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1.
Zircon fission-track (FT) and U–Pb analyses were performed on zircon extracted from a pseudotachylyte zone and surrounding rocks of the Asuke Shear Zone (ASZ), Aichi Prefecture, Japan. The U–Pb ages of all four samples are 67–76 Ma, which is interpreted as the formation age of Ryoke granitic rocks along the ASZ. The mean zircon FT age of host rock is 73 ± 7 (2 σ) Ma, suggesting a time of initial cooling through the zircon closure temperature. The pseudotachylyte zone however, yielded a zircon FT age of 53 ± 9 (2 σ) Ma, statistically different from the age of the host rock. Zircon FTs showed reduced mean lengths and intermediate ages for samples adjacent to the pseudotachylyte zone. Coupled with the new zircon U–Pb ages and previous heat conduction modeling, the present FT data are best interpreted as reflecting paleothermal effects of the frictional heating of the fault. The age for the pseudotachylyte coincides with the change in direction of rotation of the Pacific plate from NW to N which can be considered to initialize the NNE–SSW trending sinistral–extensional ASZ before the Miocene clockwise rotation of SW Japan. The present study demonstrates that a history of fault motions in seismically active regions can be reconstructed by dating pseudotachylytes using zircon FT thermochronology. 相似文献
2.
In situ UV-laser ablation 40Ar/ 39Ar geochronological and geochemical data, together with rock and mineral compositional data, have been determined from pseudotachylyte and surrounding mylonitic gneiss associated with the UHP whiteschists of the Dora Maira Massif, Italy. Several generations of fresh pseudotachylyte occur as irregular veins up to a few cm thick both parallel and at high angles to the foliation. Whole rock XRF data collected from representative lithologies of mylonitic gneiss are uniformly consistent with a mildly alkalic granitic protolith. Minimal compositional variation is observed between the pseudotachylyte and its surrounding mylonitic gneiss. The pseudotachylyte contains newly crystallized grains of biotite and K-feldspar in a matrix of glass with partially fused grains of quartz, zircon, apatite, and titanite. Electron microprobe analyses of the glass show significant compositional variation that is probably strongly influenced by micrometer-scale changes in mineralogy. UV-laser ablation ICP-MS traverses across the mylonitic gneiss–pseudotachylyte contact are consistent with cataclastic communition of REE carriers such as epidote, monazite, allanite, zircon, and apatite before melting as an efficient mechanism of REE homogenization in the pseudotachylyte. The 40Ar/ 39Ar data from one band of pseudotachylyte indicate formation at 20.1 ± 0.5 Ma, when the mylonitic gneisses were already in a near surface position. The variable effects of top-to-the-west shear deformation within outcrops of the coesite-bearing unit are reflected in localized zones of protomylonite, cataclasite, ultracataclasite, and pseudotachylyte. Preservation of several generations of pseudotachylyte suggests that seismic events may have played a significant role in triggering late unroofing of the UHP rocks. It is speculated that deeper crustal seismic events potentially played a role in the unroofing of the UHP rocks at earlier stages in their exhumation history. 相似文献
3.
Near Granite Falls, Minnesota sub-parallel pseudotachylyte, mafic dikes, and calcite veins crosscut Archean granulite facies rocks in the Minnesota River valley adjacent to the north-dipping Yellow Medicine Shear Zone (YMSZ; N80°E) that separates the Montevideo and Morton tectonic terranes. The docking of these two Archean terranes occurred prior to intrusion of the 2.067 Ga Kenora-Kabetogama dike swarm as demonstrated by aeromagnetic anomalies (correlated with field exposures) that cross the YMSZ without offset. Tectonic adjustments along the YMSZ associated with the Penokean Orogeny ( 1.8 Ga) are likely responsible for pseudotachylyte formation.Pseudotachylyte is exposed in 22 sub-parallel veins ( N80°E, 90°) each less than 2 cm wide across an outcrop width of 45 m. The pseudotachylyte matrix is commonly banded, and contains crystal fragments (quartz, plagioclase, amphibole, rutile, apatite, ilmenite, ulvöspinel), magnetite microlites, flow banding swirls, amygdules (filled with calcite, ankerite and siderite), collapsed vesicles, and abundant lithic clasts. Pseudotachylyte formed in a number of phases. Kinematic reconstruction is complex, utilizing winged porphyroclasts, S-C structures in the country rock, and fault drag indicators along the pseudotachylyte zones. Dextral motion along the YMSZ is the most common observation. Mechanically twinned calcite within amygdules in the pseudotachylyte preserves horizontal shortening normal to the pseudotachylyte strike. Calcite veins are apparently contemporaneous with the pseudotachylyte; one set preserves twinning strains identical to the calcite amygdule strains, and the second set contains a horizontal, vein-parallel (N70°E) shortening strain. The pseudotachylyte contains a flow fabric, as determined by AMS techniques, that is a proxy for vertical flow ( Kmax is vertical). The Kenora-Kabetogama dikes, identified geochemically, are locally parallel to the pseudotachylyte and the adjacent YMSZ tectonic suture and preserve a vertical-to-horizontal, dike-parallel AMS fabric from east (Franklin) to west (Granite Falls). Hornblende andesite dikes (055°, 1.8 Ga) are not found south of the suture, are not associated with pseudotachylyte and have a different paleopole and AMS fabric. 相似文献
4.
Fault generated melt, pseudotachylyte, is an established indicator of palaeoseismic faulting. The existing consensus that frictionally induced melting occurs within the classic seismogenic zone contrast the contention over how pseudotachylyte forms within the ductile regime. Central to this issue is whether all pseudotachylyte originates as pressure-dependent frictional melt along slip surfaces, or if pressure-independent processes have roles in its formation. Propagation of high-velocity slip into deeper crustal levels provides a satisfactory explanation for pseudotachylyte at depth, but does not of itself rationalize earthquake nucleation outside the classic seismogenic zone. Pseudotachylyte from the Minas Fault Zone, Nova Scotia, Canada is used to demonstrate the formation and preservation of fault-related melt under lower crustal conditions. Microstructures retain evidence of intense dislocation glide with minimal climb, and ductile disaggregation of the host; the latter are consistent with intracrystalline deformation in the Peierls stress-controlled glide regime. It remains unclear whether the crystal plasticity serves only as a precursory stage to rupture and high-velocity slip or is itself responsible for both instability and the thermal transient. There are similarities between accelerating plastic slip leading to rupture and aseismic creep bursts (tremor) that emphasize the mechanistic complexity of deep faulting, and the need to extend consideration beyond that of a simple brittle-ductile response. The occurrence of tremor bursts fall within the depth range of “paradoxical” pseudotachylyte and provides a circumstantial link between active tectonics and the geologic record that merits examination. 相似文献
5.
Nodular cherts can provide a window on the original sediment composition, diagenetic history and biota of their host rock because of their low susceptibility to further diagenetic alteration. The majority of Phanerozoic cherts formed by the intraformational redistribution of biogenic silica, particularly siliceous sponge spicules, radiolarian tests and diatom frustules. In the absence of a biogenic silica source, Precambrian cherts necessarily had to have had a different origin than Phanerozoic cherts. The Mesoproterozoic Belt Supergroup in Glacier National Park contains a variety of chert types, including silicified oolites and stromatolites, which have similar microtextures and paragenesis to Phanerozoic cherts, despite their different origins. Much of the silicification in the Belt Supergroup occurred after the onset of intergranular compaction, but before the main episode of dolomitization. The Belt Supergroup cherts probably had an opal-CT precursor, in the same manner as many Phanerozoic cherts. Although it is likely that Precambrian seas had higher silica concentrations than at present because of the absence of silica-secreting organisms, no evidence was observed that would suggest that high dissolved silica concentrations in the Belt sea had a significant widespread effect on silicification. The rarity of microfossils in Belt Supergroup cherts indicates that early silicification, if it occurred, was exceptional and restricted to localized environments. The similarity of microtextures in cherts of different ages is evidence that the silicification process is largely controlled by host carbonate composition and dissolved silica concentration during diagenesis, regardless of the source of silica. 相似文献
6.
Abstract The Rand and Pelona Schists consist of eugeoclinal rock types overlain by continental basement along the Vincent-Chocolate Mountains (VCM) faults. Both schists display inverted metamorphic zonation, defined in part by a systematic variation in composition of calcic to sodic-calcic amphibole in mafic schist structurally upward. The compositional progressions include increase of total A1, A1 IV and Ti, but decrease in the ratios of Na/(Na + Ca) to A1/(A1 + Si), and Na M4 to (A1 VI+ Fe 3++ Ti). These variations imply that structurally high rocks belong to a lower-pressure metamorphic fades series than those at depth. This result is consistent with previous views that the inverted metamorphic zonations represent intact structural sequences. Amphibole composition is dependent not only on structural position (i.e. P-T ), but also upon bulk-rock composition. The important controls are whole-rock Mg/(Mg + Fe 2++ Mn) and Fe 3+/Fe 2+. The greatest impact of these factors, however, is on the absolute values of Na and Al, rather than their ratio. Thus, interpretation of facies series is not seriously hindered by compositional variability. Sodic amphibole in epidote blueschists from the Rand Schist is extensively replaced by sodic-calcic amphibole. Sodic-calcic amphibole in the Rand Schist and Pelona Schist is, itself, rimmed by actinolitic amphibole. Similar blueschist to greenschist transitions in other metamorphic terranes are typically attributed to exhumation. In the Rand and Pelona Schists, the sequence probably formed during burial. 相似文献
7.
Large volumes of pseudotachylyte (an intrusive, fault-related rock interpreted to form by a combination of cataclasis and melting) occur in Tertiary normal faults and accommodation zones along 400 km of the East Greenland volcanic rifted margin. Analysis of representative pseudotachylyte samples reveals a wide range of mesoscopic and microscopic textures, mineralogies, and chemistries in the aphanitic pseudotachylyte matrix. Three distinct types of pseudotachylyte (referred to as angular, rounded and glassy) are identified based on these characteristics. Angular pseudotachylyte (found primarily in dike-like reservoir zones) is characterized by angular grains visible on all scales, with micron-scale fragments of mica and amphibole. Its matrix is enriched in Fe 2O 3, MgO, and TiO 2 relative to the host rock, with minor increases in CaO, K 2O, and small decreases in Na 2O. Rounded pseudotachylyte is found in reservoir zones, injection veins (pseudotachylyte-filled extension fractures), and fault veins (small faults with pseudotachylyte along their surfaces). It is characterized by smooth-surfaced, compacted grains on microscopic scales, and encloses rounded, interpenetrative lithic clasts on outcrop scale. Its matrix is enriched in Fe 2O 3, MgO, TiO 2, and Al 2O 3 relative to the host rock, with minor depletion in Na 2O and K 2O. Glassy pseudotachylyte is found primarily along fault surfaces. Its matrix is characterized by isotropic, conchoidally fractured material containing microscopic, strain-free amphibole phenocrysts, and is enriched in TiO 2, Al 2O 3, K 2O, Fe 2O 3, MgO, CaO, and Na 2O relative to the host rock. These observations suggest that angular pseudotachylyte was produced by cataclasis, with enrichment in metallic oxides resulting from preferential crushing of mechanically weak amphibole and mica minerals found in the gneissic host rock. Cataclasis and concomitant frictional heating resulted in the textural and chemical modification of angular pseudotachylyte by sintering or melting, producing rounded and glassy pseudotachylyte, respectively. Compositional and textural observations constrain the temperatures reached during frictional heating (700–900°C) which in turn delimit the amount of frictional heat imparted to the pseudotachylytes during slip. Our results suggest that the East Greenland pseudotachylytes formed during small seismic events along faults at shallow crustal levels. Consistent relative ages and widespread occurrence of pseudotachylyte-bearing faults in East Greenland suggest that widespread microseismicity accompanied the early development of this volcanic rifted margin. 相似文献
8.
Occurrences of pseudotachylyte cyclically introduced as melts into the Outer Hebrides thrust are demonstrably synkinematic with crystal-plastic mylonites. Classical interpretations of these rock types as, respectively, products of pressure-dependent frictional melting and thermally-activated intracrystalline deformation create a paradox in that these processes are, to a large extent, mutually exclusive. Detailed microstructural and microcompositional analyses of host mylonites and primary and deformed pseudotachylyte were carried out by light and electron microscopy. The ambient shear zone environment in which pseudotachylyte formed was determined to comprise temperatures in the order of 500 ° C and stresses of 140–210 MPa, on which were imposed much higher transient stresses in response to heterogeneous, non-uniform flow. The latter conditions are sufficient for the development of plastic instabilities in feldspar-rich crust, if pore fluid pressures are sufficiently low. The latter is consistent with the absence of hydration during exhumation observed in the rocks under study. Low pore fluid pressure during thrust exhumation of deep crust enables activation of high-strength ductile processes dominated by dislocation glide which may be a prerequisite to instability. Whereas other studies have demonstrated the possible occurrence of such melt-generating instabilities, it is believed that this study provides the first example in which the calculated potential for instability formation is consistent with the deformation microstructures and estimated pressure-temperature conditions. Grain-size reduction to produce ultramylonites dominated by grainsize-sensitive flow is achieved by both deformation-induced dynamic recrystallization and crystallization of instability-generated melts. 相似文献
9.
Cores and cuttings of lamproite sills and host sedimentary country rocks in southeastern Kansas from up to 312 m depth were analyzed for major elements in whole rocks and minerals, certain trace elements in whole rocks (including the REE) and Sr isotopic composition of the whole rocks. The lamproites are ultrapotassic ( K2O/ Na2O = 2.0–19.9), alkalic [molecular ( K2O/ Na2O)/ Al2O3 = 1.3-2.8], enriched in mantle-incompatible elements (light REE, Ba, Rb, Sr, Th, Hf, Ta) and have nearly homogeneous initial Sr isotopic compositions (0.707764-0.708114). These lamproites could have formed by variable degrees of partial melting of harzburgite country rock and cross-cutting veins composed of phlogopite, K-Ti richterite, titanite, diopside, K-Ti silicates, or K-Ba-phosphate under high H2O/CO2 ratios and reducing conditions. Variability in melting of veins and wall rock and variable composition of the metasomatized veins could explain the significantly different composition of the Kansas lamproites. Least squares fractionation models preclude the derivation of the Kansas lamproites by fractional crystallization from magmas similar in composition to higher silica phlogopite-sanidine lamproites some believe to be primary lamproite melts found elsewhere. In all but one case, least squares fractionation models also preclude the derivation of magmas similar in composition to any of the Kansas lamproites from one another. A magma similar in composition to the average composition of the higher SiO2 Ecco Ranch lamproite (237.5–247.5 m depth) could, however, have marginally crystallized about 12% richterite, 12% sanidine, 7% diopside and 6% phlogopite to produce the average composition of the Guess lamproite (305–312 m depth). Lamproite from the Ecco Ranch core is internally fractionated in K2O, Al2O3, Ba, MgO, Fe2O3, Co and Cr most likely by crystal accumulation-removal of ferromagnesian minerals and sanidine. In contrast, the Guess core (305–312 m depth) has little fractionation throughout most of the sill except in several narrow zones. Lamproite in the Guess core has large enrichments in TiO2, Ba, REE, Th, Ta and Sc and depletions in MgO, Cr, Co and Rb possibly concentrated in these narrow zones during the last dregs of crystallization of this magma. The Ecco Ranch sill did not show any evidence of loss of volatiles or soluble elements into the country rock. This contrasts to the previously studied, shallow Silver City lamproite which did apparently lose H2O-rich fluid to the country rock. Perhaps a greater confining pressure and lesser amount of H2O-rich fluid prevented it from escaping. 相似文献
10.
The orientation and movement sense of shear fractures in pseudotachylyte generation zones developed in the Ikertôq shear belt, West Greenland are described, and the fracturing sequence is inferred. The generation zones occur in strongly foliated gneisses, and consist of concordant, usually paired, principal displacement shear fractures (paired shears), on which most melt was generated, and a system of minor shear fractures. Minor shear fracturing was most intense between principal displacement shear fractures, and most melt intruded from these paired shears inwards with respect to the zone. Intrusion of injection veins of pseudotachylyte off the principal displacement shear fractures, is believed to be contemporaneous with minor shear fracturing in the generation zones.Generation zones affect intact rocks, and individual principal displacement shear fractures have a maximum displacement of 4.6 m. Paired principal displacement shear fractures are up to 3 m apart, and have a maximum observed length of 1 km. In all the zones described, the fracturing appears to be the result of a single episode of slip. Both dextral and sinistral generation zones occur within the study area, and have different geometries. In each case the displacement is strike-slip. 相似文献
11.
Fission-track dating was carried out on zircon grains from pseudotachylyte associated with a Late Pleistocene landslide (Tsergo Ri landslide) in Langtang Himal, Nepal. Zircon grains were separated from an injection pipe of glassy and vesicular pseudotachylyte about 10 cm in diameter. The resulting age of 51±13 Ka lies between the two subpeaks (70 and 20 Ka) of the Würm glacial period, and is concordant with the previous age estimate from geomorphological evidence (i.e. older than 25–30 Ka). This is the first reliable isotopic age for a landslide-generated pseudotachylyte excluding the possibility of contamination by an inherited age. 相似文献
12.
Pseudotachylytes occur associated with mylonite and ultramylonite in the Mahanadi shear zone (MSZ) in the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB). The MSZ is about 200 km long curvilinear high strain zone trending WNW-ESE in its eastern part that splays out in the west. In Kantilo-Ganian segment of MSZ in northern EGMB, an interbanded sequence of granulite facies lithoassemblage has undergone ductile shearing. Kinematic studies of mylonite and ultramylonite indicate MSZ to be a NE-dipping, extensional type ductile shear zone. Non-coaxial metamorphic growth of garnet and presence of truncated sillimanite-fish in ultramylonite suggest high temperature regime during shearing. Pseudotachylytes in MSZ occur as millimetre thick layers to decimetre thick zones containing fragments of mylonite, ultramylonite and lithic clasts. Pseudotachylyte generation veins are mostly sub-parallel to C-planes and the injection veins cross-cut at high angle to these. The presence of an isotropic glassy matrix, injection features, corroded grains and dendritic microlites can be evidences for the existence of a melt phase. The composition of pseudotachylyte matrix (by EPMA) indicates silica deficiency with higher normative hypersthene, plagioclase and lower quartz compared with average whole rock composition for host. Absence of overprinting of mylonitic fabric on pseudotachylytes indicates their formation by brittle failure without passing through a plastic deformation and thus a two stage development for mylonite-ultramylonite and pseudotachylyte generation is suggested. 相似文献
13.
A 150 μm thick fused layer of rock has been produced by rotating two metadolerite core faces against each other at 3000 r.p.m. under an axial load of 330 kg for 11 s using friction welding apparatus. Scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis reveal that the melt layer comprises sub-angular to rounded porphyroclasts of clinopyroxene, feldspar and ilmenite (>20 μm diameter), derived from the host metadolerite, set within a silicate glass matrix. Thermal calculations confirm that melting occurred at the rock interface and that mean surface temperatures in excess of 1400°C were attained. The fused layer shows many textural similarities with pseudotachylyte described from fault zones. Morphologically, the fused layer consists of a series of stacks of porphyroclasts welded together by melt to form ‘build-ups’ oriented at right angles to the friction surface. There is also evidence of gouging, ploughing and plucking, as well as transfer and adhesion of material having occurred between the rock faces. The mean surface velocity attained by the metadolerite (0.24 m s −1) and duration of the experiment are comparable with velocities and rise times of typical single jerk earthquakes occurring during stick-slip seismic faulting within brittle crust (i.e. slip rates of 0.1-0.5 m s −1 for, say, 1–10s). In these respects the experiment successfully simulated frictional fusion on a fault plane in the absence of an intergranular fluid. Power dissipation during the experiment was about MW m −2, comparable only to very low values for earthquakes (e.g. 1–100 MW m −2 for displacement rates of 0.1-0.5 m s −1 at shear stresses of 100–1000 bars). This indicates that melting on fault planes during earthquakes should be commonplace. Field evidence, however, does not support this contention. Either pseudotachylyte is not being recognized in exhumed ancient seismic fault zones or melting only occurs under very special circumstances. 相似文献
14.
High-Mg diorites that have similar whole rock composition to high-Mg andesites (HMAs) should not be simply interpreted as rocks solidified from the HMA magmas, because the high-Mg diorites may be mafic cumulates derived from a different magma from the HMAs. The HMAs contain unique clinopyroxenes with higher Mg# and Si than those of other sub-alkaline series igneous rocks. The Mg# and Si are controlled by the source magma composition rather than its crystallized conditions such as pressure and temperature. The chemical composition of clinopyroxenes would present important information for the investigation of the source of high-Mg diorites. We considered the source of Early Cretaceous high-Mg diorites on Kyushu Island, southwest Japan arc, based on their clinopyroxene and whole rock compositions. The clinopyroxenes have similar chemical characteristics to those in HMAs rather than those in other sub-alkaline rocks. Moreover, the whole rock compositions are equivalent to the sanukitic HMA and do not show features of mafic cumulates. This indicates that the high-Mg diorites solidified from sanukitic HMA magmas. It is generally believed that the sanukitic HMA magmas involve the subduction of a young and/or hot oceanic slab was situated in their genesis. Therefore, the occurrence of the high-Mg diorites suggests that Kyushu was situated in the tectonic setting of young and/or hot slab subduction in the Early Cretaceous. 相似文献
15.
断裂岩的岩石磁学研究可以揭示地震断裂作用的物理和化学环境,对于探讨地震断裂作用机制具有重要作用。本文在断裂岩岩石磁学最新文献的基础上,结合笔者及所在研究团队在龙门山断裂带获得的研究成果,综述了断裂岩的岩石磁学研究进展。大量研究发现断层泥和假玄武玻璃通常具有磁化率值或剩磁强度异常特征。顺磁性矿物在摩擦热或流体作用下形成新的铁磁性矿物是断层泥和假玄武玻璃高磁化率值或高剩磁强度的主要原因;地震断裂摩擦熔融作用中形成的单质铁是假玄武玻璃中高磁化率值或高剩磁强度异常的另一个重要原因。蠕滑断裂和出露于浅地表的断裂带中可见一些具有低磁化率值异常的断层泥,原因可能是流体作用或断裂带未经历高温摩擦热。断裂岩的岩石磁学研究为地震断裂带的应力应变、形成温度、摩擦热效应、流体作用、形成深度和氧化还原特征等提供了重要信息,可用于分析地震断裂的孕震和发震环境。综合岩石磁学测试和微米至纳米尺度的超显微学研究,并辅助地震断裂岩的摩擦实验、高温热模拟实验等研究可以更好地获得断裂岩的岩石磁学信息。 相似文献
16.
茂租铅锌矿床位于扬子地台西南缘,是滇东北矿集区内的一个大型矿床,矿体主要呈似层状产于震旦系灯影组白云岩中;矿石矿物以闪锌矿为主,次为方铅矿;脉石矿物主要为白云石、方解石和萤石。本文对该矿床中与铅锌矿密切共生的团块状白云石、方解石和萤石以及围岩灯影组白云岩的REE地球化学特征和C、O、Sr同位素进行了对比研究。结果表明:团块状白云石和方解石的稀土配分模式、C同位素和Sr同位素比值与围岩灯影组白云岩比较接近,表明形成团块状白云石和方解石的成矿流体主要来源于围岩灯影组白云岩的溶解;但这两种矿物的稀土总量ΣREE高于灯影组白云岩,说明成矿流体除了主要由围岩提供REE外,还有部分其他富含REE流体的加入。萤石则具有LREE亏损和分配曲线相对平缓的稀土配分模式特征,表明萤石形成于成矿的晚阶段,有更多的外部流体的加入。团块状白云石、方解石和萤石表现出明显的Eu正异常,且团块状白云石和方解石的O同位素低于灯影组白云岩,反映了存在较高温度的流体活动,这3种脉石矿物是由高温热液流体形成的。灯影组白云岩和3种脉石矿物都具有明显的Ce负异常,说明成矿流体可能主要来源于地层循环水,继承了围岩的Ce负异常特征。方解石和萤石的Sr同位素比值高于围岩震旦系灯影组白云岩和峨眉山玄武岩,但小于基底岩石昆阳群和会理群,说明成矿流体主要由赋矿围岩等沉积地层中的循环流体与流经了基底岩石的深部流体混合形成。 相似文献
17.
Leucocratic quartzofeldspathic gneisses form a significant proportion of the lower part of the Palaeoproterozoic Willyama Supergroup sequence in the Olary Block, South Australia and have correlatives in the adjacent Broken Hill Block. Field and geochemical data demonstrate that these rocks were originally rhyolitic volcanics and granite, with A-type affinities consistent with magma production during intracratonic rifting, supporting tectonic models proposed for the Willyama Supergroup in the Broken Hill Block. Although the rocks have characteristic high-field-strength element enrichment, many have undergone extensive pervasive pre- or syn-metamorphic sodic alteration and are typically rich in albite. Sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb zircon data tightly constrain the depositional and early intrusive history. Zircons from an interpreted metavolcanic rock containing relict quartz phenocrysts yield an age of 1699 ± 10 Ma, whereas a metagranitoid sample has an age of 1703 ± 6 Ma. These results are compatible with recent geochronological data on felsic metavolcanic rocks from the Broken Hill Block (Page and Laing, 1992) and are indicative of widespread magmatism during deposition of the Willyama Supergroup. Nd signatures for the two Olary Block samples imply the presence of a significant component from a depleted mantle source. The A-type metavolcanic rocks are locally associated with small iron formations, some of which grade into stratiform barite-rich horizons. Although potentially favourable for sediment-hosted exhalative PbZn mineralisation, the Fe- and Ba-rich units, along with transgressive vein and breccia occurrences of Fe oxides ± quartz ± pyrite cutting both the metavolcanic and metagranitoid rocks, may be more prospective for epigenetic Cu-Au mineralisation related to later metamorphic and/or magmatic events. Partial melting of the A-type suite during high grade regional metamorphism at ˜ 1600 ± 20 Ma led to the formation of local volumes of sodic granitoids and pegmatites containing U-Th-Ti-REE-F mineralisation. 相似文献
18.
In situ Sr-isotope and microchemical studies were used to determine the provenance of K-feldspar megacrysts hosted in mafic alkaline potassic, ultrapotassic rocks and in differentiated rocks from two nearby volcanic apparatus in central Italy. At Monte Cimino volcanic complex, mafic leucite-free ultrapotassic megacryst-bearing rocks of olivine latitic composition are associated with evolved latite and trachyte. Here, latites and trachytes straddle the sub-alkaline field. Age-corrected 87Sr/86Sr values (Sri) of the analysed Cimino olivine latites vary from 0.71330 and 0.71578 and strongly increase at constant Mg value. Latite and trachyte have lower Sri than olivine latites ranging between 0.71331 and 0.71361. Sri of K-feldspar megacrysts from olivine latites are between 0.71352 and 0.71397, but core and rim 87Sr/86Sr ratios within individual megacryst are indistinguishable. In all the mafic rocks, the megacrysts are not in isotopic equilibrium with the hosts. K-feldspar megacrysts from both the latite and trachyte have similar Sr-isotope compositions (Sri=0.71357–0.71401) to those in the olivine latites. However, Sri of megacryst in the trachyte vary significantly from core to rim (Sri from 0.71401 to 0.71383). As with the olivine latites, the K-feldspar megacrysts are not in isotopic equilibrium with bulk rock compositions of the latite or trachyte. At Vico volcano, megacryst-bearing rocks are mafic leucite-free potassic rocks, mafic leucite-bearing ultrapotassic rocks and old trachytic rocks. The mafic leucite-bearing and leucite-free rocks are a tephri-phonolite and an olivine latite, respectively. A megacryst in Vico trachyte is isotopically homogeneous (Sri CORE=0.71129, RIM=0.71128) and in equilibrium with the host rock (Sri bulk ROCK=0.71125). Sri of megacryst from tephri-phonolite is clearly not in isotopic equilibrium with its host (Sri bulk ROCK=0.71158), and it increases from core (Sri=0.71063) to rim (Sri=0.71077). A megacryst in Vico olivine latite is isotopically homogeneous (Sri CORE=0.71066, RIM=0.71065), but not in equilibrium with the host rock (Sri bulk ROCK=0.71013). The Sr isotope microdrilling technique reveals that Cimino megacrysts were crystallised in a Cimino trachytic magma and were subsequently incorporated by mixing/mingling processes in the latitic and olivine latitic melts. A model invoking the presence of a mafic sub-alkaline magma, which was mixed with the olivine latite, is proposed to justify the lack of simple geochemical mixing relation between Cimino trachytes and olivine latites. This magmatological model is able to explain the geochemical characteristics of Cimino olivine latites, otherwise ascribed to mantle heterogeneity. The similarity of core Sri of megacrysts hosted in Vico tephri-phonolite and olivine latite suggests that the K-feldspar megacrysts are co-genetic. Isotopic equilibrium between megacryst and Vico host trachyte indicates that the trachyte is the parent of this megacryst. On the contrary, the megacrysts hosted in tephri-phonolite and olivine latite do not derive from the old trachytic magma because no diffusion process may explain the core to rim Sr isotope increase of the xenocryst hosted in the tephri-phonolite. The megacrysts hosted in the Vico mafic rocks might derive from a trachytic melt similar in composition to the old Vico trachytes. 相似文献
19.
Summary In the West Rand Group of the 3.07–2.71 Ga old Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa, a series of banded iron-formations occur. They are of chemical origin and were deposited in an offshore shelf environment. The coarser-grained, in places pyrite-bearing, and partly auriferous metasedimentary rocks forming the bulk of the Witwatersrand Supergroup are regressive. The iron-formations, however, were deposited during transgression. The presence of allogenic pyrite in the fluviatile metaconglomerates and that of magnetite and, in places, haematite in the marine iron-formations suggests a lower pH and higher sulfur activity for the Archaean meteoric environment than for recent hydrothermal fluids on the ocean floor. Post-depositional alteration of the Witwatersrand rocks includes burial metamorphism at temperatures between 300 and 350 °C and pressures around 2.5 kbar, and multiple hydrothermal inflitration events at slightly lower temperatures, coeval with the brittle deformation of the basin fill during the deposition of the Transvaal Supergroup and the Bushveld Vredefort events.Additional thermal metamorphic overprint of the iron-formations around the Vredefort Dome caused the growth of orthoamphiboles. They show a wide range of compositions between ferro-anthophyllite and ferrous alumino-gedrite, suggesting that the crest of the solvus curve for Fe-rich orthoamphiboles is below 500 °C.Chlorite and amphibole compositions, and the presence of Fe-oxide-bearing horizons between pyrite-bearing ones indicate that the fluid composition during post-depositional alteration was largely controlled by the bulk rock composition of the infiltrated stratigraphic horizons and not by some external source.
Zusammenfassung Die West Rand Group innerhalb der 3.07–2.71 Milliarden Jahre alten Witwatersrand Supergroup, Südafrika, führt eine Reihe von Magnetit- und Hämatit-haltigen Eisenformationen. Diese sind chemischen Ursprungs und wurden in einem flachmarinen Schelfmilieu abgelagert. Der überwiegende Teil der Witwatersrand Abfolge, bestehend aus klastischen, verschiedentlich Pyrit-führenden und teilweise goldhaltigen Metasedimentgesteinen, kann regressiven Phasen zugeschrieben werden. Die Eisenformationen wurden hingegen während transgressiven Phasen abgelagert. Aufgrund des Auftretens allogener Pyrite in den fluviatilen Konglomeratlagen und von Magnetit und Hämatit in den marinen Eisenformationen lassen sich für den meteorischen Bereich im Archaikum niedrigere pH-Werte und höhere Schwefelfugazität ableiten als für rezente submarine hydrothermale Fluide. Post-diagenetische Alterationsprozesse sind der Versenkungsmetamorphose mit Temperaturen zwischen 300 und 350 °C und Drucken um 2.5 kbar sowie etwas niedriger temperierten hydrothermalen Fluiden zuzuschreiben, die als Folge der inkompetenten Deformation der Beckenfüllung in diese während mehrer Stadien infiltrierten. Infiltration hydrothermaler Fluide während der Ablagerung der Transvaal Supergroup (2.55 Ga) und während des Bildung der Vredefort Struktur (2.0 Ga) sind durch Altersdaten belegt.Zusätzliche thermische Metamorphose der Fe-reichen Pelite und Eisenformationen im Bereich der Vredefort Struktur führte zur Bildung von Orthoamphibolen, deren Zusammensetzung von Anthophyllit bis zu Fe-reichem Alumino-Gedrit reicht. Dies läßt darauf schließen, daß die Solvuskurve für Fe-reiche Orthoamphibole unterhalb von 500 °C liegt.Die Zusammensetzung der Chlorite und Amphibole sowie das Auftreten von Fe-Oxid-führenden Horizonten in den generall Pyrit-reichen Metasedimentgesteinen gestatten die Annahme, daß die post-diagenetische Fluidzusammensetzung hauptsächlich durch die jeweilige Zusammensetzung der infiltrierten Gesteinshorizonte und nicht durch eine externe Quelle bestimmt wurde.
With 8 Figures 相似文献
20.
在西藏北拉萨块体中段唐江穷果岩体中发现了一种新的岩石成因的暗色包体.唐江穷果岩体中暗色包体呈椭球状,与寄主岩之间呈不紧密胶结,在暗色包体和寄主岩的接触面上通常形成一个明显的风化间隙面.暗色包体为角闪闪长斑岩,寄主岩为花岗闪长岩,暗色包体明显较寄主岩更基性,更富Na 2O、CaO、MgO和Fe 2O 3T.暗色包体和寄主岩具有明显不同的稀土元素,暗色包体的稀土元素除La、Ce元素外,整体含量较寄主岩高,且轻重稀土分异弱.两者都具有弧岩浆岩的特征,富集Rb、Cs、K等大离子亲石元素和Th、U,而亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素.暗色包体成岩年龄为113.9±1.0 Ma,寄主岩的成岩年龄为110±1.1 Ma,暗色包体成岩年龄较寄主岩早约4 Ma.此外,两者具有一致的锆石原位Lu-Hf同位素特征.以上岩相学、年代学、元素地球化学和同位素地球化学证据表明,唐江穷果暗色包体和寄主岩来源于同源母岩浆,暗色包体在二次岩浆房中经历了较弱的斜长石结晶分离作用,寄主岩在二次岩浆房中经历了较强的角闪石结晶分离作用.经过结晶分离作用的寄主岩岩浆在侵位过程中将较早形成处于半塑性状态下的暗色包体裹挟至近地表.唐江穷果暗色包体最可能的成因模式可以解释为同源岩浆不同期次间的物理混合. 相似文献
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