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1.
《Urban geography》2013,34(1):62-85
The beginning of a dramatic rise in homelessness in American cities coincided with the election of a Republican administration under the leadership of Ronald Reagan. This paper examines the response of the Reagan Administration to the crisis of homelessness. The ideology of the Administration, its broad social-expenditure priorities, and its programs for health, housing, income maintenance, and human services which affect the homeless are investigated. The paper argues that the federal government, guided by conservative and individualist ideology, has (1 ) sought broad social-spending reductions and macroeconomic policies that have increased the risk of homelessness and (2) made minimal efforts toward directly ameliorating the situation of the homeless. The implications for American cities and their homeless populations include growth in the numbers of homeless, local fiscal stress, the expulsion of the homeless from skid-row districts, dispersion of the homeless from downtown zones, suburban exclusionary backlash, reinstitutionalization, and urban violence. 相似文献
2.
浅析节事活动与地方文化空间生产的关系——以北京前门—大栅栏地区节事活动为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于空间生产理论,采取实地景观考察、问卷调查、访谈等研究方法,对北京前门—大栅栏地区的节事活动与地方文化空间生产的关系进行研究,分析地方政府在空间生产中发挥的特殊作用,以及节事文化空间的“第三空间”性质。研究表明：第一,政府在节事活动中占绝对的权力地位,以行政和财政手段投入节事活动,从而赋予实体空间新的文化符号意义,进而实现空间的再生产。第二,政府努力创造非排他的消费条件,从而使得人们公平地享受节事活动这一公共物品,在一定程度上克服了资本主义机制下空间再生产中的不公平性。第三,该区域的节事活动努力营造观念与实践、自我与他者融合的“第三空间”,使空间具有自下而上的再生产活力。第四,与历史密切联系的节事活动增强了历史街区独特的文化形象和文化资本。从结论延伸出两个建议：第一,区域性节事活动的策划组织人应将节事活动与本区域的历史植根联系起来,从而赋予地区实体空间恒久且独特的文化软资产。第二,强化个体日常社会实践和抽象文化符号的联系,加强个体对本区文化形象的理解,从而达到认同。 相似文献
3.
广州城市流浪乞讨者的空间管治与日常生活实践 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以广州流浪乞讨者为研究对象,通过深度访谈等质性研究方法,解读针对流浪乞讨者的空间管治政策与手段,分析流浪乞讨者的日常生活实践与生境协商。研究发现：在地方城市政策对流动性与公共秩序限制的双重压力下,在流浪乞讨者的日常生活实践中,不仅有针对管治行动者而刻意为之的特殊营建,亦有基于程式化生活流程对自我身份认同的重塑与真情实感的展演。地方政府基于空间目标的救助与真实存在的日常生活实践存在着一种张力。研究关注了城市边缘群体日常生活对地理意义的主动塑造过程,对全面理解并规范管理中国城市流浪乞讨现象具有借鉴意义。 相似文献
4.
Rural governance has drawn considerable attention from both local government officials and scholars in the United States since the early 1990s. It is touted as a way to mitigate the limitations of the traditional government unit‐based approaches to problem solving and decision making and to foster partnerships across both jurisdictional boundaries and sectors (public, private, and nonprofit). Established in 1962, the Resource Conservation and Development (rc&d ) program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture provides a unique model of rural regional governance. Acting as a coalition of governments, private businesses, individuals, and interest groups, the rc&d program provides the flexibility needed to deal with issues at the appropriate spatial scale. It incorporates aspects of both grassroots and governmental organizations and can bring together local interests and expertise with governmental policy and support in service provision, problem solving, and economic development. The approach does not necessarily entail loss of power on the part of the state, but it does provide a mechanism for local people to exercise their agency, to tackle their problems, and to decide which elements of their lives they want to sustain. 相似文献
5.
《Urban geography》2013,34(7):932-952
This article provides a comparative perspective on homelessness in Canada and New Zealand, with a focus on three urban regions. It seeks to document homeless numbers in the chosen cities, to evaluate the utility of counting the homeless, and to identify common and divergent approaches in homelessness policy. Research involved document analysis, key informant interviews, and participant observation. Literal homelessness is found to be several orders of magnitude higher in the Canadian cities. In one of the Canadian centers, suburban homelessness is emerging as a significant phenomenon. Efforts to count the homeless allow such trends to be tentatively quantified, and inform policymaking. Policy differences between the countries are stark: Canadian cities are seeking to respond to an emergency, which may call for a radical change of approach in the form of "housing first." In New Zealand, a national program of social housing, combined with cultural factors, reduces pressure to act. 相似文献
6.
中国大城市拆迁安置居民补偿方式与受益率测度 ——以南京为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
拆迁安置补偿是城市内城改造与扩张过程中涉及拆迁居民利益的核心问题,拆迁安置家庭多个特征因影响补偿方式和受益率。针对补偿方式不同与受益率不同,分别采用二项逻辑回归与多元线性回归模型,对南京市4个安置区的349户拆迁安置居民家庭进行了实证分析,结果表明：① 对于实物补偿和货币补偿,城中村拆迁安置居民家庭和夫妻双方职业均为“无业”的家庭更容易获得实物补偿。② 单从经济角度来讲,城中村拆迁安置家庭成为拆迁安置家庭中的最大受益者,7人及以上的大家庭、高学历家庭也是货币补偿中的受益者。但其受益并非是由市场化的结果造成,而是市场作用与计划经济旧有制度的共同使然。因此,建立公平合理的补偿机制是解决问题的关键。 相似文献
7.
Imag(in)ing 'homeless places': using auto-photography to (re)examine the geographies of homelessness 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Despite its growing popularity as a method across the social sciences, the methodological literature on auto-photography is remarkably sparse. In an effort to begin redressing this gap, this paper provides an account of the ways in which auto-photography was used to complement other research methods in a (re)examination of the geographies of homelessness. It describes how auto-photography illuminated 'hidden' spaces that do not typically feature in public (or academic) imaginations of homelessness, and provided more nuanced understandings of the use, meanings and dynamics associated with other, apparently already 'known' spaces. It concludes that whilst auto-photography presents a number of logistical and ethical challenges – particularly when used with such a vulnerable group – it is nevertheless a powerful heuristic tool. 相似文献
8.
Eduardo Barberis Katrin Grossmann Katharina Kullmann Rikke Skovgaard Nielsen Anne Hedegaard Winther 《Urban geography》2013,34(7):964-983
This article analyses how policies to foster social cohesion within diverse and unequal urban contexts are affected by New Public Management and austerity policies. Based on the analysis of a handful of governance arrangements in three cities that differ in their institutional structure and diversity policy approaches (Copenhagen, Leipzig and Milan), it is shown that negative effects are quite widespread yet cushioned by a strong welfare state structure, solid local government and high priority given to the recognition of diversity. Nevertheless, the shift towards the application of market logic to social work reduces innovative potential, increases efforts spent on procedures and weakens public coordination. 相似文献
9.
Deborah G. Martin 《Urban geography》2013,34(4):523-540
Abstract Conflicts over siting of group homes for people transitioning out of homelessness or struggling with addiction illustrate the multiscalar dynamics at play between locally-based activism and supra-local laws. In Massachusetts, the state-scale legal environment limits the effectiveness of opposition to group housing; nonetheless, such opposition occurs at the municipal level. Drawing on media accounts, official documents, and interviews with stakeholders in conflicts over group home siting in Worcester, Massachusetts, I investigate the dynamics between neighborhood place claims, the responses of the local state, and the state-wide laws governing group home siting. Examining the legal frameworks relevant to social movement grievances demonstrate that law structures the political opportunities available for protest and local government response. 相似文献
10.
《Urban geography》2013,34(3):229-250
The provision of public services by the local state involves the full range of politics, structural forces, and actors at work in the world system. Materialist theory provides a means by which these disparate elements can be integrated as the state performs its two primary functions: maintaining conditions favorable for the accumulation of capital and ensuring the legitimacy of the economic and political systems. National and local governments attempt to provide conditions in specific places that will foster growth; the politics of production characterize these efforts. On the local level the state also provides a forum in which the demands of less organized and powerful interests can be heard, as it attempts to maintain the loyalty of the public; the politics of consumption characterize this activity. An empirical analysis of local government expenditures for public services in the United States indicates the role that public services play in the performance of these two functions of the capitalist state. 相似文献
11.
《Urban geography》2013,34(8):707-736
The Residential Security Maps produced under the aegis of the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) are often regarded as significant evidence that the federal government was complicit in expanding segregated housing patterns. This paper suggests a different direction for the analysis of the agency's role and the impact of their maps regarding patterns of real estate appraisal and mortgage credit allocations. It is argued that: (1) whereas the broadly asserted relationship between race and residential security areas can be demonstrated, there are important variations that should drive further research in this sphere, including the significance of other demographic, socioeconomic, and housing variables; (2) despite uniform guidelines, the appraisal surveys and assignments of grades by HOLC were not identical across cities; (3) the approaches utilized by HOLC were not identical to those implemented by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), making it unlikely these agencies had a cooperative relationship; and (4) the relationship between grades and the distribution of mortgages varied by lender type and between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, suggesting the importance of local context in examining HOLC as a public policy instrument and its subsequent impact on racial segregation. 相似文献
12.
Disappointment with the results of forced amalgamation programs across almost all Australian local government jurisdictions has created great interest in shared service models as an alternative method of improving the operational efficiency of local councils, while at the same time preserving local democracy and local autonomy. While an embryonic literature on shared service provision in the Australian municipal milieu does exist, much remains to be done. This paper seeks to contribute to this nascent literature in two main ways: (a) to locate shared services in local government within broader global trends and theoretical disputations on devolution and local economic development, highlighting the importance of political geography in these debates; and (b) in the light of this complexity and ambiguity, develop a new typology of local government shared service provision to inform public policy making on real-world problems in Australian local government. 相似文献
13.
地方政府主导下的资本循环与城市化：以鄂尔多斯康巴什新区为例 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
以鄂尔多斯市康巴什新区为例,对其发展过程中的资本循环和政府作用进行分析,并提出“地方政府主导下的资本循环”这一研究框架。研究表明,新区的建设包含3个资本循环的过程,分别是煤炭的资本化,土地、基础设施、房地产的资本化,以及向先进制造业和第三产业的资本流动。通过一系列行政手段,地方政府主导了3次循环中的资本积累,以及资本在3次循环之间的转换。 相似文献
14.
《Urban geography》2013,34(7):671-687
This study examines the ability of the South African housing subsidy program to hasten desegregation and integration of South Africa's cities. It reviews the basic elements of recent local government reform and housing subsidy legislation. Highlighting the experiences of the city of George, it notes that in order to achieve a rapid provision of housing, the racial division of urban areas has initially been perpetuated. [Key words: Housing, post-apartheid, public policy, South Africa, subsidies, urban.] 相似文献
15.
利用面板随机前沿分析法研究了2009-2015年期间地方政府竞争对中国城市土地利用效率的影响,为规范地方政府的竞争行为并提高中国城市土地利用效率提供政策参考.研究结果表明:地方政府基础设施竞争对中国城市土地技术效率的提高具有促进作用,但效果并不显著,而地方政府财政收支竞争、土地优惠政策竞争及外商直接投资竞争都不利于城市土地利用效率的提高.进一步测算各地区土地利用的技术效率发现,地方政府竞争影响下中国东、中、西部城市土地利用个体技术效率均出现明显下降.因此,应进一步完善城市土地利用中的地方政府竞争关系,改革地方政府官员考核机制,为城市土地集约利用提供良好政策环境. 相似文献
16.
城中村休闲空间建设与本、外地人口之间的社区融合--以广州市石牌村为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
促进城中村本地人口与外来人口之间的社区融合是广州市城市发展需要解决的重要任务之一,休闲空间为社区居民提供了社会交往场所,理应成为促进社区融合的重要工具。广州市外来人口集中分布在“城中村”里,本文以广州市典型的“城中村”石牌村为例,通过广泛而深入的社会调查,试图分析“城中村”休闲空间建设在促进本地人口和外来人口之间的社区融合方面所起的作用。调研结果显示,“城中村”休闲设施建设有效地促进了本地人口内部和外来人口内部的社会融合,但由于各种制度约束和本地人口与外来人口心理和行为的差异等因素的影响,这些设施建设在促进外来人口与本地人口之间的社会融合等方面并未起到多大作用。因此,地方政府应加大“城中村”社区休闲设施建设,营造和谐的社区环境,同时大力提倡多元文化的并存发展,消除外来人口和本地人口之间的隔阂,让休闲场所真正成为促进本地人口与外地人口社会交往与社区融合的重要手段。 相似文献
17.
运用博弈论(Game theory)方法,探索退田还湖所涉及的利益主体之间尤其是移民安置中的的博弈关系。研究表明:退田还湖的实施以及移民安置工作必须兼顾各级地方政府以及农民的利益,必须从经济理性人的角度寻找博弈各方的行动动机,并以此为依据制订政策。单凭地方政府的力量不能完成退田还湖工程,中央政府的介入是必要的,并且要起主导作用;但单独依靠中央投入不能实现资源的最优配置。中央或上级政府应当综合考虑自身的生态防洪效益与基层政府和农民的切身经济利益,重点放在改变地方经济状况上,通过各种长期稳定的优惠政策提高基层政府主动接纳移民的积极性,这样才能顺利完成该工程。 相似文献
18.
从行政分权到跨域治理:我国地方政府治理方式变革研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
从集权到分权再到伙伴关系,从统治到治理再到跨域治理,西方发达国家地方政府治理方式呈现出螺旋式发展路径。我国的分权化改革打破了计划经济体制下地方政府被动羸弱的状态,在激发了地方政府发展经济的动力的同时,引发了"地方政府企业化"倾向,形成了分割的"行政区经济"。市场化改革在引入和整合体制外社会经济资源的同时,也导致政府与市场结合成"不受约束"的增长联盟,反而削弱了政府的权威。跨域治理理念旨在强化政府组织、市场组织和社会组织之间的资源整合,鼓励各种治理组织的参与,以共同应对跨行政区、跨部门、跨领域的公共事务。该文结合我国地方政府的实际情况,认为通过以下途径可以实现地方政府跨域治理:1)分权与赋权相结合,引进并整合体制外的社会经济资源,把决策权力向企业、社区和非营利组织转移;2)统筹协调各治理组织间的关系,促进城市政体内的权力平衡,以利益协调为基点,促使治理规则由支配性规则向共识性规则转变;3)综合运用行政化手段和市场化手段调整地方政府间关系,实现府际合作,促使地方政府由竞争型政府向合作型政府转变。 相似文献
19.
基于一致性标准的大城市多中心体系规划实施评估——以杭州为例 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
基于一致性标准的2个方面——物质空间建设一致性和目标一致性,评估杭州核心建成区多中心体系的规划实施结果。研究发现多中心体系的物质空间建设较成功,现状已建成15个城市级中心,具有较显著的主、副、次3个规模等级,成功引导了空间结构由单主中心向两主多副转变。但是规划目标实现不理想,外围新建的公共中心集聚水平偏低,对传统中心地区过度集聚的公共活动的疏解作用有限,也没有成功优化居住和日常公共活动之间的空间关系。这主要是由于杭州是通过强有力的政策保障多中心体系建设,但经济活动仍倾向于向传统城市中心集聚;城市扩张速度过快导致居住外迁的居民还没有来得及调整居住和日常公共活动之间的空间关系。 相似文献
20.
城市政府基础设施投资在住宅市场的资本化考察——基于广州价格数据的Hedonic模型构建 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
Hedonic价格模型在西方发达国家是分析住房市场的常用工具,具有较高的针对性和实时性,并且是衡量外部性的定量科学方法。通过2005年、2006年和2007年三个独立的时间截面数据,建立广州住宅市场的Hedonic模型,揭示了广州居民住宅偏好随时间变化的方向和程度及发生变化的原因,并重点衡量了城市政府的基础设施投资在住宅市场中的资本化程度。结果显示广州居民对于中心区位、良好的交通通达性、大规模的小区和水景景观具有持续上升的偏好,而对于城市政府来说,在地铁建设、景观改造、教育质量提升等方面的长期性公共投资,反映在住宅市场中,即是对此不断增长的住房偏好,并通过模型也对这种投资效用的程度进行了较准确的定量测算。 相似文献