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1.
O. OLSSON 《Geophysical Prospecting》1980,28(3):415-434
A theoretical solution to the electromagnetic problem of a perfectly conducting half plane below a conducting overburden has been obtained. The VLF anomalies have been computed for different overburden conductivity and thickness and also for different dip angles of the half plane. In the computations the contribution to the secondary magnetic field from the electric Hertz potential has been neglected. The anomaly curves which are displayed as EM 16 readings, show a fairly complicated behaviour. This is mainly due to the phase shift and attenuation of the field caused by the conductivity of the overburden and the host rock. From the anomaly curves it is possible to define the apparent depth to the top of the conductor as the distance between the peak value and the cross-over of the real component. The apparent depth is usually larger than the actual depth, but it is possible to determine the actual depth to the conductor from the relation between the peak-to-peak anomaly and the apparent depth. When the peak-to-peak anomaly is fairly large, it is also possible to make estimates of the dip angle. However, a complete set of master curves will be a necessary tool for interpretation of VLF data when there is need to obtain more accurate estimates of the half plane parameters. In a specific case the theoretical calculations are shown to be in good agreement with measured data. 相似文献
2.
The amplitude of the horizontal magnetic field in the ground between two parallel wires, both carrying an alternating current in the same direction, is likely to have a saddle point if the separation between the wires is small and the frequency is low. The amplitude has a maximum in the vertical direction and a minimum in the horizontal. Rectangular geological structures in the ground which are centered between the wires have a varying effect on the magnetic fields at the surface. In general, the vertical magnetic field “crosses over” at the center of the structure. A shallow and flat lying conductor displays a broad flat type of profile when the horizontal magnetic field between the wires is measured. Changing the structure to a narrower but more conducting one at depth will provide a more pointed but still broad profile. The phase of the horizontal field is also increased. When the structure is a thin vertical dyke, the amplitude of the horizontal magnetic field anomaly due to the dyke rapidly decreases as the depth of the dyke is increased. The phase of the horizontal field is less sensitive to changes in depth of the dyke but is more sensitive to the conductivity ratio of the dyke and the half-space. The amplitude of the vertical magnetic field anomaly due to the dyke is only slightly influenced by conductivity contrast or the depth of the dyke. The phase of the vertical magnetic field, however, is strongly influenced by the conductivity contrast, particularly if the conductivity frequency product is greater than hundred. In essence, the field behaves like that of the conventional vertical loop source, but the fields are uniform over much larger areas. This suggests the possibility of using dip angle measurements for rapid reconnaissance. 相似文献
3.
Electromagnetic fields in a steel-cased borehole 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The development of an electromagnetic numerical modelling scheme for a magnetic dipole in an arbitrary casing segment in an inhomogeneous conductivity background has been difficult, due to the very high electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability contrasts between the steel casing and the background medium. To investigate the effect of steel casing efficiently, we have developed an accurate but simple finite‐element modelling scheme to simulate electromagnetic fields in a medium of cylindrically symmetric conductivity structures. In order to preserve the cylindrical symmetry in the resulting electromagnetic fields, a horizontal loop current source is used throughout. One of the main advantages of the approach is that the problem is scalar when formulated using the azimuthal electric field, even if the casing is both electrically conductive and magnetically permeable. Field calculations have been made inside the cased borehole as well as in another borehole which is not cased. Careful analyses of the numerical modelling results indicate that the anomaly observed in a cross‐borehole configuration is sensitive enough to be used for tomographic imaging. 相似文献
4.
The magnetometric resistivity (MMR) method uses a sensitive magnetometer to measure the low-level, low-frequency magnetic fields associated with the galvanic current flow between a pair of electrodes. While the MMR anomalies of simple structures such as dikes and vertical contacts have been determined analytically, there is a lack of systematic information on the expected responses from simple three-dimensional bodies. We determine the characteristic anomalies associated with square, plate-like conductors, which are excellent models of many base metal mineral deposits. The anomalies of plates of finite size are determined numerically using an integral equation method. A plate is subdivided into many sections and the current flow within each section is solved by equating the electrical field within each section to the tangential electrical field just outside it. When the plate size is small in relation to either the depth or the transmitter spacing, the shape and amplitude of the anomaly produced is closely approximated by a current dipole model of the same length and depth. At the other extreme, a large plate is represented by a half-plane. The dipole and half-plane models are used to bracket the behaviour of plates of finite size. The form of a plate anomaly is principally dependent on the shape, depth and orientation of the plate. A large, dipping plate near the surface produces a skewed anomaly highly indicative of its dip, but the amount of skew rapidly diminishes with increased depth or decreased size. Changes in plate conductivity affect the amplitude of the anomaly, but have little effect on anomaly shape. A current channelling parameter, determined from the conductivity contrast, can thus be used to scale the amplitude of an anomaly whose basic shape has been determined from geometrical considerations. The separation into geometrical and electrical factors greatly simplifies both the interpretation and modelling of MMR anomalies, particularly in situations with multiple plates. An empirical formula, using this separation, predicts the anomaly of two or more parallel plates with different conductances. In addition, the relation between the resolution of two vertical, parallel plates of equal conductance and their separation is determined. The ability of the integral equation method to model plate-like structures is demonstrated with the interpretation of an MMR anomaly in a survey conducted at Cork Tree Well in Western Australia. The buried conductor, a mineralized graphitic zone, is modelled with a vertical, bent plate. The depth to the top of the plate, and the plate conductance, is adjusted to fit the anomaly amplitude as closely as possible. From the modelling it would appear that this zone is not solely responsible for the observed anomaly. 相似文献
5.
The influence of a partially conducting overburden/host rock on the electromagnetic response of a horizontal, tabular conducting ore body, investigated with the aid of quantitative scale model experiments, was discussed in an earlier paper (Gaur, Verma and Gupta 1971), which will be referred to as I. This paper presents the results of more comprehensive experiments subsequently carried out to study the combined effect of various geological parameters, namely: the dip and depth of burial of the ore body, its electrical conductivity and that of the zone surrounding it. These results obtained for four different transmitter-receiver configurations confirm the general enhancement of response in varying degrees, brought about by a conducting overburden. However, the transformation of the shapes of the anomaly profiles with increasing overburden conductivity is observed to depend on the dip of the ore body, being more drastic for gently dipping ones. Variations in the inphase and quadrature components as well as in the phase of the anomaly have been studied for varying depths of burial of the ore body and for a number of values of the solution conductivity. Anomaly index diagrams have been constructed with a view to predicting possible values of the geological parameters from a knowledge of the anomaly components. It is felt that the notable overburden effects are caused by a drastic redistribution and concentration of currents, mostly in a narrow loop at the top of the ore body, brought about by its galvanic contact with an extended medium of relatively poorer conductivity. 相似文献
6.
Responses of a multifrequency, multicoil airborne electromagnetic (AEM) system were modelled numerically for 3D electrical conductors embedded in a resistive bedrock and overlain by an overburden of low to moderate conductivity. The results cover a horizontal coplanar coil configuration and two frequencies, 7837 Hz and 51 250 Hz. The models studied are single or multiple, poor conductors (conductance lower than 0.1 S) embedded in a host rock of high but finite resistivity (5000 Ωm) and overlain by a layer of overburden with finite thickness and low to moderate conductivity (conductance up to 2 S). On the basis of the modelling results, limits of detectability for poor conductors have been studied for the various model structures. The results indicate that the anomaly from a steeply dipping, plate-like conductor will decrease significantly when the conductor is embedded in a weakly conductive host rock and is overlain by a conductive overburden. However, an anomaly is obtained, and its magnitude can even increase with increasing overburden conductivity or frequency. The plate anomaly remains practically constant when only the overburden thickness is varied. Changes in overburden conductivity will cause the plate-anomaly values to change markedly. If the plate conductance is less than that of the overburden, a local anomaly opposite in sign to the normal type of anomaly will be recorded. Another major consequence is that conductors interpreted with free-space models will be heavily overestimated in depth or underestimated in conductance, if in reality induction and current channelling in the host rock and overburden make even a slight contribution to the anomalous EM field. The lateral resolution for the horizontal coplanar coil system was found to be about 1.7 times the sensor altitude. Similarly, the lateral extension of a horizontal conductive ribbon, required to reach the semi-infinite (half-space) behaviour, is more than three times the sensor altitude. Finally, screening of a steeply dipping plate, caused by a small, conductive horizontal ribbon, is much more severe than screening of the same plate by an extensive horizontal layer. 相似文献
7.
Conventional electrical prospecting can be extended to the search for deep-seated hydrocarbon deposits, by using the steel casings of drill-holes as vertical line sources. These sources produce at depth a density of current higher than the density created by point sources located at the ground surface. Several tests have shown that the contrast of conductivity between resistive hydrocarbon deposits and the surrounding salt water produces relevant anomalies on a resistivity map obtained with vertical line sources, especially where there exists a superficial masking effect caused by a highly resistive layer. In a survey carried out in the USSR, combined measurements were performed, both with line source and with surface point sources. The detected residual resistivity anomaly roughly delineates the contours of the known hydrocarbon deposit. 相似文献
8.
Common studies on the static electric field distribution over a conductivity anomaly use the self-potential method. However, this method is time consuming and requires nonpolarizable electrodes to be placed in the ground. Moreover, the information gained by this method is restricted to the horizontal variations of the electric field. To overcome the limitation in the self-potential technique, we conducted a field experiment using a non conventional technique to assess the static electric field over a conductivity anomaly. We use two metallic potential probes arranged on an insulated boom with a separation of 126 cm. When placed into the electric field of the free air, a surface charge will be induced on each probe trying to equalize with the potential of the surrounding atmosphere. The use of a plasma source at both probes facilitated continuous and quicker measurement of the electric field in the air. The present study shows first experimental measurements with a modified potential probe technique (MPP) along a 600-meter-long transect to demonstrate the general feasibility of this method for studying the static electric field distribution over shallow conductivity anomalies.Field measurements were carried out on a test site on top of the Bramsche Massif near Osnabrück (Northwest Germany) to benefit from a variety of available near surface data over an almost vertical conductivity anomaly. High resolution self-potential data served in a numerical analysis to estimate the expected individual components of the electric field vector.During the experiment we found more anomalies in the vertical and horizontal components of the electric field than self-potential anomalies. These contrasting findings are successfully cross-validated with conventional near surface geophysical methods. Among these methods, we used self-potential, radiomagnetotelluric, electric resistivity tomography and induced polarization data to derive 2D conductivity models of the subsurface in order to infer the geometrical properties and the origin of the conductivity anomaly in the survey area. The presented study demonstrates the feasibility of electric field measurements in free air to detect and study near surface conductivity anomalies. Variations in Ez correlate well with the conductivity distribution obtained from resistivity methods. Compared to the self-potential technique, continuously free air measurements of the electric field are more rapid and of better lateral resolution combined with the unique ability to analyze vertical components of the electric field which are of particular importance to detect lateral conductivity contrasts. Mapping Ez in free air is a good tool to precisely map lateral changes of the electric field distribution in areas where SP generation fails. MPP offers interesting application in other geophysical techniques e.g. in time domain electromagnetics, DC and IP.With this method we were able to reveal a ca. 150 m broad zone of enhanced electric field strength. 相似文献
9.
A key parameter used in wetland hydrological and landform development models is hydraulic conductivity. Head recovery tests are often used to measure hydraulic conductivity, but the calculation techniques are usually confined to rigid soil theory. This is despite reports demonstrating the misapplication of rigid soil theory to non‐rigid soils such as peats. Although values of hydraulic conductivity calculated using compressible techniques have been presented for fenland peats, these data have never, to the authors' knowledge, been compared with such calculations in other peat types. Head recovery tests (slug withdrawal) were performed on piezometers at depths ranging from 10 to 80 cm from the surface on north Pennines blanket peats. Results were obtained using both rigid and compressible soil theories, thus allowing comparison of the two techniques. Compressible soil theory gives values for hydraulic conductivity that are typically a factor of five times less than rigid soil calculations. Hydraulic conductivity is often assumed to decrease with depth in upland peats, but at the study site in the northern Pennines it was not found to vary significantly with depth within the range of peat depths sampled. The variance within depth categories was not significantly different to the variance between depth categories showing that individual peat layers did not have characteristic hydraulic conductivity values. Thus, large lateral and vertical differences in hydraulic conductivity over short distances create problems for modelling but may help account for the high frequency of preferential flow pathways within what is otherwise a low matrix hydraulic conductivity peat. Hydraulic conductivity was found to vary significantly between sampling sites, demonstrating that hillslope‐ or catchment‐scale variability may be more important than plot‐scale variability. Values for compressibility of the peats are also reported. These generally decline with depth, and they also vary significantly between sampling sites. There are implications for the way in which measurements of hydraulic conductivity and other properties of blanket peat are interpreted, as the effects of environmental change in one part of a peat catchment may be very different to those in another. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
我们曾提出过一种可能导致地磁和地壳电导率异常的来源：地壳中的二级磁相变,即居里（尼尔）深度附近磁化率的显著提高.这一现象能很好地解释一些来源不明的地磁异常.本文总结了在中地壳深度处、薄且高磁导率异常体的一维和多维大地电磁特征.高磁导率层引起的异常与高电导率层导致的异常相比,大小上可相比拟,但符号相反.无论在什么情况下,经典的大地电磁解释容易导致一个不真实的极厚高阻层,并且在地磁异常附近有与之对应的空间波长,二级磁相变也被认为是这一现象的可能解释.尽管在地壳中是否存在二级磁相变还有一定争议,但最近的一些固体物理实验结果进一步表明它可能是地壳各种地球物理异常的来源之一. 相似文献
11.
In a weathered environment estimates of depth and conductance of metallic sulphide dykes from conventional anomaly index diagrams for a vertical half-plane in air have to be corrected, besides the usual corrections, for: 1. moderate conductivity of the host rocks, and 2. finiteness of strike length S and depth extent D. Model experiments have been carried out to evaluate the response variation of a vertical planar conductor with varying depth extent and strike length for both insulating and conductive surroundings. The results indicate: 1. A conductor with finite depth extent (D/L < 2.5) or strike length (S/L < 5.0) in an insulating medium yields a lower estimate of conductance (mineralization) and a greater depth. 2. A moderately-conductive host rock enhances the anomaly and rotates the phase so that the conductor appears to be more resistive (less mineralized) and shallower. The results have practical significance since in weathered surroundings a highly-mineralized body of finite size could be missed, or misjudged, because of low estimates of conductivity and depth. 相似文献
12.
本文利用CHAMP卫星磁测资料建立的新一代高阶地磁场模型POMME-4.2S,计算中国及邻区400 km高度的卫星磁异常及其垂直梯度,给出7个磁场分量的分布图,比较了截断水平对磁异常分布的影响,初步分析了磁异常与岩石圈构造的关系.主要结果表明,在四川盆地、塔里木盆地和松辽盆地等主要磁异常区,ΔZ异常中心的南北两边出现ΔX的异常中心,东西两边出现ΔY的异常中心.在球谐模型为90阶时,磁异常分布的基本形态已经确定,更高的模型阶数对磁异常只有微小调整.在磁异常较强的地区,磁异常及其垂直梯度同步变化.卫星磁异常与地形变化、断裂带分布、莫霍面深度和岩石圈厚度没有直接的对应关系,而与居里等温面深度、磁性层厚度有明显的相关性.居里等温面深、磁性层较厚的地区显示正磁异常,居里等温面浅、磁性层较薄的地区显示负磁异常. 相似文献
13.
A. Dupis 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1978,17(3):249-264
Numerous geologists have studied the structure of the Chaîne des Puys, our knowledge of which has recently been enlarged by geophysical research. Some of the hypotheses concerning its structure at average depth had to be checked, and so in 1975 the National Institute for Astronomy and Geophysics (I.N.A.G.) provided the necessary support for such work.An anomaly of the electrical conductivity was clearly apparent, both from the magnetotelluric method in a wide range of frequencies as well as from more classical methods (electrical sounding) or from newer methods such as differential magnetic sounding.It has been proved that the structure, which is believed to be responsible for this anomaly of conductivity, is quite different from other inferred structures which result from the interpretation of magnetic data only. However, although the coexistence of these different structural elements is not impossible, heat-flow measurements and geochemical studies do not support the assumption of an active magma chamber (a few kilometres deep). 相似文献
14.
Magneto-telluric measurements were carried out at a group of eight sites, from Braunschweig to Lübeck, to determine the resistivity values associated with the North German conductivity anomaly. The data were analyzed for scalar and tensor apparent resistivities over the period range 5–2000 seconds. The results in general indicate very conductive (?I Ω-m) sediments overlying a resistive basement which is strongly lineated. Interpreted basement depth (?6 km) is compatible with published seismic refraction data. Principal conductivity axes in the basement appear to be directly related to trends of salt domes and major troughs. A major change in axis direction occurs near the center of the North German anomaly. 相似文献
15.
Most earthquakes on the Chinese mainland have occurred within the depth range of 10-25 km,which is usually called the seismogenic layer.According to the rule of penetration depth,the precursor of the electric anomaly,which is transferred from the seismogenic layer to the Earth's surface,should be very weak,but the ability to monitor earthquakes can be greatly improved if the field precursor effect is taken into consideration because of expansion of the electric anomaly area.The results of one-and two-dimensional modeling computations are consistent with the observed fact that the apparent resistivity decreases before earthquakes.This provides good evidence for our inference.The corresponding physical mechanism is that the conductivity of the anomaly area may be increased by the rock dilatation and fluid permeation due to the stress effect during the developing process of earthquakes. 相似文献
16.
A major electrical conductivity anomaly has been detected in Transdanubia (West Hungary) in the eastern part of the Drauzug-Bakony geological unit (DBU), a collision zone of the Alpine orogeny. Assuming the source of the conductivity anomaly to be a characteristic formation of the whole DBU, long period magnetotelluric (MT) measurements were made in two regions of the western part of the DBU, in the Gail valley and in the Karawanken. The general features of this formation were studied also in order to elucidate the cause of the Transdanubian conductivity anomaly. The conductivity anomaly detected by long period MT in the Western DBU lies much deeper (12–17 km) than in Transdanubia (5–9 km). As the anomaly in both regions is associated with a well-known tectonic zone, its origin was initially explained by ionic conduction, arising from the presence of pore fluids. The very low resistivity values, the great anisotropy, the effect of charges on the H-polarized MT curves, and the anomalous magnetic field variations also indicated an increase of electronic conduction, possibly caused by graphitic rocks or ores nearer to the surface.
In the Gail valley, audiomagnetotelluric measurements made in 1986 have led to the discovery of these standing blocks of graphitic shales lifted up gradually to the surface by tectonic forces from below the dolomites of the Carnic Alps. It is suggested that the same plate collision arranged the Paleozoic graphitic shales to narrow dikes in the Gail valley as well as in Transdanubia along the Balaton line and zones parallel to it. 相似文献
17.
The existing concept of the gradient of the potential field anomaly over a 3D source has been generalized. An observed anomaly is modified through a filter based on an assumed source geometry. The first-order derivatives of this modified anomaly in three mutually orthogonal directions form the components of a vector termed the resultant gradient. The gravity anomaly over a point mass, a vertical line mass and the gravity/magnetic anomaly reduced-to-pole over a bottomless right rectangular prism have been suitably modified to yield a specific shape for the amplitude of the resultant gradient in order to decipher the depth of the source centroid/corner. The applicability of the proposed technique is demonstrated by the analyses of a simulated example over a composite source and a real example from published literature with drill-hole information. 相似文献
18.
V. N. Koneshov N. V. Drobyshev I. V. Koneshov 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2010,46(7):624-626
When processing the results of an airborne gravity survey flown in the Arctic at flight heights of 2000 to 3000 m, the authors
encountered conditions, when the values of the free-air anomaly of gravity exceeded the values taken from the anomaly map,
with a trend towards “heavier” values. The formula for calculation of the vertical gradient as a function of the latitude
of the locality has been refined. The tentative calculations reported in the paper also indicate that a free-air gravity anomaly
above the mountainous areas will contain additional positive systematic components, since only the effect of the vertical
gradient of the normal gravity field is taken into account here, and the flight’s height during an airborne gravity survey,
above a mountainous area, should be held constant, otherwise it would be necessary to take into account additional systematic
biases, obtained in different flights, which are caused by the different values of the vertical gradient at different heights. 相似文献
19.
I. I. Rokityansky V. I. Babak A. V. Tereshyn 《Journal of Volcanology and Seismology》2016,10(6):395-406
Geomagnetic records from 20 Japanese observatories have been used to yield time series of response function (RF) components for 20 years at periods of between 2.5 and 60 min. Six observatories showed anomalous variations lasting 3–5 years in the short period part of the above range of periods prior to the March 11, 2011 Tohoku earthquake. The variations could have been intermediate-term precursors. We made a detailed analysis of how noise affects the results using coherence criteria, visual control, and the remote-reference technique. We clarified the conditions that make response functions dependent on geomagnetic activity. For 19 observatories we constructed the tensor of the anomalous magnetic field with Kakioka as the base site. An anomaly in electrical conductivity striking WNW–ESE has been identified beneath the Boso Peninsula near Tokyo in the conditions of strong noise. We sought to corroborate the reality of the anomaly by visual control and processing of nighttime records with minimum noise. We advanced idea that precursors can be monitored using the DC noise field in the presence of a shallow conductivity anomaly. We provided a tectonic interpretation of the obtained RF anomalies. The Boso conductivity anomaly is interpreted as being due to a graben-shaped structure of the sediments and possibly to a deeper plate-tectonics structure, that is, the Sagami Trough. We examine similarities and differences between the Boso anomaly and the Avacha anomaly in Kamchatka, and provided recommendations for further study of the Boso anomaly and for using the Avacha anomaly to monitor EM precursors in Kamchatka. 相似文献