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1.
Summary It is investigated how long-term UV trends can be assessed by analysing the longest time series of measured spectral UV irradiance in Europe, which have been started in the early 1990s in Thessaloniki, Greece and Sodankylä, Finland. It can be concluded that both time series do not yet show an unambiguous yearly trend in UV irradiance. The regression lines show no uniform behaviour and vary irregularly in strength and from one solar zenith angle to the next if all sky conditions are analysed. It is emphasised that these findings do not disagree with previous studies, that significant changes in UV irradiance have been observed over Europe especially in spring.Our study introduces a new method to estimate the required time series length for trend detection using the measured time series in combination with model calculations. At Sodankylä, a reduction of the total ozone column of –5.7% per decade has been observed from 1979 to 1998. A positive UV trend due to such conditions may be detected after 12 years at the earliest. For Thessalonki, a decrease in total ozone of –4.5% per decade has been observed. A corresponding increase of UV irradiance should be detectable after 15 years. It should be noted that a constant ozone trend over the whole period had to be assumed for this analysis.Since 1990 there has been a considerable variability of total ozone, but no steady decrease could be observed. Consequently, no general UV increase could be expected due to ozone changes. Even if there was a constant ozone trend over that period it is shown that even the longest European time series of UV irradiance are still too short to show distinct trends. However, this does not imply that no changes have occurred, it only shows that the large natural variability of UV irradiance has so far hindered the identification of unambiguous trends. The only way to find significant and consistent UV trends is the continuation of high-quality long-term measurements of spectral UV irradiance. 相似文献
2.
近40年黄河源区气候要素分布特征及变化趋势分析 总被引：19，自引：7，他引：12
用Mann-Kendall统计检验方法对黄河源区13个气象站点1959—1997年日照、气温、降水、蒸发的分布特征和变化趋势进行了分析,结果表明:近40年黄河源区年平均日照时数表现为微弱的下降趋势,空间分布呈明显的从北部向南部减少的态势,变化趋势从中部向西部、东部、北部逐渐减少;年平均气温呈明显的上升趋势,空间分布规律从西向东、从南向北逐渐增加,变化趋势为中部、南部地区上升趋势最小,北部、东部、西部上升幅度较大;多年平均降水呈较弱的下降趋势,空间分布规律从东南向西北逐渐减少,变化趋势表现为大部分地区降水量呈下降趋势;年平均蒸发量的下降趋势幅度较大,空间分布规律从北部向南部逐渐减少,变化趋势表现为大部分地区呈减少趋势,以北部地区最为明显。另外,本文也应用线性倾向估计方法对黄河源区各气候要素进行了分析,这两种方法得到的结果基本一致。 相似文献
3.
我国夏季降水及相关大气环流场未来变化的预估及不确定性分析 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
利用政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次评估报告(IPCCAR4)的15个耦合气候模式在不同排放情景下的模拟结果,对我国夏季降水及相关大气环流场的未来时空变化特征与模式之间的不确定性作了研究。结果表明,在全球变暖背景下,我国夏季降水表现出较强的局地特征。其中,我国东部和高原地区的降水在21世纪表现出明显的增加趋势,而且这种趋势随着变暖的加剧而增强,同时模式模拟结果之间的一致性也更好,表明这一结果的可信度较高。在全球变暖背景下,我国新疆南部地区表现为持续的降水减少趋势,而我国西南地区夏季降水的变化则呈现出先减少(21世纪初)后增加的特征,不同模式对降水这些局地特征的模拟也都表现出较好的一致性。其他地区夏季降水在21世纪的变化不大,同时模式模拟的一致性也较差。多模式模拟的我国未来百年夏季降水的这些变化特征在温室气体高、中、低不同排放情景下基本一致,A2情景预估结果变化最大,A1B次之,B1相对最小。东亚夏季大气环流场的预估结果显示,在全球变暖的背景下,大部分模式的模拟结果都表明,东亚夏季风环流有所增强,从而使得由低纬度大洋和南海地区向我国大陆的水汽输送增加,造成该地区大气含水量的增多,从而为我国东部地区夏季降水的增加提供有利条件。此外,随着全球变暖的加剧,西太平洋副热带高压持续增强,其变化对我国东部地区夏季降水的影响程度和范围也明显增大。这些环流场及其不确定性的分析结果进一步加强了我国夏季降水未来变化预估结果的可信度。 相似文献
4.
中国地气温差时空分布及变化趋势 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用中国825个气象站点1961—2016年的逐日地表温度和气温观测资料,系统分析了中国地区地气温差（地表温度减气温）的时空分布以及变化趋势。结果表明,中国多年平均的年地气温差西部大部地区及华南部分地区在2.5℃以上,而中东部大部地区在2.5℃以下。其中春、夏季全国各地地气温差均为正值,且总体呈经向型分布,西高东低;秋、冬季中国各地地气温差总体呈纬向型分布,南高北低,尤其是冬季北方部分地区为负值。年内,中国区域平均各月地气温差均为正值,其中1月份和12月份相对较小,6—8月份（夏季）相对较大。不同地区地气温差的年内分布特征有所不同,西藏地区地气温差年平均值为全国最大,最大值出现在雨季来临前的5月份;东北、华北、黄淮、西北及内蒙古地区最大值均出现在雨季来临前的6月份;江淮、江汉、江南、华南地区地气温差最大值均出现在雨季过后的7月份或8月份;西南地区年内各月地气温差变化相对较小,在雨季之前的5月和雨季之后的8月出现2次峰值,呈双峰型分布。1961—2016年,中国区域平均地气温差4月和4—10月上升趋势较明显,而7月和10月变化趋势不明显或略有上升趋势。空间分布上,东北、西北及内蒙古、西藏西部等地平均地气温差有增加趋势,而中东部地区有减小趋势。 相似文献
5.
近40年我国暴雨的年代际变化特征 总被引：54，自引：9，他引：45
利用1961～2000年全国610个测站逐日降水资料和暴雨定义, 分析我国近40年暴雨发生频率的年代际时空变化特征.分析结果表明, 我国夏季暴雨多发生在长江中下游、华南、四川中东部、黄淮地区和华北东部, 夏季暴雨发生频率具有明显的年代际变化, 且各地区暴雨的年代际变化有一定差异.分析结果还表明, 我国东部季风区夏季暴雨与洪涝的关系非常密切, 特别是90年代江淮流域暴雨对洪涝的贡献明显增大.作者还初步讨论了夏季暴雨发生频率年代际变化的气候背景, 指出: 70年代末开始的华北暴雨减少可能与赤道中、东太平洋海表面温度的年代际变化有关, 而90年代长江以南暴雨增多则可能与热带西太平洋偏东方向热对流的年代际变化有关. 相似文献
6.
7.
AbstractThis study analyzes changes in solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiances at 305 and 325?nm at selected sites located at high latitudes of both hemispheres. Site selection was restricted to the availability of the most complete UV spectroradiometric datasets of the past twenty years (1990–2011). The results show that over northern high latitudes, between 55° and 70°N, UV irradiances at 305?nm decreased significantly by 3.9% per decade, whereas UV irradiance at 325?nm remained stable with no significant long-term change. Over southern high latitudes (55°–70°S), UV irradiances did not show any significant long-term changes at either 305 or 325?nm. Changes in solar UV irradiances are discussed in the context of long-term ozone and other atmospheric parameters affecting UV variability at ground level. 相似文献
8.
Changes in temporal concentration property of summer precipitation in China during 1961–2010 based on a new index 
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下载免费PDF全文 Based on the property of entropy, a new index Q was defined to measure the temporal concentration property of summertime daily rainfall in China, based on daily precipitation data collected at 553 observation stations in China during 1961–2010. Furthermore, changes in the temporal concentration property of summer precipitation in China were investigated. The results indicate that the regions with larger Q values were located in most parts of Northwest China and the north of the Yellow River, where daily precipitation tended to become temporally concentrated during the study period. On the contrary, smaller Q values were found in eastern Tibetan Plateau, southeastern Northwest China, and most parts of Southwest and South China. The most obvious increasing trend of Q index was found in South China and most parts of Southwest China, where precipitation showed a temporal concentration trend. However, a decreasing trend of Q index was found in Northwest China, the Tibetan Plateau, and the north of the Huaihe River. Variations of the Q index and the summer rainfall total during 1961–2010 in China both exhibited an increasing trend, implying larger temporal variability in rainfall attributes. It is illustrated that the summer precipitation in general became more temporally concentrated with more intense rainfall events and wetter days. 相似文献
9.
LI Yaohui SONG Lianchun ZHANG Cunjie GAO Xuejie ZHAO Jianhua 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2006,20(5):13-22
A numerical study on CO2 doubling effects upon temperature and precipitation in NW China is conducted using an improved regional climate model, with the modeling data from a global climate model (Australian CSIRO R21L9) as the background. Results suggest that the doubling would lead to the rise of surface temperature in the project region, with the maximum occurring in southern Xinjiang Basin and eastern Qilian Mountains in contrast to a relatively smaller increase in northern Xinjiang and southern Shaanxi Provinces. On a seasonal basis the winter temperature warming is most pronounced while the autumn shows a relatively less signi cant rising trend. The study region experiences the greatest warming compared with other parts of the country. With CO2 content doubling, rainfall change varies from place to place in this region, with rainfall increase in the west, particularly in northern Xinjiang, in the vicinity of the Tianshan area, southwestern Qinghai, and Hexi area (west of the Yellow River of Gansu), as opposed to the eastern
portion of NW China, where precipitation decreases.
If CO2 concentration is doubled, most of the study region would receive more rainfall in spring, implying that spring drought would be alleviated while its eastern part would see varying-degree decreased precipitation in the other three seasons, especially in summer, suggesting that drought there would be intensified in summer and autumn, thereby exerting major influence on rain-fed agriculture there. 相似文献
10.
NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> change over China and its influences 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A 3-D chemical transport model (OSLO CTM2) is used to investigate the impact of the increase of NOx emission over China. The model is capable to reproduce basically the seasonal variation of surface NOx and ozone over eastern China. NOx emission data and observations reveal that NOx over eastern China increases quite quickly with the economic development of China. Model results indicate that NOx concentration over eastern China increasingly rises with the increase of NOx emission over China, and accelerates to increase in winter. When the NOx emission increases from 1995 to its double, the ratio of NO2/NOx abruptly drops in winter over northern China. Ozone at the surface decreases in winter with the continual enhancement of the NOx level over eastern China, but increases over southern China in summertime. It is noticeable that peak ozone over northern China increases in summer although mean ozone changes little. In summer, ozone increases in the free troposphere dominantly below 500 hPa.Moreover, the increases of total ozone over eastern China are proportional to the increases of NOx emission.In a word, the model results suggest that the relationship between NOx and ozone at the surface would change with NOx increase. 相似文献
11.
The regional characteristics of precipitation anomalies of total summer precipitation of June,July and August and individual monthly precipitation are analyzed by using the method of Varimax EOF and correlation analysis.The data set used is the precipitation of a 5°Lat.×5°Long.spatial uniform network over China in the period of 1959 to 1994.The analysis of total summer precipitation shows that the most significant regional characteristic is the existence of negative correlation in precipitation anomalies between the lower reaches of the Changjiang River and the Huaihe River Valley(the LRCH region) and the middle reaches of the Huanghe River Valley(the MRH region),and between the LRCH region and South China.The precipitation anomaly over the Sichuan Basin is negatively correlated with that over eastern part of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and that over the LRCH region.The regional characteristics of summer precipitation anomalies in western China are that there exists negative correlation between the summer precipitation anomalies over the southern part of the central and eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and that over its northern part.There also exists positive correlation between the southern part of the central and eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the eastern part of North China and the southern part of Northeast China.The above spatial correlation modes have significant periods of about 3 years and ten years.The analysis of the monthly precipitation shows that in June there exists positive correlation among the precipitation anomalies over the LRCH region,the eastern part of North China and Northeast China.In July,the precipitations in the MRH region and the LRCH region are negatively correlated.The regional characteristic of precipitation anomalies in August is very similar to that of the total summer precipitation anomalies. 相似文献
12.
This paper analyzes in detail the characteristics of surface humidity changes in China under the background of global warming in the recent 50 years by using the observation data compiled by the National Meteorological Information Center of China. The results reveal that (1) with the increase of temperature,surface saturation specific humidity (qs) shows basically an exponential growth, according to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The nationwide average moistening rate in winter is obviously less than the annual average rate and the summer rate. There are some regional differences in qstrends in different regions of China. For example, qsin central and eastern parts of China exhibits a reducing trend in summer, consistent with the weakening trend of temperature in these areas; (2) except parts of South China and Jianghuai Region in eastern China, unanimously increasing trends of annual and winter specific humidity (q) are found in most of China, especially in western China. In summer, except parts of Northeast China, Northwest China, and some areas over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, the decreasing and drying trends are significant in most of China, which is not consistent with the global mean situation; (3) the surface relative humidity(RH) in most of China shows a reducing trend. One of the major reasons for the reduction of RH is that the increasing rates of q are smaller than those of qs. Nonetheless, upward trends of RH in central and eastern China mainly due to the cooling temperature and rising q in these regions are observed in summer, leading to more precipitation. From about 2003 or so, qshas remarkably increased while q has sharply decreased in most parts of China; therefore, RH has reduced to a great extent. This may be closely related to the persistent growth of drought areas in China in the recent 10 years. 相似文献
13.
Global hydroclimatic changes from 1950 to 2018 are analyzed using updated data of land precipitation, streamflow, and an improved form of the Palmer Drought Severity Index. The historical changes are then compared with climate model-simulated response to external forcing to determine how much of the recent change is forced response. It is found that precipitation has increased from 1950 to 2018 over mid-high latitude Eurasia, most North America, Southeast South America, and Northwest Australia, while it has decreased over most Africa, eastern Australia, the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, and parts of East Asia, central South America, and the Pacific coasts of Canada. Streamflow records largely confirm these precipitation changes. The wetting trend over Northwest Australia and Southeast South America is most pronounced in austral summer while the drying over Africa and wetting trend over mid-high latitude Eurasia are seen in all seasons. Coupled with the drying caused by rising surface temperatures, these precipitation changes have greatly increased the risk of drought over Africa, southern Europe, East Asia, eastern Australia, Northwest Canada, and southern Brazil. Global land precipitation and continental freshwater discharge show large interannual and inter-decadal variations, with negative anomalies during El Niño and following major volcanic eruptions in 1963, 1982, and 1991; whereas their decadal variations are correlated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) with IPO’s warm phase associated with low land precipitation and continental discharge. The IPO and Atlantic multidecadal variability also dominate multidecadal variations in land aridity, accounting for 90 % of the multidecadal variance. CMIP5 multi-model ensemble mean shows decreased precipitation and runoff and increased risk of drought during 1950–2018 over Southwest North America, Central America, northern and central South America (including the Amazon), southern and West Africa, the Mediterranean region, and Southeast Asia; while the northern mid-high latitudes, Southeast South America, and Northwest Australia see increased precipitation and runoff. The consistent spatial patterns between the observed changes and the model-simulated response suggest that many of the observed drying and wetting trends since 1950 may have resulted at least partly from historical external forcing. However, the drying over Southeast Asia and wetting over Northwest Australia are absent in the 21st century projections.
相似文献14.
Trend analysis of temperature parameters in Iran 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
In this study, long-term annual and monthly trends in mean maximum, mean minimum and mean temperature are investigated at 35 synoptic stations in Iran. The statistical significance of trends is assessed by the Mann–Kendall test. Most stations, especially those in western and eastern parts of country, had significant positive trends in monthly temperature time series in summer season. However, the maximum number of stations with the positive trend were observed in April (30 stations), and then in August (29 stations) while the negative trends were seen in February (16 stations) and March (15 stations). On annual scale, most stations in western and southern parts of Iran had significant positive trend. Overall, about 71%, 66% and about 40% of stations had statistically significant trends in mean annual temperature, mean annual minimum temperature and in mean annual maximum temperature, respectively. These results, however, indicate that the climate in Iran is growing warmer, especially in summer. 相似文献
15.
基于多尺度SPI的中国南方大旱监测 总被引：15，自引：5，他引：10
用标准化降水指数(SPI)对2003年南方大旱发生、发展、持续、缓解进行全过程监测。2002年12月—2003年5月中国西南地区东部以及华南南部两广交界一带发生冬春连旱,其中西南地区东部冬旱最为严重,华南南部一带春旱最为严重。入夏以来南方大范围地区6—12月逐月均表现亏水,尤以7、8、10月亏水面积最广,强度最大。2003年6—12月长江以南大范围地区持续夏秋冬三季连旱,旱情极为严重,局部地区出现极端干旱,而长江以北则持续偏涝。2003年3月—2004年2月全年属于典型的"南旱北涝"型分布。基于多尺度SPI进一步统计南方地区1951—2007年历史上严重的夏秋冬季连旱事件。结果表明1980s以前发生过3次,分别是1956、1967、1978年,每11 a出现一次;1980s以后仅2003年发生1次。而这4次连旱的强度却是一次高于一次。 相似文献
16.
Contribution of south China Sea tropical cyclones to an increase in southern China summer rainfall around 1993 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The increase in southern China summer rainfall around 1993 was accompanied
by an increase in tropical cyclones that formed in the South China Sea. This
study documents the connection of these two features. Our analysis shows
that the contribution of tropical cyclones that formed in the South China
Sea to southern China summer rainfall experienced a significant increase
around 1993, in particular, along the coast and in the heavy rain category.
The number of tropical cyclones that formed in the western North Pacific and
entered the South China Sea decreased, and their contribution to summer
rainfall was reduced in eastern part of southern China (but statistically
insignificant). The increase in tropical cyclone-induced rainfall
contributed up to ～30% of the total rainfall increase along the
coastal regions. The increase of tropical cyclones in the South China Sea
appears to be related to an increase in local sea surface temperature. 相似文献
17.
全球气候仍为异常暖年。赤道中、东太平洋形成新的ENSO暖事件。冬季前期连续大雪严寒席卷了欧洲大部地区，美国南部也受到罕见大雪袭击。南亚东部、中南半岛湄公河三角洲雨季降水频繁，引发严重洪涝灾害。8月，欧洲异常暴雨引发世纪大洪水，多国受灾严重。印度尼西亚、澳大利亚、美国西部、非洲大部降水持续偏少，发生严重干旱。太平洋、大西洋的热带风暴给沿岸国家带来不同程度的灾害。 相似文献
18.
Shu Li Tijian Wang Prodromos Zanis Dimitris Melas Bingliang Zhuang 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2018,32(2):279-287
The spatial distribution, radiative forcing, and climatic effects of tropospheric ozone in China during summer were investigated by using the regional climate model RegCM4. The results revealed that the tropospheric ozone column concentration was high in East China, Central China, North China, and the Sichuan basin during summer. The increase in tropospheric ozone levels since the industrialization era produced clear-sky shortwave and clear-sky longwave radiative forcing of 0.18 and 0.71 W m–2, respectively, which increased the average surface air temperature by 0.06 K and the average precipitation by 0.22 mm day–1 over eastern China during summer. In addition, tropospheric ozone increased the land–sea thermal contrast, leading to an enhancement of East Asian summer monsoon circulation over southern China and a weakening over northern China. The notable increase in surface air temperature in northwestern China, East China, and North China could be attributed to the absorption of longwave radiation by ozone, negative cloud amount anomaly, and corresponding positive shortwave radiation anomaly. There was a substantial increase in precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It was related to the enhanced upward motion and the increased water vapor brought by strengthened southerly winds in the lower troposphere. 相似文献
19.
基于青藏高原春季感热异常信号的中国东部夏季降水统计预测模型 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
使用1980-2014年由青藏高原中东部的地面气象观测台站观测资料计算得到的地表感热通量以及中国东部高分辨率的降水格点资料,在年代际变化和年际变率两个时间尺度上,使用最大协方差分析方法研究了青藏高原春季感热与中国东部夏季6、7和8月降水的关系,基于最大协方差关联因子的时间尺度分解回归分析方法建立了一个降水统计预测模型。青藏高原春季感热的各个关联预报因子与中国东部夏季各月降水的相关分析表明,在年代际成分中,6、7和8月在中国东部绝大部分地区均存在显著相关,方差贡献分别为75.6%、99.9%和79.7%;在年际成分中,相关区域在6月是华南地区、华北沿海地区和江淮流域,7月是华南地区西南部、长江流域、东北地区东南部和黄河中下游地区,8月是东北地区和华南地区西部,方差贡献分别为42.7%、43.4%和32.0%。预测模型的解释方差分析和后报试验检验表明,7月对整个中国东部地区预测效果最好,6月主要在长江以南地区,而8月主要在东北地区和华南地区西部预测效果较好。该预测模型能很好描述青藏高原春季感热与中国东部夏季各月降水的关联性,并对局地降水实现较好的定量预测,具有在短期气候预测业务应用的价值。 相似文献
20.
中国雨日数的气候特征及趋势变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
使用国家气象信息中心整编的全国2 425个观测站1961年1月—2013年2月的52 a逐日降水观测资料,美国气象环境预报中心(NCEP)和美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)资料。通过计算气候场、雨日概率、倾向值、M-K突变检验等现代统计诊断方法,研究了中国各等级雨日数的年、季节的时空分布特征和不同等级雨日数的趋势变化特征以及相关的背景环流。得到以下结论:(1)中国年总雨日数高值区在四川东部、贵州、江南及云南西南部,以小雨日数占比最高;中雨、大雨日数高值区在江南东部和云南西南部;50 mm以上雨日数中心分别在华南沿海和闽—浙—赣交界,前者强后者弱;(2)年内总雨日概率分布表现为3类:平缓型、单峰型、双峰型,南方地区除云南外均为平缓型;西藏东部、川西、陕甘宁3省南部、青海东部为双峰型;全国其余地区为单峰型;(3)中国季风区小雨日数在1970s末—1980s初发生突变,呈趋势性显著减少,除东北外,四季均减少,以秋冬季云南、上海等地减少最显著,而干旱半干旱区小雨日数呈增加趋势;(4)西南地区东部的年中雨日数在2000年后显著减少,秋季减少最明显,而京、沪、粤3大城市群年中雨日数呈增加趋势;西南地区东部秋季、云南夏季大雨以上日数在2003年后显著减少,而夏冬两季长江中下游中雨以上等级的雨日数明显增加;(5)川东、贵州、江南中部的雨日高值区与青藏高原东部低层回流冷空气形成的静止锋或辐合带相联系。 相似文献