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1.
云南石林洞穴发育特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
石林位于滇东喀斯特高原南部,喀斯特极其发育,以发育了典型的石林地形而闻名遐迩,倍受国内外喀斯特学者的关注。洞穴是本区广泛发育分布的一种喀斯特地下形态,类型多样。依据它们的剖面形态、成因和所处的地貌部位差异,将其划分为罅状洞穴、水平洞穴和倾斜洞穴三个类型。洞穴在发育分布上受到区域碳酸盐岩地层分布的控制,表现出洞穴分布的相对集中性、洞穴发育对地层的选择性和洞穴发育的成层性等特征。洞穴发育规模绝大多数为中小型洞穴;洞穴多为现代地下洞河,埋藏浅且多天窗,并且洞穴的发育延伸方向明显受裂隙构造的控制。通过对石林地区喀斯特洞穴发育条件、洞穴发育类型、分布特征和洞穴发育的古地理环境特征分析,论述了石林地区洞穴的发育特征。 相似文献
2.
Kerman city has a semiarid-arid climate with an average annual precipitation of about 158 mm. The area is underlain by soluble subsoil and alluvial deposits, overlying highly fractured Cretaceous limestones. Geo-environmental studies indicate that both paleokarst and active karst features are developed in the area. The paleokarsts were developed in the Upper Cretaceous limestone during the cold, humid periods of Post Cretaceous and probably Early Quaternary time and include honeycombs, solution flutes, rillenkarren, caverns, and solution collapse dolines. Active karst landforms occur by combined piping-induced and limestone solution at depth in subsoils, and alluvial deposits and bajada that overly potent karstic limestones and cover subsidence sinkholes and subjacent alluvial karst collapse dolines. Many factors, such as soluble compounds (salt and gypsum), desiccation cracks, and Qanat (dug water wells), could contribute to the development of karstic landforms. The most immediate cause for active karst landforms is considered to be the drawdown of the water table in the area. There is an increasing demand for groundwater consumption to irrigate pistachio fields. Excessive pumping of the groundwater lowers the water table about 80 cm per year. This rate of drawdown accelerates land subsidence (about 6 cm per year), creates circular patterns of fractures in the ground and in buildings, disrupts agricultural work and urbanization projects, and tilts foundations. These geohazards indicate that ground sinking and karstification are in progress in the alluvial deposits and underlying limestones. The disturbance and expense caused by the geohazards could be mitigated by the application of overhead sprinkler irrigation for pistachio fields or by planting less thirsty plants. 相似文献
3.
塔河油田岩溶峡谷区发育大型岩溶洞穴型储集层,勘探效果较好。基于三维地震资料、钻井资料,并结合地震属性提取技术,对地下岩溶洞穴系统、古地貌、古水文系统进行精细刻画,探讨洞穴形成机理,进而总结洞穴发育模式。研究结果表明: (1)峡谷上游段地表水垂向侵蚀作用强烈,峡谷失去了排水功能演变为干谷,下游段水动力条件减弱。(2)峡谷区岩溶洞穴类型划分为暗河洞穴、峡谷—断裂双控型洞穴。暗河洞穴主要发育在峡谷上游段,与峡谷呈“映射”关系。峡谷—断裂双控洞穴发育于峡谷两侧,垂向上具有多层性特征。(3)综上探讨峡谷区岩溶洞穴形成机理,认为较充足的水源补给条件以及水流强烈的垂向侵蚀溶蚀作用控制了暗河洞穴发育,多期次排泄基面下降以及断裂系统共同控制峡谷—断裂双控洞穴的发育。结合现代恩施地区洞穴系统特征,提出了峡谷地区洞穴发育模式,为下一步洞穴储集层预测和勘探实践提供理论借鉴。 相似文献
4.
《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(1-3):15-28
Submarine karstic springs are frequent on the Mediterranean shore but most of them are brackish which prohibits their use. The numerous attempts to catch these springs ended in failure. Recent studies on the development of karst systems and the paleogeography of the Mediterranean sea explain these failures. Studies on the shores of south-eastern France have enabled us to propose an operating model that explains the mechanism of salt contamination. The Port Miou system (Cassis, France) is a two kilometers long submarine gallery developped in the limestone series of Calanques (Marseille, France). The average discharge is between 2 to 5 m3/s but the water is brackish. In the 70's a dam was built to prevent sea intrusion in the cave but the water remained brackish upstream of the dam. The use of helium, and then rebreathers by cave divers, made it possible to explore a vertical pit down to -179 m below the sea level at the end of the cave. At that depth, the water is still brackish. Important quantity of titanium was observed at the surface of the cave sediment upstream of the dam and at the end of the cave. The titanium comes from the residual product of a factory of alumina that is discharged in the Cassidaigne submarine canyon, at a depth of 300 m b.s.l., a few kilometers south to the spring. This residual product locally called «red mud» is very rich in titanium. This supports the model of a sea water aspiration in a deep gallery connected to the canyon. The Cassidaigne canyon that cuts a limestone plateau with dolines and caves is probably a pocket valley. Its presence is related to the several stages of lowering of the Mediterranean sea at the Messinian Deep Stage that allowed the existence of cave networks up to several hundreds of meters below the present sea level. The sea water is now sucked into the system. A similar example exists in Kefalonia island (Greece) where a sea intrusion is observed in coastal sinkholes. This model explains why the different attempts to diminish the salinity of these brackish springs, by construction of dams close to the outlets, have failed. 相似文献
5.
塔里木盆地轮南地区奥陶系潜山古岩溶及其所控制的储层非均质性 总被引：37，自引：4，他引：37
低孔低渗的碳酸盐岩通过长期的地表风化淋滤、溶蚀之后可能会成为较好的油气储集岩体。本文通过钻井、测井及岩心等资料探讨轮南地区奥陶系灰岩中的古岩溶及其对储集的控制作用。研究表明,区内古岩溶主要形成于早石炭世,岩溶作用所形成的角砾岩相是重要的储集岩类,无论是在横向上或垂向上这种储集岩体均表现出强烈的非均质性。 相似文献
6.
《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(6):389-400
It is difficult to explain the position and behaviour of the main karst springs of southern France without calling on a drop in the water table below those encountered at the lowest levels of Pleistocene glacio-eustatic fluctuations. The principal karst features around the Mediterranean are probably inherited from the Messinian period (“Salinity crisis”) when sea level dropped dramatically due to the closing of the Straight of Gibraltar and desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea. Important deep karst systems were formed because the regional ground water dropped and the main valleys were entrenched as canyons. Sea level rise during the Pliocene caused sedimentation in the Messinian canyons and water, under a low hydraulic head, entered the upper cave levels. The powerful submarine spring of Port-Miou is located south of Marseille in a drowned canyon of the Calanques massif. The main water flow comes from a vertical shaft that extends to a depth of more than 147 m bsl. The close shelf margin comprises a submarine karst plateau cut by a deep canyon whose bottom reaches 1,000 m bsl. The canyon ends upstream in a pocket valley without relation to any important continental valley. This canyon was probably excavated by the underground paleoriver of Port-Miou during the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Currently, seawater mixes with karst water at depth. The crisis also affected inland karst aquifers. The famous spring of Fontaine de Vaucluse was explored by a ROV (remote observation vehicle) to a depth of 308 m, 224 m below current sea level. Flutes observed on the wall of the shaft indicate the spring was formerly an air-filled shaft connected to a deep underground river flowing towards a deep valley. Outcroppings and seismic data confirm the presence of deep paleo-valleys filled with Pliocene sediments in the current Rhône and Durance valleys. In the Ardèche, several vauclusian springs may also be related to the Messinian Rhône canyon, located at about 200 m below present sea level. A Pliocene base level rise resulted in horizontal dry cave levels. In the hinterland of Gulf of Lion, the Cévennes karst margin was drained toward the hydrologic window opened by the Messinian erosional surface on the continental shelf. 相似文献
7.
H. Elhatip 《Environmental Geology》1997,31(1-2):27-33
The carbonate rocks of Turkey, which underlie about one third of the country, possess major water resources with great potential
for electricity generation and water supplies. The ongoing development of karst features, especially in the southern part
of Turkey, demonstrates specific environmental problems that occur in many karst water supply projects. Karst aquifers, springs,
sinkholes, dolines, poljes and other karst features are of great importance from the standpoint of karst water resources and
environmental research studies. In karst regions, conservation and protection of groundwater resources for both qualitative
and quantitative evaluations is possible only when the catchment area is determined accurately. Since the catchment area in
karst terrains is not limited by the surface drainage boundaries and the groundwater flows through well-developed coduits
or fissures, the equations used in non-karstic areas cannot be applied to such karstic regions. Studies on the development
of karst features and its environmental impacts in Turkey are of recent origin. Therefore, many unreliable methods are being
applied in karstic areas. For example, the use of "shallow holes or sinkholes and fault zones" for septic water waste disposal
or as sewage by those who are not familiar with karst, sometimes causes very serious problems of extensive groundwater pollution.
This paper discusses the development of different karstic features in Turkey and case studies on its environmental impacts.
Received: 27 December 1995 · Accepted: 10 July 1996 相似文献
8.
Filippo Bandini Alejandro Lopez-Tamayo Gonzalo Merediz-Alonso Daniel Olesen Jakob Jakobsen Sheng Wang Monica Garcia Peter Bauer-Gottwein 《Hydrogeology Journal》2018,26(7):2213-2228
Observations of water surface elevation (WSE) and bathymetry of the lagoons and cenotes of the Yucatán Peninsula (YP) in southeast Mexico are of hydrogeological interest. Observations of WSE (orthometric water height above mean sea level, amsl) are required to inform hydrological models, to estimate hydraulic gradients and groundwater flow directions. Measurements of bathymetry and water depth (elevation of the water surface above the bed of the water body) improve current knowledge on how lagoons and cenotes connect through the complicated submerged cave systems and the diffuse flow in the rock matrix. A novel approach is described that uses unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to monitor WSE and bathymetry of the inland water bodies on the YP. UAV-borne WSE observations were retrieved using a radar and a global navigation satellite system on-board a multi-copter platform. Water depth was measured using a tethered floating sonar controlled by the UAV. This sonar provides depth measurements also in deep and turbid water. Bathymetry (wet-bed elevation amsl) can be computed by subtracting water depth from WSE. Accuracy of the WSE measurements is better than 5–7 cm and accuracy of the water depth measurements is estimated to be ~3.8% of the actual water depth. The technology provided accurate measurements of WSE and bathymetry in both wetlands (lagoons) and cenotes. UAV-borne technology is shown to be a more flexible and lower cost alternative to manned aircrafts. UAVs allow monitoring of remote areas located in the jungle of the YP, which are difficult to access by human operators. 相似文献
9.
The Alburni massif (1742m a.s.l.) stretches NW–SE, about 23km long and 9–10km wide, covering 246km2 with an average elevation of about 940m a.s.l. This massif, with more than 500 caves, is the most important karst area in southern Italy. The karst channel network is hierarchically organized: some channels feed a major spring (1m3/s) with a very short transit time while others communicate directly with the basal water table related to other springs (Q > 3m3/s).There are several dolines and swallow holes just above the basal water table and in the urbanized areas; for years a swallow hole directly transferred pollutants into the aquifer. The contamination vulnerability map shows that the prevalent vulnerability degree ranges from high to very high, due to the widespread karstification of the area and to the presence, on the plateau, of large vegetated areas with gentle slopes favouring fast infiltration.Hence it is important to ascertain the human impact on the area and the consequent contamination risk of the aquifer of the Alburni karst area. Three main layers were created to assess groundwater contamination risk: the vulnerability map, the hazard map, and the value map.The groundwater contamination risk map stresses the importance in a park area of aquifer vulnerability, which strongly influences the risk: indeed, the prevalent moderate degree of risk in the final map depends on the high vulnerability and the low hazard degree. However, in the future it is crucial to take into account the nature of the agricultural land use allowed in the park, which could increase the hazard degree and consequently the risk degree. 相似文献
10.
《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(3):805-812
Karst topography is a landscape shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, usually limestone and evaporites.
Karstification in the Sivas basin (Turkey) has sculpted a beautiful landscape with a distinctive beauty and appeal for both
local inhabitants and visitors. Dolines are very special geological landscape features found in karst regions, and the Sivas
basin has several giant dolines amongst its thousands of smaller dolines. The basin constitutes a distinctive karst architecture
with a system of collapse and/or dolines and caves. Anyone who walks along the shores of a lake resulting from the collapse,
in this gypsum terrain, will be amazed with the lake and rocks that surround them. In this paper, dolines in the gypsum terrain
are evaluated and discussed according to their value as a “Geological Heritage”. Three main characteristics of dolines, namely
their scientific, aesthetic and ecosystem importance are considered and discussed. Dolines and karstified areas as representative
examples of landform types possess the three attributes for them to be considered as a Geological Heritage in that they demonstrate
the effect of erosion on the landform, geomorphic processes that are still active and a range of features characteristic of
the rock unit involved. 相似文献
11.
塔里木盆地早海西期多期次风化壳岩溶洞穴层 总被引：25，自引：5，他引：20
洞穴层是识别多期次岩溶旋回的标志,是岩溶旋回连接沉积旋回及周期性海平面变化的纽带。本文通过古地貌恢复,将从钻井剖面中识别的洞穴层归位到早石炭世古地貌剖面中,根据洞穴层总是沿稳定古潜水面发育的特点划分对比洞穴层。通过洞穴层的形成条件、充填结构分析,推断洞穴层发育序次、洞穴层与其同时期形成的沉积地层的时空对应关系,并据此对洞穴层进行盆地范围内跨地区对比、总结斜坡及岛屿两种不同的洞穴层发育模式。研究结果表明,在早海西期,塔北、塔中、和田古隆起中、下奥陶统碳酸盐岩陆块内部发育了3个期次的风化壳岩溶洞穴层,其序次为下老上新,它们是在早石炭世间歇性海平面上升过程中形成的,其同时期形成的沉积地层分别为下石炭统东河砂岩段、生屑灰岩段、下泥岩段中上部。洞穴层内部多旋回“坍塌角砾-地下河沉积”组合是斜坡内陆区潜流面的迟后上升效应,洞穴层与洞穴等时层的时空对应关系对于大型古岩溶事件的断年及洞穴层的分布预测具有重要意义。 相似文献
12.
地下水多元示踪试验在岩溶隧道水害预测中的应用——以张吉怀高铁兰花隧道为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以张家界—吉首—怀化高速铁路兰花隧道为例,在岩溶水文地质调查基础上结合地下水多元示踪技术,查明了兰花隧道隧址区各岩溶地下水系统以及地下暗河管道的空间展布。结果表明:（1）兰花隧道及其附近区域全部为寒武系碳酸盐岩裸露区,以峰丛洼地为主,地表和地下岩溶极为发育;（2）兰花隧道隧址及其附近区域共发育有呆业洞和兰花洞两个独立的地下暗河系统,其中Ⅰ号、Ⅱ号、Ⅲ号三个岩溶水系统属于兰花洞地下暗河系统的子系统;Ⅳ号岩溶水系统属于呆业洞地下暗河系统;（3）Ⅳ号岩溶地下水系统在平面和剖面上都没有与兰花隧道相交,不会对隧道突涌水构成威胁;（4）兰花洞地下暗河系统以中部兰花洞暗河天窗为界分为上游和下游两段,上游段Ⅰ号和Ⅱ号岩溶水系统在平面和剖面上都没有与兰花隧道相交,不会对兰花隧道突涌水构成威胁;下游段Ⅲ号岩溶水系统在平面上与兰花隧道相交（交点里程为DK60+100）,可能存在隧道突涌水风险;（5）依据高分辨率降雨-水文动态监测数据,采用降雨入渗系数法预测在极端暴雨情况下兰花隧道揭露Ⅲ号岩溶管道的最大涌水量为7.08×104 m3?d-1。 相似文献
13.
Baiyun Cave in Naigu Shilin,Yunnan Karst,China 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
The Baiyun cave is a 380 m long karst cave in the Naigu Shilin, situated 70 km southeast of Kunming, Yunnan Province, China. The prevailing orientations of the cave passages are N110°-120°E and N0°-10°W and those of the fissures in the cave are N30°-40°W and N20°-30°W. The cave is developed in the thick-bedded Lower Permian Qixia Formation. The cave has an active water flow and is currently at the near water-table stage. There are large amounts of different infills of cave sediments. The cave shows different stages of paragenesis. The palaeomagnetic analysis of cave sediments shows that their ages are younger than 780 ka B.P. (the Brunhes Chron). The upper part of the sampled profile belongs to the reverse Blake event (112.3-117.9 ka B.P.). The formation of the Baiyun cave is directly connected with the development of the Naigu Shilin. The formation of karst underground and surface features depends on the regional tectonic deformation and the Cenozoic extension of the study area. 相似文献
14.
山东喀斯特景观旅游资源及其开发利用 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
山东广大的石灰岩山地、丘陵区蕴藏着丰富的喀斯特景观旅游资源,其主要形态类型包括: 形态奇特的喀斯特山体、残存的喀斯特剥蚀面、幽深的喀斯特谷地、众多的溶洞、奇异的石灰岩景石(石牙形态)及喀斯特泉群。本文对这些景观形态作了较详细的描述,就其旅游开发利用价值作了评析。文中还对山东喀斯特景观旅游开发的现状及存在的问题作了简要介绍和分析,并针对存在的问题提出了几点建议。 相似文献
15.
喀斯特天坑略论 总被引：26，自引：11，他引：15
上世纪80 年代, 人们知道我国四川省兴文县的石海洞乡(石林)风景区有个“ 小岩湾” 的大型喀斯特漏斗, 但多少年来并未引起喀斯特学术界的重视。近年来, 随着这类喀斯特形态在我国南方喀斯特区的一系列重要科学发现, 为我们对这一现象的一般性研究提供了机会。在初步研究的过程中我们认识到, 应该将这类形态从大型漏斗中分离出来, 并命名为“ 喀斯特天坑”(karst tiankeng)。本文是这一研究成果的初步小结, 内容包括:国内外天坑的现有发现;喀斯特漏斗与天坑、天坑定义;天坑的成因类型、形成条件与发育阶段;天坑在科学研究及旅游资源开发中的意义。 相似文献
16.
向源潜流侵蚀岩溶作用及其成因机理——以塔河油田早海西风化壳岩溶洞穴层为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
向源潜流侵蚀作用指在海(水)进环境中,由于盆地边缘岩溶斜坡带内陆区的潜水面上升后,潜水面以下地下潜流在相当长时间内仍然在原有的洞穴内流动,由此产生的连续向上(向着地下水流源头)侵蚀作用,其结果是在原有的洞穴层之上形成多旋回的具有`坍塌角砾- 暗河沉积’ 双层结构的塌积层序及纵向上呈加积方式产出的叠积洞穴层,以及由叠积洞穴与原有洞穴连成一体的复合洞穴层。本文以塔河油田早海西风化壳岩溶洞穴层为例,简要地介绍了古岩溶洞穴层的对比方法,展示了塔河地区早海西风化壳岩溶洞穴层对比成果,并通过典型井的洞穴层内部结构解剖分析,阐述了向源潜流侵蚀岩溶作用的成因机理,并探讨了一些相关的主要问题。 相似文献
17.
Doline probability map using logistic regression and GIS technology in the central Ebro Basin (Spain) 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
In the surroundings of Zaragoza, karstification processes are especially intense in covered karst areas where fluvial terraces
lie directly on Tertiary evaporites. Since the beginning of Quaternary, these processes have lead to the development of collapse
and subsidence dolines with a wide range of sizes, which have significant economic impacts. To reduce economic impact and
increase safety, a regional analysis of this phenomenon is needed for spatial management. Therefore, a probability map of
dolines was developed using logistic regression and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. This paper covers the
selection of input data, manipulation of data using the GIS technology, and the use of logistic regression to generate a doline
probability map. The primary variable in the doline development in this area is geomorphology, represented by the location
of endorheic areas and different terrace levels. Secondary variables are the presence of irrigation and the water table gradient. 相似文献
18.
韦复才 《水文地质工程地质》2007,34(6):79-82
根据岩溶红土地基软土的形成条件划分出了岩沟型、层间型及洞中型三种不同的软土类型,在此基础上,通过取样测试并结合前人已有成果,对不同类型软土的工程地质特性进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)岩溶红土地基软土是一种与岩溶作用关系密切的特殊软土;(2)岩溶红土地基软土的天然含水量和压缩性均明显小而重度又普遍高于泻湖相软土;(3)60%的岩沟型残积软土其天然含水量均小于液限含水量;(4)岩溶红土地基软土的工程地质问题主要表现为地基不均匀沉陷、边坡失稳和诱发土洞塌陷等。基于岩溶红土地基软土形成条件及其工程地质性质比较特殊,建议把它叫作"岩溶软土",以示与其它成因软土相区别。 相似文献
19.
岩溶塌陷的类型、成因机制及防治途径──兼论武汉市岩溶塌陷勘查工作要点 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
按岩溶塌陷的类型, 对其成因机制作了分析。在此基础上, 提出了武汉市岩溶塌陷勘查与防治工作要点。 相似文献
20.
为探索喀斯特高原峡谷地区高位旱洞内CO2来源及其空间分布特征,于2015年1月至2015年7月按月实施定位监测,对贵州织金洞洞穴CO2浓度和洞穴水、土壤CO2浓度和土壤水以及大气降水、山顶泉水进行监测。结果表明:（1）织金洞上覆土壤CO2浓度是大气CO2浓度的11~17倍,是洞穴CO2的4~7倍。织金洞洞内CO2的来源,横向上主要来自于气流的交换、游客的呼吸作用;垂直方向上主要来自于洞穴上方延伸入基岩中植物根系的呼吸作用,洞穴上覆基岩溶隙、溶管中进入洞穴内的大气CO2,地下河水脱气以及洞穴滴水碳酸钙的沉积释放的CO2。（2）织金洞为多进口洞,CO2浓度插值空间分布呈现两端低中间高的空间分布特征,同时在1 200×10-6~1 400×10-6高值区范围内出现800×10-6~1 000×10-6低值区特征。整体上,洞穴CO2随着进、出洞口两端海拔向洞内升高而呈上升趋势,在洞穴中部灵霄殿达到最大值。（3）洞内水和洞外土壤水均为HCO3--Ca2+型水,大气降水、山顶泉水为SO42--Ca2+型水。在垂直迁移过程中,大气降水-山顶泉水-土壤水-洞穴水不同部位水中各化学成分（硬度、Ca2+/Mg2+、HCO3-/SO42-、PCO2、SIc）各不相同。 相似文献