共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
For flow over natural surfaces, there exists a roughness sublayer within the atmospheric surface layer near the boundary. In this sublayer (typically 50z
0 deep in unstable conditions), the Monin-Obukhov (M-O) flux profile relations for homogeneous surfaces cannot be applied. We have incorporated a modified form of the M-O stability functions (Garratt, 1978, 1980, 1983) in a mesoscale model to take account of this roughness sublayer and examined the diurnal variation of the boundary-layer wind and temperature profiles with and without these modifications. We have also investigated the effect of the modified M-O functions on the aerodynamic and laminar-sublayer resistances associated with the transfer of trace gases to vegetation. Our results show that when an observation height or the lowest level in a model is within the roughness sublayer, neglect of the flux-profile modifications leads to an underestimate of resistances by 7% at the most. 相似文献
2.
An analysis tool for the study of wind speed profiles over the water has been developed. The profiles are analysed using a
modified dimensionless wind speed and dimensionless height, assuming that the sea surface roughness can be predicted by Charnock’s
roughness length model. In this form, the roughness dependency on wind speed is extracted and the variations on the wind profile
are due solely to atmospheric stability. The use of the Charnock’s non-dimensional wind profile is illustrated using data
collected from a meteorological mast installed in the Danish North Sea. The best fit with the observed mean non-dimensional
wind profile under neutral atmospheric conditions is found using a value of 1.2 × 10−2 for Charnock’s parameter. The stability correction on the neutral wind profile suggested by the Businger-Dyer relations was
found to perform well over the sea. 相似文献
3.
Measurements and Modelling of the Wind Speed Profile in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
We present measurements from 2006 of the marine wind speed profile at a site located 18 km from the west coast of Denmark
in the North Sea. Measurements from mast-mounted cup anemometers up to a height of 45 m are extended to 161 m using LiDAR
observations. Atmospheric turbulent flux measurements performed in 2004 with a sonic anemometer are compared to a bulk Richardson
number formulation of the atmospheric stability. This is used to classify the LiDAR/cup wind speed profiles into atmospheric
stability classes. The observations are compared to a simplified model for the wind speed profile that accounts for the effect
of the boundary-layer height. For unstable and neutral atmospheric conditions the boundary-layer height could be neglected,
whereas for stable conditions it is comparable to the measuring heights and therefore essential to include. It is interesting
to note that, although it is derived from a different physical approach, the simplified wind speed profile conforms to the
traditional expressions of the surface layer when the effect of the boundary-layer height is neglected. 相似文献
4.
Andrey A. Grachev Laura S. Leo Harindra J. S. Fernando Christopher W. Fairall Edward Creegan Byron W. Blomquist Adam J. Christman Christopher M. Hocut 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2018,167(2):181-210
Atmospheric turbulence measurements made at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Field Research Facility (FRF) located on the Atlantic coast near the town of Duck, North Carolina during the CASPER-East Program (October–November 2015) are used to study air–sea/land coupling in the FRF coastal zone. Turbulence and mean meteorological data were collected at multiple levels (up to four) on three towers deployed at different landward distances from the shoreline, with a fourth tower located at the end of a 560-m-long FRF pier. The data enable comparison of turbulent fluxes and other statistics, as well as investigations of surface-layer scaling for different footprints, including relatively smooth sea-surface conditions and aerodynamically rough dry inland areas. Both stable and unstable stratifications were observed. The drag coefficient and diurnal variation of the sensible heat flux are found to be indicators for disparate surface footprints. The drag coefficient over the land footprint is significantly greater, by as much as an order of magnitude, compared with that over the smooth sea-surface footprint. For onshore flow, the internal boundary layer in the coastal zone was either stable or (mostly) unstable, and varied dramatically at the land-surface discontinuity. The offshore flow of generally warm air over the cooler sea surface produced a stable internal boundary layer over the ocean surface downstream from the coast. While the coastal inhomogeneities violate the assumptions underlying Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST), any deviations from MOST are less profound for the scaled standard deviations and the dissipation rate over both water and land, as well as for stable and unstable conditions. Observations, however, show a poor correspondence with MOST for the flux-profile relationships. Suitably-averaged, non-dimensional profiles of wind speed and temperature vary significantly among the different flux towers and observation levels, with high data scatter. Overall, the statistical dependence of the vertical gradients of scaled wind speed and temperature on the Monin–Obukhov stability parameter in the coastal area is weak, if not non-existent. 相似文献
5.
Ernest W. Peterson Peter A. Taylor Jørgen Højstrup Niels Otto Jensen Leif Kristensen Erik L. Petersen 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1980,19(3):303-313
Observations of flow over complex terrain taken at Risø during June–July 1978 and numerical studies confirm earlier findings that small variations in surface elevation have significant effects on mean wind profiles. Measured shear stresses in the nonequilibrium region of the flow are consistent with theory but quite different from those obtained assuming simple flux-profile relationships. These findings imply that flux-profile relationships can be quite complicated over other than simple homogeneous terrain. 相似文献
6.
Instrumented wind towers are used to measure the three components of wind about a simulated block building. The mean horizontal wind profiles over the building are compared with wind profiles measured in the absence of the building and the wind speed deficit in the wake of the building is correlated.Horizontal mean wind speeds measured in the natural atmospheric boundary layer with and without the presence of a simulated building show excellent reproducibility and agreement with fundamental concepts of fluid mechanics. The data possess all the characteristic features reported from wind-tunnel studies of building flows. In the present study the turbulence intensity is of the order of 20% in the undisturbed flow whereas the free stream turbulence intensity of wind-tunnel studies is generally not more than 5%. The effect of smaller averaging periods and the structure of the turbulence will be reported at a later time.The velocity profiles measured in the undisturbed flow zones support the representation of a neutrally stable atmospheric boundary layer with a logarithmic wind profile. 相似文献
7.
An estimate of roughness length is required by some atmospheric models and is also used in the logarithmic profile to determine the increase of wind speed with height under neutral conditions. The choice of technique for determining roughness lengths is generally constrained by the available input data. Here, we compare sets of roughness lengths derived by different methods for the same site and evaluate their impact on the prediction of the vertical wind speed profile.Wind speed and direction data have been collected at four heights over a three-year period at the North Norfolk Wind Monitoring Site. Wind speed profiles were used to generate sector roughness lengths based on the logarithmic profile formula. This is the only direct way of determining roughness lengths. The simplest and cheapest method is to use maps with published tables giving roughness length estimates for different terrain types. Alternatively Wieringa (1976, 1986) and Beljaars (1987) give formulae for determining roughness lengths from wind speed gusts or standard deviations.The four sets of estimated roughness lengths vary considerably. They were used to estimate 34 m wind speeds from 12.7 m observations. The profile-derived roughnesses are used simply as a check on the prediction of the wind speed profiles. The terrain-derived roughness lengths give reasonable results. Gust-derived and standard deviation roughnesses both predict wind speeds which are lower than the observed ones. The error is greater in the case of standard deviation roughnesses. If stability corrections are applied in the prediction of the vertical wind speed profile, the results are considerably improved. 相似文献
8.
Second-Order Modelling of Turbulence in Katabatic Flows 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Bruce Denby 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,92(1):65-98
A complete one-dimensional second-order closure model is used to simulate katabatic flows observed on glaciers and ice caps. The model is tested with two different closure assumptions for the viscous dissipation, one based on a prognostic equation for and the other on a diagnostic buoyant length scale. Both formulations give quite similar results. Model simulations are compared to observations made over sloping ice surfaces during periods dominated by katabatic flow. In general, good agreement is found for both mean wind and temperature profiles as well as eddy correlation measurements. It is also found that the turbulent transport terms play an important role in katabatic flows as opposed to the classical stable boundary layer where these terms are usually ignored. Even the turbulent transport of temperature variance, which leads to the well-known countergradient term in unstable boundary layers, is relatively important for modelling the observed temperature profiles. The effect of these terms on the flux-profile relationships, using observed and simulated profiles, is also discussed. 相似文献
9.
Measurements of flow over an elongated ridge and its thermal stability dependence: The mean field 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Measurements of mean wind flow and turbulence parameters have been made over Cooper's Ridge, a 115 m high elongated ridge with low surface roughness. This paper describes measurements of the streamwise and vertical variations in the mean field for a variety of atmospheric stability conditions. In near-neutral conditions, the normalised speedup over the ridge compares well with measurements from Askervein (Mickleet al., 1988). The near-neutral results are also compared to an analytical flow model based on that of Huntet al. (1988a). Measured streamwise variations show less deceleration at the foot of the hill and slightly more acceleration at the crest of the hill than does the model. In non-neutral conditions, the speedup over the ridge reduces slightly in unstable conditions and increases by up to a factor of two in stable conditions. The model is modified to allow boundary-layer stability to change the upwind wind profile and the depths of the inner and middle layers. Such a modification is shown to describe the observations of speedup well in unstable and weakly stable conditions but to overestimate the speedup in moderate to strongly stable conditions. This disagreement can be traced to the model's overestimation of the upstream scaling velocity at the height of the middle layer through its use of a stable wind profile form which has greater shear than that of the observed profiles, in possible combination with the three-dimensionality of the ridge which would allow enhanced flow around, rather than over, the feature in more stable conditions. 相似文献
10.
利用位于江苏海岸陆地的两座测风塔以及福建海面的一座测风塔气象要素资料,分析了这两种下垫面风速、湍流等要素的日变化规律及廓线特征,探讨了这两种不同下垫面特征导致的风力特征差异。结果表明:海岸陆面日最大风速出现时间较内陆滞后,最小风速出现时间与内陆相差不大,风速日变化位相随高度滞后,日振幅随高度减小,冬季70 m高度风速日变化特征与10 m高度风速日变化特征相反,夜间大于白天,说明冬季的过渡层转换高度低于夏季;海面风速的日变化位相、日振幅等特征随高度变化很小。两种下垫面的风廓线用对数律、指数律拟合的效果相当,海岸陆面的风廓线指数呈现的规律为离岸风组大于向岸风组,冬季大于夏季;海面风廓线指数呈现的规律则是向岸风组大于离岸风组,夏季大于冬季。 相似文献
11.
为了更好地把握风廓线雷达的探测性能和数据精度,对移动风廓线雷达与L波段探空雷达资料进行对比统计分析,结果表明：移动风廓线雷达的有效数据获取率达到80％的高度为3500m,符合边界层风廓线雷达的有效探测高度。移动风廓线的径向速度平均差和标准差随着高度的增加而增加,东西方向的径向速度误差比南北方向的高约0．5—1．0m／s。风廓线雷达自身数据的准确性良好,但是降雨对数据的准确性影响比较大。这次对比试验结果表明,对比试验应该选择比较平稳的天气过程。由于秋冬季节大气环流比较稳定,降雨类型多为层状云降雨,因而风廓线雷达数据可靠性高;对流性降雨过程往往造成风廓线雷达资料可靠性降低。 相似文献
12.
In this study,we derived atmospheric profiles of temperature,moisture,and ozone,along with surface emissivity,skin temperature,and surface pressure,from infrared-sounder radiances under clear sky (cloudless) condition.Clouds were detected objectively using the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder under a relatively low spatial resolution and cloud-mask information from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer under a high horizontal resolution;this detection was conducted using space matching.Newton’s nonlinear physical iterative solution technique is applied to the radiative transfer equation (RTE) to retrieve temperature profiles,relative humidity profiles,and surface variables simultaneously.This technique is carried out by using the results of an eigenvector regression retrieval as the background profile and using corresponding iterative forms for the weighting functions of temperature and water-vapor mixing ratio.The iterative forms are obtained by applying the variational principle to the RTE.We also compared the retrievals obtained with different types of observations.The results show that the retrieved atmospheric sounding profile has great superiority over other observations by accuracy and resolution.Retrieved profiles can be used to improve the initial conditions of numerical models and used in areas where conventional observations are sparse,such as plateaus,deserts,and seas. 相似文献
13.
14.
利用深圳气象梯度观测塔观测数据,以2017年以来进入深圳150 km范围的7个台风个例为研究对象,基于幂指数律拟合讨论台风边界层风切变指数的变化规律。结果表明:幂指数能较好地拟合台风影响下350 m高度以下风廓线,随着拟合高度范围增加,风切变指数增大,拟合精度基本维持;用深圳气象梯度观测塔等差层数据拟合台风风速效果好于全层次数据和等比层数据拟合;7个台风影响期间拟合风切变指数平均值为0.268,明显高于以往研究(0.1～0.177),主要原因是拟合的高度范围较以往研究明显增大,此外还与强风样本较少以及下垫面更粗糙有关。利用幂函数拟合台风不同风速段最大风切变指数,可在台风过程中预估不同高度极端大风风险。研究还表明:台风眼经过铁塔前后风切变指数明显升高,在抗风设计以及台风防御过程中应充分考虑这一变化。 相似文献
15.
Estimates from semiempirical models that characterize surface heat flux, mixing depth, and profiles of temperature, wind, and turbulence are compared with observations from atmospheric field studies conducted in Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, and Minnesota. Sodar observations are compared with tower measurements at the Colorado site, for wind and turbulence profiles. The median surface heat flux, as calculated using surface-layer flux-profile relationships and an energy budget model, was consistently overestimated by 20 to 80%. Several mixing-depth models were evaluated: (1) integration of the hourly surface heat flux and friction velocity, (2) solving for the time rate of change of profiles of virtual potential temperature, and (3) an interpolation scheme used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in regulatory dispersion models. For the late afternoon, 80 to 90% of the estimates from the first and third models were within 40% of the observed values. For the morning hours after sunrise, all were less accurate. Temperature estimates from surface-layer flux-profile relationships compared well with observations within the mixed layer, but were too low for the inversion layer aloft. Wind profiles were derived using surface-layer flux-profile relationships, a windprofile power-law based on Pasquill stability category, and sodar measurements. The sodar measurements were superior to both types of model estimates. Turbulence profiles were derived from sodar measurements and from semiempirical similarity relationships based on mixing depth and Obukhov length. The scatter in the comparisons with the sodar observations is twice that seen in the comparisons with empirical profile relationships. Overall, it appears that uncertainty of as low as 20 to 30% in the characterization of the diffusion meteorology is the exception rather than the rule.On assignment from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce.Disclaimer: Although the research described in this article has been supported by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, it has not been subjected to Agency review and therefore does not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency and no official endorsement should be inferred. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. 相似文献
16.
华东沿海地带台风风廓线特征的观测个例分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2007年的“韦帕”、2009年的“莫拉克”、2010年的“凡亚比”和2011年的“梅花”四个台风的GPS探空数据,本文对华东近海和沿海地带的台风风廓线特征进行分析。首先求出梯度风速及其对应的高度,在此基础上利用指数律和对数律对风廓线进行拟合,并对幂指数、10米高度的地表风速和梯度风速的风速比,以及由对数律定义的常通量层高度等参数进行计算,并对梯度风高度和常通量层高度进行比较。结果表明:登陆台风沿海地带风廓线的梯度风高度和常通量层高度有明显差异。本文还对登陆台风平均风廓线的各参数进行了计算,并对梯度风高度以下风廓线偏离对数律的原因进行了讨论。 相似文献
17.
In order to provide wind profiles for the microscale numerical simulation of wind farm with complex terrain,using the 100 m tower atmospheric turbulence observation experiment data in 2010 in Hebei Province offered by National Climate Center, the variation characteristics of wind profile under the different atmospheric stability conditions are analyzed, and the wind profile expression based on the local similarity theory is established. The results show that:(1) In spring, the occurrence probability of unstable stratification in the Hebei coastal area is as high as 28%, and the probability of stable stratification is more than 43% while, in summer, the probability of occurrence of unstable stratification is as high as 80% with a lower probability for stable stratification; and(2) for stable stratification, the characteristics of atmosphere change is dramatic in terms of the vertical direction, which need to be treated layer by layer.According to the atmospheric turbulence observation experiment data above, under stable stratification, the relationship between the dimensionless velocity gradient and the stability ζ can be expressed as 1 +βmζ, with βm changing with the height: βm takes 4.1-4.3 under 30 m, βm takes 4.6-4.7 between 30-50 m, and βm takes 6.3-6.7 over 50 m. 相似文献
18.
Comparing mixing-length models of the diabatic wind profile over homogeneous terrain 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Alfredo Peña Sven-Erik Gryning Charlotte Bay Hasager 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2010,100(3-4):325-335
Models of the diabatic wind profile over homogeneous terrain for the entire atmospheric boundary layer are developed using mixing-length theory and are compared to wind speed observations up to 300 m at the National Test Station for Wind Turbines at Høvsøre, Denmark. The measurements are performed within a wide range of atmospheric stability conditions, which allows a comparison of the models with the average wind profile computed in seven stability classes, showing a better agreement than compared to the traditional surface-layer wind profile. The wind profile is measured by combining cup anemometer and lidar observations, showing good agreement at the overlapping heights. The height of the boundary layer, a parameter required for the wind profile models, is estimated under neutral and stable conditions using surface-layer turbulence measurements, and under unstable conditions based on the aerosol backscatter profile from ceilometer observations. 相似文献
19.
风廓线仪与气球测风资料的对比分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用风廓线仪和气球同步探测风场资料对比,分析了风廓线仪探测风场资料的可靠性。结果表明：在稳定天气过程中,由于风廓线仪的探测盲区和地物杂波的影响,自地面至高空200m范围内,廓线仪探测的风向、风速与气球探测的风向风速值有一定偏差,200m高度以上风廓线仪和气球探空所测得的风场廓线具有很好的相关性;在复杂天气过程中风场廓线形状出现较大偏差,主要原因是由于气球探空资料在各高度层之间的整体连续性方面存在明显不足,而风廓线仪的观测资料无论在各高度层之间还是整体连续性方面都明显好于气球探空。这与在较高海拔地区,气球观测期间的大气局部不稳定有关。由于气球在经过某高度层时的取值明显受到当时大气层局部小湍流活动或者较强的下沉或上升气流影响,使气球经过该点时的位移与其相邻两点之间出现明显的飘逸,从而造成气球在某个高度范围内的风资料观测值出现较大偏离。但由于探空气球的资料不连续,无法准确判断气流扰动情况,而风廓线仪获取的不同高度上的风资料是10min内的平均观测值,一般不受小范围的空气扰动而出现较大偏离,另外,风廓线仪的观测是连续的,每组观测值之间只存在10min的时间差,通过对前后几组数据的对比分析,可以明显看出当时气流的扰动情况。因此,风廓线仪探测在资料的连续性和分析气流扰动情况,尤其是大尺度湍流活动方面更有探空气球不可替代的作用,风廓线仪观测资料的可靠性具有良好的应用价值。 相似文献
20.
The characteristics of the boundary layer over complex terrain (Lannemezan - lat.: 43.7° N and, long.: 0.7 ° E) are analyzed for various scales, using measurements obtained during the COCAGNE Experiment. In this first part, the dynamic characteristics of the flow are studied with respect to atmospheric stability and the relief at small (~20 km) and medium scales (~100 km). These relief scales depend on the topographical profile of the Lannemezan Plateau along the dominant axis of the wind (E-W) and the Pyrénées Mountains located at the south of the experimental site. The terrain heterogeneities have a standard deviation of ~48 m and a wavelength of ~2 km.The averaged vertical profiles of wind speed and direction over the heterogeneous terrain are analyzed. The decrease of wind speed within the boundary layer is greater than over flat terrain (WANGARA Experiment). However, a comparison between ETTEX (complex terrain) and COCAGNE vertical wind speed profiles shows good agreement during unstable conditions. In contrast, during neutral conditions a more rapid increase with normalized height is found with COCAGNE than with ETTEX and WANGARA data. The vertical profiles of wind direction reveal an influence of the Pyrénées Mountains on the wind flow. The wind rotation in the BL is determined by the geostrophic wind direction-Pyrénées axis angle (negative deviation) as the geostrophic wind is connected with the Mountain axis.When the geostrophic wind does not interact with the Pyrénées axis, the mean and turbulent wind flow characteristics (drag coefficient C
D, friction velocity u
*) depend on the topography of the plateau. When the wind speed is strong (>6 m s -1), an internal boundary layer is generated from the leading edge of the Plateau. 相似文献