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1.
Recent developments in luminescence dating offer new ways to date exposure and burial durations of rocks. The new rock surface dating methods ideally require high-resolution data, faster sample preparation and measurement times, and field screening methods to select samples with appropriate luminescence characteristics and bleaching histories. Presented here is a demonstration of an EMCCD (electron multiplying charge coupled device) based system capable of imaging high-resolution infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) and infrared-photoluminescence (IRPL) from rock samples. The IRPL can be detected at both 880 nm and 955 nm. Using this instrument, the entire luminescence-depth profile can be reconstructed by imaging a single surface cut perpendicular to the exposed rock face. We demonstrate the possibility of reconstructing luminescence-depth profiles suitable for rock surface dating from large (cm-scale) rock samples, without using a regeneration dose for normalisation of the natural luminescence signals. Based on the different bleaching characteristics of the IRSL and IRPL emissions at 880 nm and 955 nm, we show that it is possible to gain reliable estimates of bleaching depths from measurement of as few as two images of the IRPL signal (one for each emission), or from measurement of the IRSL decay curve. We thus by-pass laborious sample preparations and the need for a gamma source to estimate the bleaching depth, thereby extending the 2D luminescence-depth profile imaging technique to other laboratories that lack access to ionising radiation facilities. This study also makes a significant progression towards development of a field instrument for in situ relative exposure dating, and sample screening for rock surface burial dating. 相似文献
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本文应用单能窄束伽马射线理论建立高分辨率屏蔽自然伽马探测器三维测井响应的数值模拟算法.首先利用单能窄束原理,用稳态扩散方程描述伽马光子密度的空间分布,根据扩散方程基本解、放射源空间分布、探测器位置和屏蔽情况,将屏蔽探测器上的总伽马通量表示成放射性地层中的有效探测区域上的体积分和晶体表面上有效接收面的面积分形式.并根据伽马射线传播路径和探测器屏蔽情况,给出有效探测区域的解析表达式,通过数值积分法计算任意复杂情况下探测器上的自然伽马通量,获得伽马测井响应的3D数值模拟算法.并通过数值模拟结果与模型井数据的对比验证了该算法的有效性.最后通过3D数值模拟算法系统研究考察晶体形状（圆柱形晶体、方形晶体）、晶体长度、仪器在井轴中的位置（居中屏蔽探测器、贴井壁屏蔽探测器）、以及测速等不同情况下自然伽马测井响应,设计出新型高分辨率自然伽马测井仪器. 相似文献
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Spectral gamma ray wireline logging derives the concentrations of potassium, thorium, and uranium of the formation by measuring the gamma ray spectrum under the assumption of secular equilibrium. These measurements were carried out in a number of boreholes drilled by Ocean Drilling Program Leg 193 at the PACMANUS hydrothermal field. Spectral gamma ray logs from several of these holes show intervals of increased radioactivity, associated with high uranium values of up to 60 ppm (Snowcap hydrothermal field) and 25 ppm (Roman Ruins hydrothermal field). Nine samples of hydrothermally altered dacite were analyzed using gamma spectrometry to examine the origin of elevated radioactivity and to test for distortion of secular equilibrium. Core spectrometry indicates that secular equilibrium is distorted. Distortion can be explained by either an uptake of nuclides of the lower part of the 238U decay series, or by removal of 238U or 234Th from the rocks. In all cases wireline uranium logs and core spectrometry do not reflect true uranium concentrations of the formation but uranium is overestimated by a factor of 3–4. At Roman Ruins, uranium values from wireline logging show higher uranium concentrations over large intervals than uranium values from core spectrometry and from published core geochemistry, even when a possible leaching of uranium is taken into account. Wireline logs indicate that depth intervals of increased radioactivity are related to the occurrence of stockwork mineralization. In these depth intervals, core recovery was extremely low. In addition to the distortion of secular equilibrium, low core recovery and preferential loss of softer and more altered material cause a sampling bias between core samples and wireline data and may explain the observed difference in uranium concentrations between core and wireline logs. 相似文献
5.
A new method has been developed that predicts the natural background concentrations of microelements of interest in sediments using the concentrations of various components present in the sample. This is done by developing multiple linear regressions using a dataset which has been selected, using radiochronological dating and statistical methods, to reflect the concentration distributions of natural levels of a large number of sediment constituents. This method is demonstrated in Venice Lagoon, using data generated in a lagoon-wide sampling effort. A quantitative assessment is carried out of the variability of natural background levels at the lagoon scale for the main inorganic microelements, and distribution maps of the background and anthropogenic concentrations of a selected metal (Ni) in sediments at the lagoon scale are presented. With sufficient data, this method can be applied in other areas, allowing for a site-specific separation of natural background and anthropogenic levels of microconstituents in sediments, providing insights into regional geochemistry and aiding in the risk-based management of coastal sediments. 相似文献
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This paper describes the application and calculation of hydrocarbon anomalies in two different boreholes located in Eastern Pomerania (northern Poland). Spectrometric data from borehole geophysical probe (borehole 1) and portable gamma logger (borehole 2) were used to analyze shale formations. The results from borehole 1 presented a statistically significant, moderate correlation between calculated hydrocarbon anomalies and hydrocarbon saturation data obtained from well log interpretation. Borehole 2 has been analyzed focusing on the gamma radiation of the core samples, and the positive results of borehole 1. Hydrocarbon anomalies calculated from spectral gamma radiation are reliable indicators of sweet spots, based solely on a cursory evaluation of core measurements. These preliminary information acquired from gamma-ray measurements could help increase sampling precision of further geochemical analysis. 相似文献
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Nguyen Dinh Chau Paweł Jodłowski Stefan J. Kalita Paweł Olko Edward Chruściel Adam Maksymowicz Michał Waligórski Paweł Bilski Maciej Budzanowski 《Acta Geophysica》2008,56(2):505-517
The doses of gamma radiation, concentrations of radium isotopes in water and sediments, radon concentration and concentration
of alpha potential energy of radon decay products in the copper ore mine and in the mining region in the vicinity of Lubin
town in Poland are presented. These data served as a basis for the assessment of radiological hazard to the mine workers and
general public. The results of this assessment indicate that radiological hazard in the region does not differ substantially
from typical values associated with natural radiation background. The calculated average annual effective dose for copper
miners is 1.48 mSv. In general, copper ore mines can be regarded as radiologically safe workplaces. 相似文献
9.
随钻方位伽马测井仪器能在钻井过程中有效测量地层的方位放射性强度,其测量效率与其结构参数有关.合理设计测井仪器的结构参数,可以大大提高其测量效率.利用蒙特卡罗数值模拟方法建立模型,从归一化统计误差和探测特性分析仪器的响应特征,为结构参数的选取提供理论依据.研究结果表明,6.75 in(1 in=2.54 cm)的钻铤外径下,当晶体直径为1 in左右,晶体长度为18~22 cm,屏蔽体长度为2~3 cm,屏蔽体厚度为2~3 cm,窗口材料为铍,屏蔽体开口角度选在0°附近,泥浆通道半径为2 cm左右时,仪器可以获得相对较低的统计误差和相对较好的探测特性.该研究表明,优化后的随钻方位伽马测井仪器的测量效率大大提高. 相似文献
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Mapping gamma radiation and its uncertainty from weathering products in a Tasmanian landscape with a proximal sensor and random forest kriging 
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下载免费PDF全文 The radionuclides of potassium (40 K), uranium (238U) and thorium (232Th) emit from the land surface gamma radiation that is characteristic of the underlying rocks and the distribution of their weathering products in the landscape. We measured the radiation along widely separated transects using a mobile proximal sensor over a 10 000‐ha region of Tasmania. We supplemented the transect data with information from soil and geological maps and dense data from LandSat and SPOT imagery, a digital elevation model and terrain attributes on a grid at 30‐m intervals so as to map the radionuclides. We used a sequence of steps, starting with a spatial bootstrap and random forests to predict emissions across the study area and at sampling points excluded from the bootstrap samples. The predictions at the sampling points were compared with the observed values to obtain residuals, which were then used to krige them at all points on the 30 m grid. We combined the random forest and kriging predictions on the 30‐m grid to obtain our random forest kriging predictions. Repeating the procedure 100 times provided confidence limits on our results and predictions. The resulting maps of the radionuclides accord well with what we know of the soil, lithology and topography of the region from other sources. Alluvial deposits with large amounts of potassium extend from the foot slopes of the Great Western Tiers and along the flood plains of the Meander River, providing evidence of previous widespread weathering and deposition of the material. The fertile Red Ferrosols (roughly equivalent to Ferralic Nitisols in the World reference base (WRB) classification) on the extensive Tertiary basalt plateau emit little gamma radiation as a result of deep weathering and of potassium movement and accumulation down its talus slopes. The maps show the complexity of the region in terms of soil, lithology and terrain, and they show the merits of gamma radiometry for mapping and understanding the distribution of materials in such regions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
Comparison of seismicity declustering methods using a probabilistic measure of clustering 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Abdelhak Talbi Kazuyoshi Nanjo Kenji Satake Jiancang Zhuang Mohamed Hamdache 《Journal of Seismology》2013,17(3):1041-1061
We present a new measure of earthquake clustering and explore its use for comparing the performance of three different declustering methods. The advantage of this new clustering measure over existing techniques is that it can be used for non-Poissonian background seismicity and, in particular, to compare the results of declustering algorithms where different background models are used. We use our approach to study inter-event times between successive earthquakes using earthquake catalog data from Japan and southern California. A measure of the extent of clustering is introduced by comparing the inter-event time distributions of the background seismicity to that of the whole observed seismicity. Theoretical aspects of the clustering measure are then discussed with respect to the Poissonian and Weibull models for the background inter-event time distribution. In the case of a Poissonian background, the obtained clustering measure shows a decrease followed by an increase, defining a V-shaped trend, which can be explained by the presence of short- and long-range correlation in the inter-event time series. Three previously proposed declustering methods (i.e., the methods of Gardner and Knopoff, Reasenberg, and Zhuang et al.) are used to obtain an approximation of the residual “background” inter-event time distribution in order to apply our clustering measure to real seismicity. The clustering measure is then estimated for different values of magnitude cutoffs and time periods, taking into account the completeness of each catalog. Plots of the clustering measure are presented as clustering attenuation curves (CACs), showing how the correlation decreases when inter-event times increase. The CACs demonstrate strong clustering at short inter-event time ranges and weak clustering at long time ranges. When the algorithm of Gardner and Knopoff is used, the CACs show strong correlation with a weak background at the short inter-event time ranges. The fit of the CACs using the Poissonian background model is successful at short and intermediate inter-event time ranges, but deviates at long ranges. The observed deviation shows that the residual catalog obtained after declustering remains non-Poissonian at long time ranges. The apparent background fraction can be estimated directly from the CAC fit. The CACs using the algorithms of Reasenberg and Zhuang et al. show a relatively similar behavior, with a time correlation decreasing more rapidly than the CACs of Gardner and Knopoff for shorter time ranges. This study offers a novel approach for the study of different types of clustering produced as a result of various hypotheses used to account for different backgrounds. 相似文献
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Yun-Lin Zhang Hai-Jing An Xiao-Ling Liu Yu-Lan Si Mei Jiang Wu-Si Zhang 《地震学报(英文版)》1993,6(3):675-683
The high accuracy, automatic, digital MT measurement system with five electromagnetic components was firstly adopted by the
author to the section MT monitor and measurement in the middle Qilian mountain in the Northwestern China, the more real precursory
information of impending earthquake electromagnetic rediation of GongheM=7.0 earthquake (April, 1990) in Qinghai province was obtained by the system.
The new complete quantification frequency analysis was firstly used in this paper in both time and space domains for the analysis
of repeated measurement data at all sites.
This paper concludes the precursory spectral characteristics of electromagnetic radiation before strong earthquake as following:
1. The spectra appears as the synchronous electric field interference type mainly of conduction current; 2. Narrow band (0.5
– 20s) of spectral period; 3. The singularity of amplitude (the pulse amplitudes of interference electric field is 102 times the normal values); 4. They show the directionality of preparing focus to some extent; 5. The intermittent of radiation
(three peak periods appeared three days before the main shock). It is more significant that there existed a relative quiet
period of about 48 hours between the peak period and the occurrence, observators can response quickly at observational sites
and take it as one of the observational criterions for impending prediction.
This paper also points out that the impending earthquake electromagnetic radiation obtained by the MT measurement system is
mainly the conduction current, and the high-conductive layer existed commonly in the crust may serve as the better paths for
the conduction current circuit and enables the far away MT measurement sites to receive it.
The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 186–193, 1993. 相似文献
13.
The ability to continually monitor several meteorological parameters is needed to estimate snow surface energy balance components in mountainous terrain. In remote mountainous locations, limited accessibility and extreme weather conditions limit the use of delicate meteorological instrumentation. Robust instrumentation and radio telemetry are often needed to measure snow surface energy exchanges. This study examined the practicality and effectiveness of robust instrumentation in estimating radiative and turbulent exchanges in the forested Bear River Mountains of northern Utah. Measurement of reflected shortwave radiation was problematic due to possible selective absorption in the infra-red range. This resulted in overestimates of reflected shortwave radiation and decreased estimates of now surface albedo. During high snowfall, the pyranometer and net radiometer were occasionally covered with snow, resulting in inaccurate radiation measurements. Snow typically melted from instrument surfaces in less than one day under full sun. A relative humidity measurement accuracy of ± 4% may have resulted in a possible error of 20% in the calculation of vapour pressure. Snow depth measurement with an acoustical sensor was affected by new or blowing snow, which resulted in inaccurate snow depth measurement 16.2% of the time. The longest period without a valid snow depth measurement was 19.5 hours. A new snow temperature thermocouple ladder was designed and constructed and provided accurate within-pack temperature measurements throughout the pre-melt and melt season. 相似文献
14.
脉冲中子双伽马谱饱和度测井方法是利用特定的脉冲和测量时序设计,采用远、近伽马探测器记录非弹性散射和俘获伽马能谱以及伽马射线时间谱,通过获取C/O和地层宏观俘获截面等信息来确定地层含油饱和度.采用大直径仪器和BGO晶体探测器时,其采集的非弹性散射和俘获伽马能谱计数统计性优于国外仪器,重复脉冲发射中子后伽马射线时间谱仍满足指数衰减规律,且能使伽马射线时间谱的道计数累积,计数统计性好于常规中子寿命测井,得到的地层宏观俘获截面与单脉冲发射近似相同.在地层孔隙度未知的情况下,利用C/O和地层宏观俘获截面交会技术可以定量确定含油饱和度. 相似文献
15.
The occurrence of the September 28, 2004 M
w
= 6.0 mainshock at Parkfield, California, has significantly increased the mean and aperiodicity of the series of time intervals between mainshocks in this segment of the San Andreas fault. We use five different statistical distributions as renewal models to fit this new series and to estimate the time-dependent probability of the next Parkfield mainshock. Three of these distributions (lognormal, gamma and Weibull) are frequently used in reliability and time-to-failure problems. The other two come from physically-based models of earthquake recurrence (the Brownian Passage Time Model and the Minimalist Model). The differences resulting from these five renewal models are emphasized. 相似文献
16.
Nadia Senechal Stéphane Abadie Edith Gallagher Jamie MacMahan Gerd Masselink Hervé Michallet Ad Reniers Gerben Ruessink Paul Russell Damien Sous Ian Turner Fabrice Ardhuin Philippe Bonneton Stéphane Bujan Sylvain Capo Raphael Certain Rodrigo Pedreros Thierry Garlan 《Ocean Dynamics》2011,61(12):2073-2098
A large multi-institutional nearshore field experiment was conducted at Truc Vert, on the Atlantic coast of France in early 2008. Truc Vert’08 was designed to measure beach change on a long, sandy stretch of coast without engineering works with emphasis on large winter waves (offshore significant wave height up to 8 m), a three-dimensional morphology, and macro-tidal conditions. Nearshore wave transformation, circulation and bathymetric changes involve coupled processes at many spatial and temporal scales thus implying the need to improve our knowledge for the full spectrum of scales to achieve a comprehensive view of the natural system. This experiment is unique when compared with existing experiments because of the simultaneous investigation of processes at different scales, both spatially (from ripples to sand banks) and temporally (from single swash events to several spring-neap tidal cycles, including a major storm event). The purpose of this paper is to provide background information on the experiment by providing detailed presentation of the instrument layout and snapshots of preliminary results. 相似文献
17.
一个基于扫频与混频相结合的多频EIT数据采集系统 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用多频率组合与扫频技术相结合的方式,建立了一个32电极多频电阻抗断层成像数据采集系统,该系统具有四种工作模式,在程序控制下,最多步采集四种频率下的组织阻抗信息,工作频率可在1．6KHZ到380KHZ间程控选择。为从含多种频率分量的测量信号中解调出各频率下的组织阻抗,我们设计了一种新的具有高速和高精度特点的解调方法,正交序列数字解调法,对含有n个频率分别的信号,若对其每周期采样N点,则总运算量可降低到2nN次乘法和2n(N-1)次加法运算,信号的信噪比可提高（N／2）^-0．5倍。 相似文献
18.
Lilantha Tennekoon Michel C. Boufadel Jonathan E. Nyquist 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2005,19(3):227-240
Scaling analyses on geophysical measurements of electrical conductivity, gamma radiation, and magnetic fields, at the Oak Ridge Reservation were conducted. The electrical conductivity and magnetic data exhibited multifractality in the north-south and east-west directions. The radiation data were observed to be non-scaling; a variogram with a sill was found to be more appropriate. The scaling of the EC and magnetic was generally within a range smaller than the maximum distance selected, as periodicity dominated at the larger distances. The electrical conductivity had anisotropy in the scaling of their variograms. But the magnetic data appear to have an isotropic scaling. The underlying statistics of the fields were near Gaussian for the electrical conductivity, but essentially Gaussian for the magnetic data. In environmental hydrogeology, knowledge of the spatial distribution of the intrinsic permeability, K, is very helpful in understanding the transport and spreading of contaminant plumes. Our previous studies have shown that the subsurface permeability, K, is multifractal. Detailed measurement of K is costly. Hence, large data sets of value collected both on a fine scale and over large distances are rare. In this study, we hypothesize that geophysical data could be used indirectly as a surrogate measurement for K, for obtaining statistical information on scale limited K data, and perhaps, directly at sites where K and electrical conductivity are correlated. 相似文献
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松科2井东孔是松辽盆地科学钻探工程的主体钻孔,按照计划在全井段进行地球物理测井资料采集,为深部资源勘探及白垩纪古气候、古环境研究提供准确和全面的地球物理信息.在诸多测井方法中,自然伽马测井和自然伽马能谱测井能够测量地层的天然放射性强度和铀、钍、钾元素含量等参数,被有效地应用于放射性矿床勘查,尤其是铀资源的勘查与研究;电阻率、声波、密度和中子测井等常规测井和核磁共振成像、电阻率成像、元素俘获谱测井等特殊测井能够获取地层岩性和物性参数等信息,为铀矿勘查提供有力支持.本文利用松科2井东孔自然伽马测井资料来识别高放射性异常层;基于常规测井与特殊测井资料,结合前人的地质研究成果,分析放射性异常层的特征和成因.核测井曲线指示营城组存在两段高放射性异常层,深度分别为3096.8~3102.8 m（I号层）、3168.3~3170.9 m（Ⅱ号层）.I号层自然伽马值最高达360 API,铀含量范围20.5~29.3 ppm,综合测井和岩心资料判断该层为砾岩,具有铀成矿潜力;分析表明,构造条件和后生改造作用是影响I号层铀富集的关键因素,推测断裂-火山活动和盆地抬升剥蚀为含铀地下水及油气运移至I号层提供了通道,油气的后生还原作用最终导致了I号异常层的铀富集.Ⅱ号层自然伽马值最高达250API,钍含量22.4~37.3 ppm,铀含量5.9~11.0 ppm,为集块熔岩及凝灰岩,高放射性异常可能是高钍含量的流纹质成分和粘土矿物对铀的吸附作用导致的.松科2井东孔营城组高放射性异常层具有埋藏深度深、铀含量高等特点,表明松辽盆地深部具有找铀矿前景. 相似文献
20.
Bhagwat S. Rautela Gurupad S. Gusain Manjulata Yadav Sarat K. Sahoo Shinji Tokonami Rakesh C. Ramola 《Acta Geophysica》2013,61(4):1038-1045
The energy released in a spontaneous decay process of natural radionuclides is the main source of the total radiation dose to human beings. Natural radionuclides are widely distributed in soil, rocks, air, and groundwater. In present investigation, the analysis of terrestrial radionuclides such as 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in soil and sand of Chattarpur area of southeastern coast of Odisha has been carried out using NaI(Tl) gamma ray detector. The higher activity concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides have been reported from the study area. The gamma radiationdose originating from the terrestrial radionuclides was found to vary from 95 to 1813 nGy/h with an average of 700 nGy/h. This study is important to generate a baseline data of radiation exposure in the area. Health hazard effects due to natural radiation exposure are discussed in details. 相似文献