure of the dielectric permittivity of the embedding soil. GPR data processing is based on a linear microwave tomographic approach funded on the Born Approximation. Using this Born approach on two-dimensional inversion tests, we investigate the effect of the soil's electrical conductivity and permittivity on this indirect measure and demonstrate that the electrical field scattered by a spot-like buried object permits an accurate estimation of the soil permittivity even when no information of the soil conductivity is available.  相似文献   

13.
This paper briefly describes the formation of ionic conductivity anomalies in soil cover, and the characteristics of ionic composition that forms conductivity anomalies, based on the theory of geoelectrochemical halo. Based on some practical results of soluble ions in soil cover and soil conductivity derived from a number of mining areas of both China and overseas, here we present the correlation of a conductivity anomaly with the ionic composition and establish a model for the formation of conductivity ano...  相似文献   

14.
电导率是表征岩石电学性质的重要物理参数,在地质资源勘查和测井解释等领域发挥着巨大作用.快速、准确地确定岩石电导率具有重要的理论和实践意义.作为近年来发展的一种岩石物理数值模拟工具,数字岩心技术在定量计算电导率等物性参数方面应用广泛.三维微观结构的准确获取是数字岩心技术计算岩石电导率的关键,但传统获取岩石三维微观结构的方法较为复杂费时.为了方便快速地通过数字岩心技术计算岩石的电导率,本文研究了岩石二维与三维数字岩心的电导率联系.我们基于微米级X射线CT扫描得到的三个砂岩样品的微观结构信息建立了三维数字岩心,并通过有限元法计算的三维数字岩心电导率与实验数据的对比验证数值计算方法的有效性.随后我们数字地扩展了岩石的孔隙,产生了较大孔隙度的三维数字岩心样本,在此基础上,计算了三维数字岩心和相应二维数字岩心的电导率,并通过Archie公式分别拟合了电导率与孔隙度之间的关系,得到了相应的胶结系数.结果表明,三维数字岩心的胶结系数小于二维数字岩心的胶结系数,且二者的比值与岩石实测孔隙度呈线性负相关关系.以该联系为纽带,通过二维图像快速计算得到的电导率与孔隙度关系,确定了三维数字岩心的电导率与孔隙度关系,并进一步通过三维数字岩心的孔隙度计算其电导率.该方法计算得到的人工砂岩样品的电导率与其三维数字岩心电导率相关系数高于96%,验证了基于二维图像的数字岩心电导率计算方法的有效性.本文的研究结果为快速、准确地计算岩石电导率提供了新的思路,在油气勘探开发中有广阔的应用前景.  相似文献   

15.
The BURAR seismic array, located in Northern Romania (Bucovina region), is designed to monitor events located in an area poorly covered by other existing seismic stations. In order to use the BURAR array for single-station locations, it is crucial to calibrate the azimuth and slowness parameters, which are currently used in array techniques to locate earthquakes, blasts or nuclear explosions. The goal of this study is to apply “f–k” and plane wave fit techniques in order to constrain the slowness and azimuth parameters at BURAR for teleseismic, regional and local events. The analysis was carried out using P and S waves recorded for events occurred between 2004 and 2008 within a radius of 50° around BURAR. The azimuth values obtained applying both methods strongly deviated from the theoretical values for regions like Central Turkey, Bulgaria, Dodecanese Islands and other parts of Greece, while the ray parameter deviations with respect to a 1-D IASP91 reference model are less significant. For the local events, the anomalies are smaller, except the particular case of Vrancea intermediate-depth earthquakes for which strong azimuth deviations (33.5°), both positive and negative, are observed. We investigate how these systematic deviations in azimuth are explained by the structure lateral heterogeneities which characterize the study region.  相似文献   

16.
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate use of the hydraulic profiling tool‐groundwater sampler (HPT‐GWS) log data as an indicator of water quality (level of dissolved ionic species) in an alluvial aquifer. The HPT‐GWS probe is designed for direct push advancement into unconsolidated formations. The system provides both injection pressure logs and electrical conductivity (EC) logs, and groundwater may be sampled at multiple depths as the probe is advanced (profiling). The combination of these three capabilities in one probe has not previously been available. During field work it was observed that when HPT corrected pressure (Pc) indicates a consistent aquifer unit then bulk formation EC can be used as an indicator of water quality. A high correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.93) was observed between groundwater specific conductance and bulk formation EC in the sands and gravels of the alluvial aquifer studied. These results indicate that groundwater specific conductance is exerting a controlling influence on the bulk formation EC of the coarse‐grained unit at this site, and probably many similar sites, consistent with Archie's Law. This simple relationship enables the use of the EC and Pc logs, with targeted water samples and a minimum of core samples, to rapidly assess groundwater quality over extended areas at high vertical resolution. This method was used to identify both a brine impacted zone at the base of the aquifer investigated and a groundwater recharge lens developing below storm water holding ponds in the upper portion of the same aquifer. Sample results for trace level, naturally occurring elements (As, Ba, U) further demonstrate the use of this system to sample for low level groundwater contamination.  相似文献   

17.
Conduits serve as major pathways for groundwater flow in karst aquifers. Locating them from the surface, however, is one of the most challenging tasks in karst research. Geophysical methods are often deployed to help locate voids by mapping variations of physical properties of the subsurface. Conduits can cause significant contrasts of some physical properties that can be detected; other subsurface features such as water-bearing fractures often yield similar contrasts, which are difficult to distinguish from the effects of the conduits. This study used electrical resistivity method to search for an unmapped karst conduit that recharges Royal Spring in the Inner Bluegrass karst region, Kentucky, USA. Three types of resistivity techniques (surface 2D survey, quasi-3D survey, and time-lapse survey) were used to map and characterize resistivity anomalies. Some of the major anomalies were selected as drilling targets to verify the existence of the conduits. Drilling near an anomaly identified by an electrical resistivity profile resulted in successful penetration of a major water-filled conduit. The drilling results also suggest that, in this study area, low resistivity anomalies in general are associated with water-bearing features. However, differences in the anomaly signals between the water-filled conduit and other water-bearing features such as water-filled fracture zones were undistinguishable. The electrical resistivity method is useful in conduit detection by providing potential drilling targets. Knowledge of geology and hydrogeology about the site and professional judgment also played important roles in locating the major conduit.  相似文献   

18.
A frequency domain electromagnetic induction sounding survey (FDEM) was conducted on a landfill in northern Illinois to determine the depth of fill, locate areas of drum disposal, and locate areas of heavy metal sludge disposal. Sketchy information obtained from interviews of the site personnel identified specific exploration targets and areas of concern. The results of the geophysical survey verified much of the reported disposal history and identified areas suspected to contain hazardous waste.
Based on the results of the survey, the thickness of fill was estimated and two areas with highly conductive fill were located. These areas could represent leachate pockets or sludge disposal areas. An area in which the fill appears to be thicker than expected was identified. This area is thought to represent industrial sludge disposal in trenches excavated into the existing fill and underlying soils. An area with several linear in-phase, quadrature, and conductivity highs was detected. A subsequent magnetometer survey detected linear magnetic anomalies that are believed to be caused by parallel trenches filled with steel drums. This area is believed to be a previously unreported hazardous waste drum disposal cell excavated into the native soil.
As of this writing, the results of this survey have not been verified by traditional intrusive methods. When these investigations begin, we expect that information provided by the FDEM survey will reduce project costs by directing subsequent investigations, thereby reducing the number of borings and test pits required to characterize the site. While there is an unavoidable margin of error and uncertainty in remote sensing methods, the subsurface coverage provided by this geophysical survey could not have been reproduced by traditional methods without substantial expense. This paper presents the results of the survey and discusses application of the FDEM method on landfills.  相似文献   

19.
The analysis of magnetovariational data from an array quasi- simultaneously covering Sardinia (Italy) and Corsica (France), from summer 1988 to spring 1991, indicates the existence of two major conducting bodies, one north of Corsica, the other south of Sardinia. Fourier maps also show local conductivity anomalies along the Campidano Graben (Sardinia), across the Bonifacio Straits and in the northernmost part of Corsica. Two-dimensional (2D) modelling and inversion procedures have been carried out in order to find the optimum conductivity and geometrical characteristics of the conductive bodies deduced from Fourier maps, induction arrows and pseudosections studies. As a result of the 2D inversion, two zones with enhanced electrical conductivity are found, respectively, in the Sardinia Channel and in the Bonifacio Straits. The former can be related to the thermal characteristics of the area; the latter, shallower, can be ascribed to an accumulation of sediments. Some short-period magnetovariational anomalies in northern Corsica can be related to recent reheating processes that occurred there, as well as to the crustal thinning in the Ligurian sea.  相似文献   

20.
The use of electrical methods for estimating spatial patterns of groundwater recharge was evaluated at a field site in southeastern Australia. Here, recharge increased from less than 0.2 mm year−1 under native Eucalyptus vegetation, to between 1 and 14 mm year−1 under dryland agriculture. This increase in recharge results in progressive leaching of salts in the soil profile. Differences in recharge can be estimated from differences in depth of leaching. The estimated recharge rates are correlated with soil texture, with higher recharge rates generally occurring through sandier soils. The relationships of recharge to salt content and soil texture both contribute to lower apparent electrical conductivities for higher recharge rates.

The effect of recharge rate on measured apparent electrical conductivities was modelled for various geophysical devices (including frequency-domain (FEM) and time-domain (TEM) electromagnetic instruments and direct current resistivity). The soil-texture effect was shown to have a greater effect than the solute leaching effect in determining the correlation between recharge and apparent electrical conductivity. Analysis of sensitivity to geological noise showed that variations in soil type below 2 m could disguise any correlation.

Correlations between recharge rate, measured at core sites from chloride tracer techniques, and apparent electrical conductivity, measured with FEM electromagnetic devices, supported the conclusions of the model. For DC resistivity and TEM methods, correlations between recharge and apparent electrical conductivity were not significant, although for resistivity this may be due partly to the small number of measurements made. The FEM device most sensitive to variations in recharge had an operating frequency of 9.8 kHz. At lower frequencies the sensitivity is reduced, as the instruments are sensing too deeply. The poor correlations for TEM, as compared with FEM, are due probably to the relatively deeper penetration of the TEM instrument used in the study, rather than any inherent differences between the techniques.

Because the major reason for the correlation between recharge and apparent electrical conductivity is soil texture, in this area the geophysical devices are mostly mapping soil type.  相似文献   


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