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在强烈地震发生后,会引发建筑火灾等次生灾害,涉及因素较多,传统火灾危险性数学模型忽略了强震后既有建筑发生火灾时不同因素的随机性与模糊性特性,难于建立健全的评估数学模型,导致评估精度低。为解决该问题,通过分析强震后既有建筑火灾影响,用因素模糊数学方法建立强震后既有建筑火灾危险性评估数学模型及评估体系。具体方法是对评估指标体系中各层因素针对上层因素影响进行评分,建立判断矩阵,获取权重。确定隶属度矩阵,获取强震后既有建筑火灾危险性评估的因素集与评语集,构造单因素评判,给评估集中的因素赋予权重,进行一级模糊评估。把一级评估结果当成二级评估的单因素评估,通过模糊数学理论完成对强震后既有建筑火灾危险性的评估,得到综合评估结果。实验结果表明,采用所提模型进行危险性评估,得到结果符合实际情况,与其他模型相比,所提模型评估精度高。 相似文献
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火灾中的人员疏散是个复杂的过程,受到诸多因素的共同影响,传统的人员疏散可靠度分析常常忽略这些因素之间的相互作用。为更准确地计算出火灾中人员疏散的可靠度,本文以某地铁车站为例,借助人员疏散仿真软件buildingEXODUS与火灾模拟程序FDS,分别得到人员所需安全疏散时间（RSET）和可利用安全疏散时间（ASET）。在此基础上,构造人员安全疏散极限状态方程,利用一次二阶矩理论求得安全疏散可靠概率。由于能够较好地反映疏散过程中各影响因素之间的相互作用,因此,采用本文提出的可靠度分析方法能够得到更舍理的结果。 相似文献
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核磁共振接收信号的质量主要受探测天线的传递特性影响,当传递特性较差时,严重影响测量效果.结合目前国内外核磁共振找水仪天线的研制情况,给出了接收天线传递特性的计算方法,根据数值计算结果讨论了影响传递特性的天线参数.利用吉林大学研制的核磁共振找水仪进行实际测试,结果证明与讨论结果一致.本文得出的传递特性影响因素和接收信号质量评估方法,可以为不同类型核磁共振找水仪天线的设计提供依据,将促使核磁共振方法在复杂地形环境找水及隧道、矿井灾害水源探测等方面得到有效应用. 相似文献
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本文针对2021年5月21日云南漾濞6.4级地震,选取不同的地震烈度衰减关系模型,对各模型地震影响场评估结果与发布的地震烈度图进行对比分析,并对地震影响范围不确定性进行研究。选取多种死亡人数评估模型,分别计算各模型在不同地震影响场下的死亡人数、人口分布数量,探讨各地震影响场模型下的人口分布特征及影响人员死亡的主要因素。通过对比分析可知,导致此次地震灾害损失评估结果与真实地震现场结果不同的主要原因是地震影响场分布、人口分布、房屋建筑抗震能力偏差、地形地貌、次生灾害等多种因素不同。研究结果表明,有效提高地震灾害损失快速评估精确性的途径为提高地震影响场评估精度,提高人口分布、房屋建筑等数据空间分布评估精度,后期专家检验等。 相似文献
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利用1900年以来云南地区历史地震灾害人员受伤数据,初步分析了地震受伤人数与震级、烈度、发震时间、人口密度和次生灾害之间的关系;基于云南地震灾害的区域差异突出的特点,选取人口密度、地均GDP、地质灾害易发性作为风险评估指标,运用重分类、层次分析法和GIS空间分析法将云南地区地震灾害人员受伤风险分为地震灾害人员受伤高风险区、地震灾害人员受伤中风险区和地震灾害人员受伤低风险区;采用最小二乘法拟合建立了各风险区地震受伤人数关于震级和极震区烈度的评估模型,并通过2008年以来26次地震对模型进行了检验,结果表明两种地震受伤评估模型均具有一定可靠性,可用于震后1～2 h内快速评估地震受伤人数。 相似文献
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震后建筑火灾涉及因素多,传统评估模型忽略了建筑截面温度变化与建筑形变程度的影响,导致评估准确度较低。为解决此问题,通过模糊数学方法建立震后建筑火灾危险性评估模型。在建立判断矩阵的基础上,获取评估模型权重,确定隶属度矩阵;通过确定震后建筑火灾后截面温度变化评估的因素集与评语集,进行单因素评判,为评估因素集中的因素赋予权重,实现一级模糊评估;再将一级评估结果作为二级评估的单因素评估,结合模糊数学分析完成对震后建筑火灾危险性的评估。实验中以建筑横梁截面温度变化与形变程度为指标,对震后建筑火灾危险性进行评估。实验结果表明,采用所提模型进行危险性评估,震后在发生火灾时建筑结构受到火灾影响,横梁截面温度越高,导致形变程度越大,危险性更高,模拟实验结果与实际情况更加接近,所提模型评估精度高。 相似文献
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建筑砌体结构抗震性能评估,对建筑结构安全的稳定性至关重要。本文从四个方面分析建筑砌体结构抗震性能提升的条件,根据建筑结构的抗震性影响因素,评估抗震能力。构建建筑砌体结构抗震性能的评估BIM指标体系;利用BIM模型中的三角模糊数,定量计算建筑砌体结构抗震性能指标的模糊判断矩阵,得到建筑砌体结构的三角模糊数值,分析筑砌体结构抗震性能指标的单排序情况,结合对建筑砌体结构抗震性能评估体系指标权重系数和单项得分的计算,实现基于BIM的建筑砌体结构抗震性能评估。结合模拟建筑实例分析,利用建筑结构倒塌概率测试建筑砌体结构的抗震性能,并利用评估结果与实际评估结果的拟合度测试提出方法的准确性。实例结果证明,能够准确的得到抗震性能的评估结果。 相似文献
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Two kinds of jadeite occur in the jadeite-quartzite from the Dabie Mountains, Eastern China: associated either with weak or strong deformation. The former shows a uniform composition while the latter shows both uniform and zoning composition. These jadeites were examined with infrared (IR) spectroscopy. All jadeite displays hydroxyl (OH) stretching bands, implying that hydrous components commonly exist in jadeite. The concentration of the hydrous components in the jadeite with weak deformation is homogenous, whereas the concentration of the hydrous components in strongly deformed samples is variable. The correlation between the intensity of OH-band absorbance and compositional zoning of jadeite with strong deformation indicates that Na-rich jadeite can accommodate more OH than Na-poor jadeite. Its interpretation is that there is more Na associated with greater OH availability in the initial crystallization environment. Our data of the comparatively high OH concentrations recorded in the core of the jadeite which contains relative high vacancies in M2 site imply that both OH content and the vacancies in M2 site could decrease during exhumation of the jadeite-quartzite. The decrease of OH solubility in jadeite would result in the formation of H2O fluid during the early exhumation of UHP metamorphic rocks. The H2O fluid transformed from OH during exhumation could trigger and enhance the early retrograde metamorphism of the host rocks and facilitate plastic deformation of jadeite grain by dislocation creep and diffusion creep. 相似文献
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传统基于信号传感技术的震区人员搜救方法,利用惯性导航传感技术融合移动距离和方向角对待搜救人员进行定位,容易受到天气状况不理想以及局部遮挡的影响,其搜救效率和精度低。提出基于视觉图像的震区人员搜救方法,利用图像采集设备采集震区初始视觉图像,采用小波降噪法降噪处理,提升可辨程度。通过色彩对比方法提取降噪后震区人员视觉图像的特征,并与震区原始图像特征对比,获取震区待搜救人员候选图像;根据候选图像分别采用Kalman滤波跟踪算法和Mean shift跟踪算法,在天气状况不理想以及局部遮挡的复杂震区环境中跟踪搜救人员目标。实验结果表明,所提方法查全率保持在98.5%以上,平均准确率约为98%,人员搜救平均时间约为23 s,说明所提方法能够进行高效、准确的震区人员搜救。 相似文献
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Abstract Trace-element compositions of jadeite (±omphacite) in jadeitites from the Itoigawa-Ohmi district of Japan, analyzed by a laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique showed chemical zoning within individual grains and variations within each sample and between different samples. Primitive mantle-normalized patterns of jadeite in the samples generally showed high large-ion lithophile element contents, high light rare earth element/heavy rare earth element ratios and positive anomalies of high field strength elements. The studied jadeitites have no signatures of the protolith texture or mineralogy. Shapes and distributions of minerals coupled with chemical zoning within grains suggest that the jadeitites were formed by direct precipitation of minerals from aqueous fluids or complete metasomatic modification of the precursor rocks by fluids. In either case, the geochemical characteristics of jadeite are highly affected by fluids enriched in both large-ion lithophile elements and high field strength elements. The specific fluids responsible for the formation of jadeitites are related to serpentinization by slab-derived fluids in subduction zones. This process is followed by dissolving high field strength elements in the subducting crust as the fluids continue to circulate into the subducting crusts and serpentinized peridotites. The fluids have variations in chemical compositions corresponding to various degrees of water–rock interactions. 相似文献
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I. Kushiro 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1978,41(1):87-90
Viscosity of anhydrous albite melt, determined by the falling-sphere method in the solid-media, piston-cylinder apparatus, decreases with increasing pressure from 1.13 × 105 P at 1 atm to 1.8 × 104 P at 20 kbar at 1400°C. The rate of decrease in viscosity is larger between 12 and 15 kbar than in other pressure ranges examined. The density of the quenched albite melt increases with increasing pressure of quenching from 2.38 g/cm3 at 1 atm to 2.53 g/cm3 at 20 kbar. The rate of increase in density is largest at pressures between 15 and 20 kbar. The melting curve of albite shows an inflexion at about 16 kbar. These observations strongly suggest that structural changes of albite melt would take place effectively at pressures near 15 kbar. Melt of jadeite (NaAlSi2O6) composition shows very similar changes in viscosity and density and a melting curve inflexion at pressures near 10 kbar. Difference in pressure for the suggested effective structural changes of albite and jadeite melts is 5–6 kbar, which is nearly the same as that between the subsolidus reaction curves nepheline + albite= 2jadeite and albite=jadeite + quartz. The structural changes of the melts are, however, continuous and begin to take place at pressures lower than those of the crystalline phases. 相似文献
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Natural “monalbite” (MA) has been observed on a submicron-scale in jadeite along with high albite (HA) and low albite (LA) in jadeite quartzite in the Dabie ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane, China. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation of inclusions in jadeite crystals has revealed mineral phases with C2/m and C1? structures. The cell parameters of the C2/m crystal structure correspond to those of MA, whereas the cell parameters of C1? structure are identical to those of HA and LA. The existence of the C2/m structure shows that the jadeite underwent partial change to MA on a submicron-scale during retrograde metamorphism. Albite transformation twinning of HA suggests the transformation of MA into HA. MA occurrence provides powerful evidence of high-temperature metamorphism during exhumation, probably above 930 °C. The preservation of MA may be due to the armouring by the jadeite and implies a very rapid cooling (quenching) during retrogression. 相似文献
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地震数据规则化重构是地震资料处理十分重要的基础性工作.压缩感知理论打破了香农采样定理的制约,利用信号在某个变换域的稀疏特性重构出完整的信号,在地震数据重构领域得到了很好的应用.深反射地震剖面大都布置在地质构造比较复杂的区段,复杂的地质构造使深反射地震剖面上的波阻特征复杂,采用单一稀疏变换不能最有效地表征数据的内部结构特征.MCA(形态成分分析)方法将信号分解为几种形态特征区别明显的分量来逼近数据的内部复杂结构,但是对各成分简单的叠加仍然无法有效地描述复杂构造数据的各种特征.结合两种方法的优点,本文提出了一种新的基于压缩感知的重构算法框架,在MCA方法的基础上对各稀疏字典进行加权,在迭代中不断更新各个稀疏字典的权值系数,对信号内部的各种特征进行最优描述,从而实现对信号的高质量重构.模型测试和实际资料处理结果表明:基于压缩感知的加权MCA方法不仅可以对地质构造复杂的地震数据进行高效的插值重建,而且可以很好的消除空间假频. 相似文献
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本文提出用有限元法解磁法勘探的正问题,不再需要引入均匀磁化假定。 传统的正演计算方法是在均匀磁化的假定下建立的,它不能适应解释复杂磁异常的需要。近几年来,国外学者提出了用迭代方法作非均匀磁化条件下的正演计算,对形状比较简单的磁性体取得了较好的效果。但随着磁性体的形状变得比较复杂,计算所需时间很快增加,精度和稳定性也明显降低。以求能量函数极小的变分原理为依据,用有限元法作非均匀磁化条件下的正演计算,得到的磁位势函数满足磁性体内外的偏微分方程和全部界面条件（文中对此作了证明）。因此,这种方法可以研究各种复杂因素的影响,宜于计算非均匀磁化磁性体的有效磁化强度和磁异常。 相似文献
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《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2005,229(3-4):217-230
Conspicuous grain scale deformation is observed in some ultra-high-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks of the Dora Maira Massif, Western Alps, although no significant strain is discernible on the mesoscopic scale. In a jadeite–kyanite–quartz rock, some of the jadeite crystals reveal (100) deformation twins, indicating local differential stress levels above 0.3 GPa. Many kyanite crystals show marked kink or deformation bands, with a slip system (100)[001]. In contrast, the adjacent coarse-grained quartz matrix (grain size ca. 0.2 mm), which has formed from coesite during exhumation from >100 km depth, reveals a foam structure. The quartz grain boundary configuration is controlled by interfacial free energy, the grains are optically strain-free, and there is no crystallographic preferred orientation. Preservation of this foam microstructure, which indicates grain growth during low-stress annealing, precludes that deformation of the jadeite and kyanite crystals is a result of a late-stage low-temperature overprint. The orientation distribution of jadeite and kyanite with and without twins or deformation bands, respectively, has been investigated with a combination of universal stage and EBSD techniques. On the scale of a thin section, there is no preferred orientation of twinned jadeite and bent kyanite crystals and undeformed crystals, respectively. Thus, the orientation of the inferred local shortening direction is random. This precludes deformation driven by a homogeneous far field tectonic stress, but suggests an internally controlled stress field which is highly inhomogeneous on the scale of a few grain diameters. Laboratory experiments show that the coesite to quartz transformation proceeds within hours after decompression from 3.0 to 2.7 GPa at 800 °C. The microstructures of incompletely transformed samples indicate that the quartz growing at the expense of coesite undergoes crystal plastic deformation and recrystallizes with a very fine grain size during transformation. In this case, the deformation of quartz is attributed to the volumetric strain ΔV=+10% inherent in the coesite–quartz transformation, which causes a highly inhomogeneous stress field inside the sample related to the progress of the transformation. We propose that a similar process has taken place in the polyphase natural rock during exhumation, with the transient stresses causing mechanical twinning of jadeite and bending or kinking of kyanite. When the transformation had gone to completion, grain growth obliterated the microstructures of the quartz matrix, while the deformed jadeite and kyanite crystals preserved the record of inhomogeneous deformation at high temperatures. The peak differential stresses locally exceeded 0.3 GPa, which indicates very high strain rates and a correspondingly rapid transformation of coesite to quartz, comparable to the laboratory results. 相似文献