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1.
珠江口及琼东北海区元素地球化学特征及物质来源 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了更好的了解南海北部近陆表层沉积物特征及分布,通过对珠江口至海南岛东北海区进行表层沉积物取样测试,共获取了约3 500个样品粒度数据,700余个样品元素地球化学数据。该区域沉积物粒度以粉砂及细砂为主,分选性为较差及差,沉积物常量元素组合以SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、CaO、K2O、MgO及Na2O为主,这7种氧化物占沉积物总量的90％以上（平均值）。对沉积物常量元素百分含量值进行了相关性分析,最终将调查海域沉积物划分为3个不同的区域,分别为珠江口及粤西区域（Ⅰ）、琼州海峡东分布区（Ⅱ）及琼东分布区（Ⅲ）,同时综合分析得出了各区域沉积物运移的路径趋势。 相似文献
2.
采用等温溶解平衡法研究了288K时Li+, Mg2+//SO2-4, B4O2-7- H2O四元体系的固液相平衡关系,测定了该四元体系在288K时平衡液相的溶解度和密度。依据实验测定的平衡溶解度数据及对应的平衡固相,绘制了该四元体系的平衡相图及密度组成图。研究结果表明：交互四元体系Li+, Mg2+//SO2-4, B4O2-7- H2O 288K时平衡相图中有2个共饱点,5条单变量曲线,4个结晶区对应的平衡固相分别为Li2B4O7·3H2O,Li2SO4·H2O,MgB4O7·9H2O和MgSO4·7H2O。 相似文献
3.
近4400年来南海北部陆架沉积地球化学记录及其地质意义 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
对位于海南岛南部陆架的S20孔沉积物进行了沉积学、AMS14C年代、粒度和常微量元素分析,初步探讨了该区物质来源及蕴含的亚洲季风演化信息。近4 400 a以来,S20孔岩性较均一,其沉积作用受相对单一而稳定的水动力条件控制。S20孔沉积物源区物质硅酸盐矿物经历了明显的风化,A—CN—K图示和较低的CIA值（小于66）指示了源区较低的化学风化程度。海南岛东部河流和珠江物质是最为可能影响S20孔区域的两个来源,由于对海南岛河流物质的研究相当匮乏,本研究尚无法定量估算该两个可能物质来源的各自贡献。S20孔沉积物CIA、Al2O3/Na2O、CaO*/TiO2、Na2O/TiO2等变化主要反映的是源区物质风化程度变化,该孔沉积物源区化学风化程度自4 400~1 600 a BP逐渐减弱以及1 600 a BP以来的逐渐增强,与中国南部Dongge洞石笋氧同位素曲线记录的亚洲夏季风变化趋势对应良好,说明该区沉积物中蕴含了丰富的亚洲季风变化信息。S20孔沉积物揭示出的化学风化程度强弱可能主要受控于轨道时间尺度上北半球夏季太阳辐射量变化。南海陆架区沉积物中物源与季风演化等信息的提取,亟待更多更高精度研究工作的展开。 相似文献
4.
微电极技术在沉积物化学原位测量中的应用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
微电极技术在测量不稳定沉积物化学中具有不可替代的作用,日益受到重视。综合论述了目前实际应用于定量沉积物化学的三大电化学类型的微电极,覆盖了pH微电极、pCO2微电极、硫化物微电极、溶解氧膜微电极、汞金伏安微电极的工作原理、制作方法和应用文献。特别介绍了实验室制作氧化铱pH微电极的方法和性能,描述了制作汞金伏安微电极的详细步骤及其在测量沉积物氧化还原化学成分的具体实验装置和技术方法,认为微电极技术的引入对深化沉积物生物地球化学过程研究具有重要作用。 相似文献
5.
干酪根中不同结构和官能团具有不同的碳同位素组成,这种差异可以用有机质碳同位素热力学同位素因子（β因子）进行预测。煤岩模拟实验产物中,δ13CCO2相对烃类气体而言明显偏重,这与干酪根中羧基的β13C较大有关。含水实验产物的δ13CCO2轻于无水实验产物的δ13CCO2是由于含水实验中所增加CO2的碳同位素组成相对较轻造成的,含水实验增加的CO2产率是由β13C相对较小的部分亚甲基碳通过断裂、氢转移、以及与水反应转变而来。模拟实验低温阶段（≤300℃）,甲氧基中的甲基断裂可能的甲烷形成的主要方式。而甲氧基的β13C大于甲基,所以低温阶段出现了甲烷碳同位素组成先较重后变轻的现象。 相似文献
6.
7.
海洋沉积物中的N和P随沉积物的粒度由粗到细,含量逐渐升高,而Si则降低;积物中N、P、Si的含量还随海区、输入源、季节、动力学过程及生物生产过程不同而变化.控制海洋沉积物-海水界面N、P、Si沉积、释放及循环的因素,包括有机质和溶解氧的浓度、有机质中C、N、P、Si的相对比例、沉积物-海水界面附近的氧化还原环境、生物扰动、温度、水深、pH值、不同形态S的浓度、金属离子以及水动力条件等.一般其综合作用的表现是,沉积物-海水界面之间NH+4、PO3-4和Si(OH)4从沉积物向上覆水扩散转移,而硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的通量方向相反,通量的大小随着海区的不同差别较大. 相似文献
8.
表层沉积物中的铅除主要在河流的入海口的浅海陆架区富集外,在深海的中央海盆区由于粒度效应亦有一定的富集,火山物质的加入不是富集的主要原因。南海表层沉积物铅的背景值计算表明,陆坡区铅背景值（2118×10-6±1264×10-6）与陆坡区柱样铅含量实测值接近,深海盆区背景值（2787×10-6±782×10-6)低于深海盆区柱样铅含量实测值。陆架区铅背景值（1957×10-6±1995×10-6）,低于中国海岸带铅背景值,全区铅背景值（2287×10-6±1454×10-6)与全球页岩铅的平均值接近,深海盆区的铅背景值（2
787×10-6±782×10-6)远低于现代深海粘土铅含量。南海沉积物铅的分布特征和背景值计算表明,南海沉积物铅含量变化总体处于自然变动范围内,除河流入海口出现异常外,大部分站位的铅含量均在正常范围内。地质累积指数法和富集因子计算结果表明,南海表层沉积物总体无铅污染,只是在近岸的珠江口区和台湾岛西南部浅海区沉积物受到了轻度的污染。南海表层沉积物的铅同位素在陆架区、陆坡区和深海盆变化趋势基本相同,指示南海不同海区沉积物中铅具有相似的主体来源。南海表层沉积物铅同位素继承了扬子块体的铅同位素组成特征,其铅同位素处于在红河和湄公河河流沉积物钾长石铅同位素值范围之内,指示红河、湄公河和珠江等河流将扬子块体的陆源铅输入到了南海沉积物中。 相似文献
9.
碳酸盐倒退溶解模式的化学热力学基础——与H_2S有关的溶解介质及其与CO_2的对比 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以化学热力学中的吉布斯自由能增量为基础,计算了与H2S(g)/ H2S(aq) /HS-/ H+/S2-系统有关反应在不同温度下的平衡常数,同时根据方解石和白云石在酸性条件下的溶解过程,获得了这两种碳酸盐矿物溶解过程中地层中流体pH值与PCO2、地层压力和埋藏深度的关系。在此基础上,对比了从地表到深埋藏的温度和压力条件下,与CO2和H2S有关的酸性介质对流体\[H+\]贡献的差异性,以及对于碳酸盐溶解作用的差异性。计算结果表明:1）无论以CO2还是以H2S作为溶解介质,温度增加和（或）PCO2增加,都会造成方解石和白云石溶解所需要的\[H+\]增加,在深埋藏相对高温和高压条件下,高PCO2条件会使得碳酸盐矿物的溶解更加困难,如果\[H+\]受到缓冲,CO2的增加不仅不能造成碳酸盐矿物的溶解,反而会造成碳酸盐矿物的沉淀;2）无论在何种酸性介质中,碳酸盐矿物的倒退溶解模式在化学上都是成立的,低温的成岩环境,深部地层中高温流体的向上运移、构造抬升所造成的温度降低（-ΔT）都会提高H2S和（或）CO2流体（也包括其它酸性介质）对碳酸盐矿物溶解能力;3）在地表和近地表条件下（几百米深度范围内）,在同时存在CO2和H2S的环境中,CO2对应酸的电离提供的\[H+\]略多于H2S对应酸的电离,与CO2有关的酸性流体对碳酸盐矿物溶解相对重要,而在深埋藏条件下、尤其是深度大于4 000 m的深埋藏地层中,H2S对应酸的电离提供的\[H+\]显著大于CO2,其对碳酸盐矿物的溶解更为重要,在存在硫酸盐还原作用的深埋藏地层中,碳酸盐的深部溶解作用会更为发育,这可能是川东北地区深埋藏条件下次生孔隙发育的重要原因之一。 相似文献
10.
贵州喀斯特地区河流的研究--碳酸盐岩溶解控制的水文地球化学特征 总被引：41，自引：1，他引：40
测量了喀斯特地区乌江、沅江两大水系的河流枯水期的主元素、Sr2+离子浓度和Sr同位素比值。这些河流的化学组成代表了流经碳酸盐岩地层的河水的化学组成。这些河流及其支流有高的溶解盐,TZ+变化范围为：2.1～6.3 meq/L,高于全球河流的平均值(TZ+=0.725 meq/L)。河水含有较高的溶质浓度,河水水化学组成以Ca2+和HCO-3为主,其次为Mg2+和SO2-4,Na++K+和Cl-+Si分别只占阳离子和阴离子组成的5%～10%。
这些河流的化学和同位素组成主要受其自流盆地的地质特征控制。流经碳酸盐岩地层的乌江水系河流具有较高的Sr浓度（1.1～9.70 mol/L）和较低的87Sr/86Sr比值（0.7077～0.7110）,与流经碎屑岩地层的沅江水系的清水江河流中较高的87Sr/86Sr比值（0.7090～0.7145）及较低的Sr浓度（0.28～1.32 mol/L）形成鲜明的对比。
流域盆地的地理岩性控制了河水的化学组成和同位素组成。对河水的化学计量分析表明河水化学组成受碳酸盐岩溶解控制,而碳酸盐岩主要受碳酸和硫酸作用而溶解。乌江流域受硫酸作用特别明显,表明硫酸主要来源于燃煤或流域盆地硫化物矿物氧化而形成的大气输入。化学元素和同位素比值之间的相互关系表明3个主要来源为：石灰岩、白云岩和硅酸盐岩的风化。同时估计了碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩的化学风化速率,结果表明流域盆地的碳酸盐岩风化速率远远高于许多世界大河。岩石风化过程中硫酸的出现或土地的过度使用或土壤植被的退化等都可能是导致流域的碳酸盐岩风化速率如此高的原因。 相似文献
11.
本文以华南早第三纪含煤碎屑岩型铀矿床为例,研究了矿床表生带天然水中铀和有机质的关系。 А.И盖尔曼诺夫等人在研究干旱气候条件下层间氧化带型铀矿床时,曾提出在该矿床的舌状强氧化前锋,水强烈富集铀,以含铀有机化合物的形式出现,有机质中含铀48-86%,甚至达100%。而在还原带中,水中的铀以无机化合物形式为主,含铀68-81%。但该研究只限于水中有机质富集铀的数量,并未说明铀与有机质呈什么形式结合。另一些研究者又只考虑到有机质与UO22+结合的问题。众所周知,地下水是一个具有复杂组分的天然体系,UⅥ在该体系中可以有各种各样存在形式的机率:如UO2OH+、UO2(Co3)2(H2O)22-、UO2(C03)34-、UO2SO4、UO2(SO4)22-、UO2(S04)34-以及UO2Cl+等。因此，在研究天然水体系中溶解腐殖酸结合铀时，必须要考虑它结合的是什么形式的铀，才能合理地评价天然水中溶解有机质对铀的迁移富集作用。 相似文献
12.
长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物pH、Eh分布及制约因素 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
使用精密酸度计和新型全自动氧化还原电位仪测定了长江口及其临近海域表层沉积物中的pH、Eh值,分析了它们的分布特征,并从水团性质、层化特征、底质类型、生物扰动等方面深入探讨了pH、Eh的影响因素和影响机理。研究表明:研究区内表层沉积物属于中性—弱碱性环境,pH值变化于7.1～7.8之间,空间分布上具有分带性和不均一性特征;为还原环境,Eh变化于-100～-300 mV之间,大部分在-250 mV左右,其空间分布也具有弱分带和不均一的特点。该区沉积物酸碱性主要受水团性质的制约,同时底质类型、生物扰动对沉积物酸碱性也有一定影响,而氧化还原电位则主要受水团性质、水层层化和生物扰动等的影响。 相似文献
13.
J.S. Leventhal 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1983,47(1):133-137
Syngenetic iron sulfides in sediments are formed from dissolved sulfide resulting from sulfate reduction and catabolism of organic matter by anaerobic bacteria. It has been shown that in recent marine sediments deposited below oxygenated waters there is a constant relationship between reduced sulfur and organic carbon which is generally independent of the environment of deposition. Reexamination of data from recent sediments from euxinic marine environments (e.g., the Black Sea) also shows a linear relationship between carbon and sulfur, but the slope is variable and the line intercepts the S axis at a value between 1 and 2 percent S. It is proposed that the positive S intercept is due to watercolumn microbial reduction of sulfate using metabolizable small organic molecules and the sulfide formed is precipitated and accumulates at the sediment-water interface. The variation in slope and intercept of the C to S plots for several cores and for different stratigraphic zones for the Black Sea can be interpreted in relation to thickness of the aqueous sulfide layer or thinness of the oxygen containing layer and to deposition rate, but also may be influenced by availability of iron, and perhaps the type of organic matter (Leventhal, 1979). 相似文献
14.
G. M. Friedman P. K. Mukhopadhyay A. Moch M. Ahmed 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2000,43(1-4)
The New York Bight is a sector of the Middle Atlantic continental shelf. The Bight consists of a part of the Atlantic Ocean offshore of the New York and New Jersey metropolitan area. This area includes the most populated coastal setting in North America. The Atlantic shelf and its estuaries are used for waste disposal, dredging, commercial fishing, and recreation; activities that contribute to the contamination of associated bottom sediments. Existing data for toxicants are still inadequate. Improvements in sediment and water quality will require a more detailed knowledge and understanding of sediments and water in the Bight. Eleven coring stations were established in New York Bight. Decreases in pH and Eh both above and below the water/sediment interface are attributed to the activity of anaerobic bacteria. Sulfate reduction is one of the important processes in lowering pH. Low Eh values of up to −443 can be related to sulfate-reducing bacteria. The highest negative Eh generally occurs with the highest organic carbon concentration. Core samples yielded up to 4.00% organic carbon compared to 0.8 to 1.2% in sediments of the natural nearshore environment. Twenty-seven different aliphatic hydrocarbons, fourteen PAHs, five cyclic hydrocarbons, and eight dicarboxylic acids were identified in the Bight pore waters. Sediment located deeper in the Hudson Shelf Valley has a greater abundance of aliphatic hydrocarbons as adsorbed pollution on clay and silt. The presence of dicarboxylic acids leached from plastic came from anthropogenic activities (mostly sewage). PAHs have two sources: coal ash (observed in sediments) and petroleum (part of the sewage, run-offs, and oil spills). The rest of the hydrocarbons have a petroleum or biogenic origin. The high amount of organic carbon may be the result of sewage sludge or originated from natural sources. The main sources of contaminants are dumpsites, emergency releases after heavy rainstorms from sewage-treatment plants, tanker washing, storage transfer spills, run-off, and air-borne pollution. The relatively high accumulation of organic matter causes oxygen depletion, which creates anaerobic conditions. The presence of hydrogen sulfide makes the environment toxic for most of the biota. Detected hydrocarbons, especially PAHs easily enter the food chain and may cause cancer and mutagenic reactions of biota and humans. Organic petrology of six organic-rich sediments from New York Harbor illustrates a diverse population of anthropogenic and natural organic components. Three core samples (V-2, AC-4, and HV-3) contain coarse-textured organic matter. A slim majority of those components are anthropogenic. They are derived mainly from coal combustion by-products. The other two core samples (AC-6 and T-1) contain mainly very fine-grained organic matter. A majority of them are amorphous organic matter (AOM) that is derived from bacterial degradation of modern organic matter. Radionuclide dating (137Cs, K-40, Pb-210) shows post-1950 components for the shallowest intervals in the cores (<30 cm). The post-1950 sediment, distributed in the tops of core, is recycled material from the dumpsites. The underlying sediment has isotopic signatures that suggest dates before active dumping. 相似文献
15.
G. J. P. Salazar M. C. Alfaro-De la Torre R. N. J. Aguirre R. Briones-Gallardo C. J. Cedeño M. G. A. Peñuela 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(1):197-208
The Riogrande II reservoir in Colombia has a total storage capacity of 240 million m3 and lies 2,270 m above sea level. The reservoir is used for power generation, water supply and environmental improvement. Dissolved manganese (Mn) is removed from reservoir water dedicated to domestic use by purification processes. Removal of Mn, however, poses a major challenge to purification processes and warrants the study of ways to naturally reduce dissolved Mn levels in the reservoir. The source of Mn within the reservoir is not well understood, however, presumably arises from sediment mobilization initiated by variation in pH, redox potential (ORP or Eh), dissolved oxygen (O2) and ionic strength conditions. This study investigated conditions within the reservoir to further understand Mn transfer from the sediment into the water column. O2, pH, oxidation–reduction potential (ORP or Eh), organic matter content and electric conductivity were measured in water samples and sediment from the reservoir. Sequential extraction (SE) procedures were used to test the specific effects exerted by each of these conditions on Mn mobilization from the sediments. The European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure was used to quantify metals in sediment (referred to as the BCR extraction below). Statistical analysis of geochemical data from water samples (both water column and sediment pore water) and sediments demonstrated the conditions under which Mn can be released from sediments into the water column. The results indicated a primarily oxic water column and anoxic reducing conditions in the sediment (ORP or Eh ≤ ?80 mV). The pH of water in contact with bottom sediments varied from 7.6 to 6.8. The pH of sedimentary pore water varied from 6.8 to 4.7. The sediments contained significant amounts of organic matter (20 %). Chemical extractions showed that the exchangeable fraction contained over 50 % of the total Mn within sediments. Microscopic analysis using scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) indicated that Mn does not occur within well-crystallized mineral phases in the Riogrande II sediments. A large proportion of Mn exists instead as material adsorbed onto the surfaces of recently deposited sediment particles. Bacterial oxidation of organic matter may cause the observed anoxic conditions at the bottom of the reservoir. Mineralization of organic matter therefore contributes to reducing conditions within the sediments. Mobilization of Mn from the sediment into the water column may result from reductive dissolution of this fraction. Manganese release by this mechanism diminishes the water quality of the Riogrande II reservoir and warrants further study. 相似文献
16.
Norman J. Hyne 《Environmental Geology》1978,2(5):279-287
The bottom sediments of two reservoirs, one with significant river sediment input and one without, were analyzed for organic
matter content. Lake Texoma sediments average 1.0% organic carbon, of which 0.26% organic carbon is deposited by the river
sediments of the Red and Washita River deltas. In Fort Gibson reservoir, where there is minimal river sediment input, the
organic carbon averages 1.2% and is deposited with a strong correlation to water depth (+0.9). There is a significant difference
between the C/N ratio of Lake Texoma sediments (11.5) and Fort Gibson sediments (9.6). The higher C/N ratio is suggested to
be a result of the larger input of terrestrial plant debris (with a high original C/N ratio) by the rivers draining into Lake
Texoma and the relatively high resistance of the lignin material in the plant debris to decomposition in the reservoir sediments. 相似文献
17.
Variations of temperature and oxygen indicate that the 2150 m high Great Ghost Lake in tropical Taiwan is seasonally stratified and anoxic. Low concentrations of ions and nutrients and the similarity in the distribution of the reduced species in the water column in the early stages of stagnation indicate that the production of the reduced species occurs mainly in the sediments with a subsequent release into the overlying water. In addition, the high organic matter content in the sediments and the short period of water overturn make Fe(II) the most abundant reduced species in the sediments and in the water column. As a result, the annual Fe cycle plays one of the most important roles in regulating the water chemistry and in driving the reduced species from the sediments to the anoxic hypolimnion. The distribution of reduced species during the stagnation is in agreement with the thermodynamic sequence. The accumulation rates of Fe2+, Mn2+, NH4+, sulfide and CH4 in the water column during the early stages of stagnation are about 5.07, 0.059, 1.69, 0.015 and 1.65 mmol m-2 day-1, respectively. 相似文献
18.
N. M. Kokryatskaya I. I. Volkov T. P. Demidova T. S. Murzina 《Lithology and Mineral Resources》2003,38(6):552-563
Composition and distribution of different forms of sulfur in bottom sediments of the Severnaya Dvina River mouth and Rybinsk water reservoir are studied. The sediments are characterized by low accumulation rate of reduced sulfur compounds and high content of organic matter. Common features of the distribution of products of hydrogen sulfide in sediments of the river and water reservoir and the specificity of anthropogenic influence in each basin are established. 相似文献
19.
Previous studies have shown that saltmarsh macrophytes have a significant influence on sediment biogeochemistry, both through
radial release of oxygen from roots and also via primary production and release of labile organic exudates from roots. To
assess the seasonal influence of the needle rush, Juncus roemarianus, on saltmarsh sediment geochemistry, pore waters and sediments were collected from the upper 50 cm of two adjacent sites,
one unvegetated and the other vegetated by Juncus roemarianus, in a Georgia saltmarsh during winter and summer. Pore waters collected at 1- to 2-cm intervals were analyzed for pH, alkalinity,
dissolved phosphate, ammonium, Fe(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), sulfide, sulfate, and organic carbon. Sediments were collected at
5-cm intervals and analyzed for iron distribution in the solid phase using a two-step sequential extraction. The upper 50 cm
of the sediment pore waters are mostly sulfidic during both winter and summer. The pore water and sediment geochemistry suggest
organic matter degradation is coupled mostly to Fe(III) and sulfate reduction. In summer, there is greater accumulation of
alkalinity, sulfide, ammonium, and phosphate in the pore waters and lower levels of ascorbate extractable Fe, which is presumed
to be comprised primarily of readily reducible Fe(III) oxides, in the sediments, consistent with higher organic matter degradation
rates in summer compared to winter. Lower pH, alkalinity, ammonium, and sulfide concentrations in sediments with Juncus, compared to nearby unvegetated sediments, is consistent with release of oxygen into the Juncus rhizosphere, especially during summer. 相似文献