共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 153 毫秒
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利用后向轨迹模式研究TRACE-P期间香港大气污染物的来源 总被引：34，自引：1，他引：33
利用Hysplit4.7轨迹模式和2001年3月NCEP再分析气象资料,计算2001年3月TRACE-P期间抵达香港地区的后向气流轨迹,并分析香港地区大气输送特征。对轨迹进行聚类分析后得到到达香港的6类典型气团。结合香港鹤咀测站所测量的大气污染物的浓度,进一步分析不同来源气团的化学特征。抵达香港的气流轨迹结果表明来自大陆的气团占47.5%,局地输送性气团占34.6%,海洋性气团占18.7%。鹤咀测站的污染性气体O3 、SO2、CO在大陆气团影响下的平均浓度分别为31.1、3.0、486.1 μg/m3;在海洋性气团影响下分别为20.0、1.0、319.4 μg/m3;在局地输送气团影响下分别为20.0、1.2、308.0 μg/m3。 相似文献
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利用HYSPLIT4轨迹模式计算了临安、上甸子和龙凤山区域大气本底站2005年7月-2007年6月的气块后向轨迹, 并通过聚类分析取得了各站点平均轨迹的空间分布和季节变化等结果。将各站点同期观测到的O3, SO2, NOx和CO浓度通过滑动平均法去除季节变化, 取得其短期变化信号, 并将轨迹与这种短期变化信号对应, 比较真实地反映了排放源空间分布和轨迹移动特性对污染物浓度的影响。研究结果表明:移动高度高、速度快的气块不利于污染物积累, 对站点污染物起清除作用。但个别来自高空的轨迹会将富含O3的气块输送到地面, 从而使站点O3浓度升高。各站均有大约50%~60%的轨迹输送污染气块, 导致站点气体浓度升高。临安站的污染主要来自S-SW和N-SE扇区; 上甸子站的污染最主要来自SE-SW扇区, 其次来自N-SE和W-N扇区; 龙凤山的污染主要由来自S-WSW扇区。 相似文献
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CO2和CH4是《京都议定书》限排的主要温室气体。自1990年以来的长期观测表明, 我国青海瓦里关全球本底站大气CO2和CH4浓度与北半球中纬度地区其他一些本底站的同期观测结果具有可比性, 观测数据已成为WMO全球温室气体公报及国内外有关评估报告的重要参考依据; 我国4个区域本底站过去一年来的采样分析结果显示:北京上甸子、浙江临安、黑龙江龙凤山、湖北金沙大气CO2和CH4浓度明显高于同期瓦里关站的观测值, 表明4个区域站大气CO2和CH4受自然及人为活动的影响较大。迄今为止, 国内相关部门通过多种方式开展了温室气体浓度长期观测或短期科研, 各具优势和特点, 但力量相对分散、观测站稀少、侧重点和目标各异。为了全面掌握我国温室气体本底浓度时空变化, 了解不同区域大气受自然和人为活动影响的程度, 亟需相关部门分工协作、优势互补、资源共享, 尽快推进我国温室气体及相关微量成分的网络化观测分析和源汇反演模式系统建设, 进而测算、验证不同区域温室气体排放源和吸收汇的动态变化, 分析、评估各区域之间的输送和影响, 为我国应对气候变化的内政、外交提供决策支持。 相似文献
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为研究石家庄秋季对流层内CH4垂直分布特征,2018年9月使用“空中国王350”飞机搭载Picarro温室气体在线观测仪和气象要素观测设备,对石家庄上空（600—5500 m）CH4浓度进行探测。探测期间共飞行7架次,取得7条CH4浓度廓线数据。结果表明: 石家庄上空近地面层（1000 m以下）CH4平均浓度与同时间段区域背景站上甸子站CH4浓度呈显著正相关（r=0.81,P < 0.03）。探测到的CH4浓度最小值为1898×10-9摩尔分数,最大值为2219×10-9摩尔分数,平均浓度为1981×10-9摩尔分数。观测得到的7条廓线均有较好的一致性,2000 m以上,浓度均随高度呈先增大后减小的趋势。利用后向轨迹模式（HYSPLIT）对探测时段内石家庄上空不同高度层主要气流传输路径进行统计分析表明,600 m高度输送路径较短,CH4浓度受本地排放影响较大; 3000 m受输送作用影响较大,偏西和西南路径可能将较高CH4浓度气团输送至石家庄上空; 5000 m气团传输对CH4浓度影响较小,浓度相对较稳定,对传输路径的变化不敏感。 相似文献
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CH4是仅次于CO2的重要温室气体。2006年9月至2008年8月期间,按全球大气本底观测要求,在青海瓦里关、北京上甸子、浙江临安和黑龙江龙凤山4个国家级野外站开展每周一次空气样品flask瓶采样分析,获得了该地区为期2 a的大气CH4本底浓度资料。结果表明,2 a间瓦里关、上甸子、临安和龙凤山4站CH4浓度年均增幅分别为9.1×10-9、3.8×10-9、21.8×10-9和8.2×10-9;瓦里关站大气CH4浓度增长趋势与全球平均状况较为接近,能较好地反映北半球中高纬度内陆地区大气本底特征;但上甸子站年均本底值相对较低且季振幅偏小,而龙凤山和临安站季节变化规律相似,表现为CH4浓度冬季高而夏季偏低且季振幅较大。 相似文献
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沙尘气溶胶对福建沿海城市空气质量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2005-2009年沙尘天气资料、空气污染指数及后向轨迹模型分析了沙尘气溶胶影响期间福建沿海城市的空气质量.结果表明:沙尘影响日数总体上和沙尘天气过程的次数有关,2006和2007年的沙尘影响日较多.沙尘影响日呈单峰型分布,高值区出现在春季(3-6月).沙尘影响期间的空气污染指数较高,年平均API接近或超过轻度污染级别,能见度和PM10浓度之间呈反相关.沙尘气溶胶气团主要通过西北和偏北路径运动至福建沿海城市,其中300m高度的气团有11次经西北路径运动至福建沿海(占50％),有10次经偏北路径运动至福建沿海(占45％);800m高度的气团有12次经西北路径运动至福建沿海(占57％),5次经偏北路径运动至福建沿海(占24％). 相似文献
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《气象科学进展》2014,(1)
使用差分淌度粒径分析仪(TDMPS)和空气动力学粒径分析仪(APS)对上甸子区域本底站气溶胶(直径3nm~10μm)数谱分布特征进行观测。利用2008年的观测结果,分析了不同天气(包括沙尘天气、干洁天气和雾霾天气)条件下大气气溶胶数谱分布及其与气象要素和气团来源的关系。结果表明,沙尘天气条件下,上甸子站受西北方向的气团控制,风速较大,粗粒子数浓度明显增加,PM10的质量浓度可以迅速增加到毫克每立方米(mg·m-3)的量级。典型的"香蕉型"新粒子生成事件通常发生在比较干洁晴朗的天气条件下,西北气团主导,大气中背景气溶胶数浓度较低,核模态气溶胶数浓度迅速增长,气溶胶的粒径呈现明显的增长过程,核模态可以平稳地增长到约80nm,达到成为云凝结核的尺度。雾霾天气通常是在西南气团影响下,细颗粒物(1μm以下)不断累积、相对湿度不断升高的条件下发生的。雾霾天气条件下数谱分布的几何中值粒径出现在积聚模态,积聚模态数浓度也高于非雾霾天。个例研究表明,雾霾天气条件下,PM2.5质量浓度可以达到非雾霾天的10倍左右,其中以细颗粒物的贡献为主。在雾霾天气条件下,上甸子站数浓度较高的积聚模态颗粒物主要来自城区的传输,因此对背景地区气溶胶数谱的研究可以为解析城区气溶胶复杂来源提供依据。 相似文献
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This paper describes a simulation policy model of the combined greenhouse effects of trace gases. With this model, the Integrated Model for the Assessment of the Greenhouse Effect (IMAGE) scenarios for the future impact of the greenhouse effect can be made, based on different assumptions for technological and socio-economic developments. The contribution of each trace gas can be estimated separately.Basically the model, consisting of a number of coupled modules, gives policy makers a concise overview of the problem and enables them to evaluate the impact of different strategies. Because the model covers the complete cause-effect relationship it can be utilized to derive allowable emission rates for the different trace gases from set effect related targets. Regular demonstration sessions with the simulation model have proven the importance of such science based integrated models for policy development.Four different scenarios are worked out for the most important trace gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC-11 and CFC-12). One of these scenarios can be regarded as a growth scenario unrestricted by environmental concerns. The others are based on different strategic policies. After the simulation of future trace gas concentrations global equilibrium temperature increases are computed. Finally the sea level rise, the most threatening effect of the greenhouse problem for the Netherlands, is estimated.Simulation results so far emphasize the importance of trace gases other than CO2. The Montreal Protocol on reduction of CFC is found to stabilize the relative contribution of these substances to the greenhouse effect. 相似文献
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SF6气体的辐射强迫和全球增温潜能的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
IPCC(2007)指出, 六氟化硫(SF6) 作为臭氧消耗物质 (ODSs) 的部分替代物质, 近年来排放量大大增加。它作为控制排放的人造长寿命温室气体之一已经被列入《京都议定书》。但是, 目前在臭氧消耗物质替代品中, 对SF6的辐射强迫和全球增温潜能的研究较少, 而且所用的谱吸收资料陈旧。本文采用最新的分子吸收数据库HITRAN2004中的SF6的吸收截面数据, 利用Shi(1981) 的吸收系数重排法, 建立了SF6的相关k分布的辐射计算方案, 在此基础上研究了SF6在晴空大气下的辐射效率和全球增温潜能, 并首次计算了SF6的全球温变潜能, 与其全球增温潜能进行了比较。本文的研究表明: SF6的辐射效率为0.512 W/m2, 经过大气寿命调整之后的辐射效率为0.506 W/m2, 二者差别不大; 根据IPCC (2007) 给出的排放情景, 到2100年, SF6在大气中的体积分数将达到35×10-12～70×10-12, 引起的相应辐射强迫将在0.004～0.028 W/m2之间变化; 相对于二氧化碳的100年全球增温潜能为2.33×104, 比IPCC(2007)的结果大2.2%; 100年的持续排放的全球增温潜能为2.26×104, 与其他长寿命人造温室气体一道, 其对全球变暖的长期影响不容忽视。 相似文献
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Johannes Quaas Olivier Boucher Jean-Louis Dufresne Hervé Le Treut 《Climate Dynamics》2004,23(7-8):779-789
Among anthropogenic perturbations of the Earths atmosphere, greenhouse gases and aerosols are considered to have a major impact on the energy budget through their impact on radiative fluxes. We use three ensembles of simulations with the LMDZ general circulation model to investigate the radiative impacts of five species of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC-11 and CFC-12) and sulfate aerosols for the period 1930–1989. Since our focus is on the atmospheric changes in clouds and radiation from greenhouse gases and aerosols, we prescribed sea-surface temperatures in these simulations. Besides the direct impact on radiation through the greenhouse effect and scattering of sunlight by aerosols, strong radiative impacts of both perturbations through changes in cloudiness are analysed. The increase in greenhouse gas concentration leads to a reduction of clouds at all atmospheric levels, thus decreasing the total greenhouse effect in the longwave spectrum and increasing absorption of solar radiation by reduction of cloud albedo. Increasing anthropogenic aerosol burden results in a decrease in high-level cloud cover through a cooling of the atmosphere, and an increase in the low-level cloud cover through the second aerosol indirect effect. The trend in low-level cloud lifetime due to aerosols is quantified to 0.5 min day–1 decade–1 for the simulation period. The different changes in high (decrease) and low-level (increase) cloudiness due to the response of cloud processes to aerosols impact shortwave radiation in a contrariwise manner, and the net effect is slightly positive. The total aerosol effect including the aerosol direct and first indirect effects remains strongly negative. 相似文献
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Vinu Valsala Hayyan M. Alsibai Motoyoshi Ikeda Shamil Maksyutov 《Climate Dynamics》2011,36(7-8):1435-1452
The global ocean Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC-11) was simulated in an offline model driven by re-analysis ocean currents in order to identify the mechanisms of interannual to interdecadal variability of air?Csea CFC fluxes. The model was forced with the observed anthropogenic perturbations of atmospheric CFC-11 from the post industrial period (1938) following the OCMIP-II flux protocols along with the observed winds from 1960 to 1999 in the formulation of surface gas exchanges. The model ocean CFC-11 inventories, at the end of 1990s, accounted approximately 1% of the total atmospheric CFC-11, which is consistent with the corresponding observations. The mid-to-high latitude oceans were venue for strong (weak) oceanic sinks (sources) of CFC-11 during the winter (summer) months. The Southern Ocean (south of 40°S) and the North Atlantic (north of 35°N) provided two largest sinks of CFC-11, through which 31.4 and 14.6% of the global ocean CFC-11 entered, respectively. The eastern tropical Pacific Ocean exhibited large interannual variability of CFC-11 flux with a strong (weak) sink during La Ni?a (El Ni?o) years and represented 36% of the global CFC-11 flux variability. The North Atlantic and Southern Ocean were found as regions of large sink efficiency: a capacity to sink more CFC than outsource, although it reduced by 80 and 70%, respectively, in the last 40?years compared to 1960. The sink to source ratio of global ocean CFC-11 fluxes were reduced from 90 to 50% in the last 40?years. This indicates a saturation of CFC in the above-thermocline subsurface that makes the upper ocean less efficient in absorbing CFC in recent decades. A positive trend in CFC sink is now limited to the Southern Ocean, central tropical Pacific and western boundary current regions which possess active upwelling of old water with long time since last atmospheric contact. However, a globally averaged trend was a reduced CFC-11 sink, by emitting 30% of the total ocean CFC-11 that was absorbed during last 40?years. 相似文献
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Oxidation reactions of the proposed CFC substitutes HCFC-123 (CF3CHCl2) and HCFC-141b (CFCl2CH3) have been studied in the laboratory using long-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The air oxidation of the HCFCs was initiated by the photolysis of Cl2 forming Cl atoms that abstract H atoms from the HCFC. CF3C(O)Cl was the only carbon containing compound observed in the infrared spectrum of the products of the HCFC-123/Cl2 irradiations and its yield was approximately one. The product data are consistent with formation of CF3C(O)Cl by Cl elimination of the intermediate halogenated alkoxy radical CF3CCl2O. The Cl-initiated oxidation of HCFC-141b led to the formation of CO and C(O)FCl. The product data are consistent with a 1 : 1 relationship between C(O)FCl formed and HCFC-141b reacted. Product data were compatible with both decomposition by cleavage of the C–C bond of the radical CFCl2CH2O leading to the prompt generation of C(O)FCl and reaction of the radical with O2 forming the two carbon halogenated aldehyde CFCl2CH(O), which in the presence of Cl was likely oxidized to C(O)FCl. An approximate method was developed in which the ratio was extracted from analysis of the time evolution of HCFC-141b, C(O)FCl, and CO. The data suggest that the contributions are comparable. 相似文献
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M. A. Hernández-Ceballos J. A. Adame J. P. Bolívar B. A. De la Morena 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2013,119(3-4):163-175
Air masses are characterized by physical (temperature, humidity) and chemical (transported gases and aerosols) properties, being associated their arrival to different meteorological scenarios. The knowledge of the air masses over a region is fundamental as complementary information in several atmospheric studies, being the calculation of back-trajectory the most widely used tool whenever air masses are analyzed. A study of air masses has been carried out in southwestern Iberian Peninsula using 5-day kinematic back trajectories computed by the HYSPLIT model at three heights (500, 1,500 and 3,000 m) from 1997 to 2007. The main aims have been to characterize their vertical behaviour and their thermal and humidity properties. Thirteen trajectory clusters have been defined, showing the northerly and westerly clusters a high coupling degree. Seasonal daily variation of potential temperature and specific humidity has been analyzed, obtaining higher differences among clusters in the cold season. 相似文献
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为了评估美国地球物理流体动力学实验室（GFDL）模式模拟海洋通风的能力,利用GFDL的物理气候系统模式和地球系统模式（GFDL-ESM2G、GFDL-ESM2M、GFDL-CM3）模拟海洋中CFC-11（一氟三氯甲烷,CCl3F）的资料,对CFC-11的海面浓度分布、单位面积水柱总量、全球总物质的量、最大穿透深度以及在大西洋、太平洋、南大洋的垂直剖面的特征进行了分析。本文将GFDL模拟结果与盐度、海温、CFC-11的观测资料比较,得到了如下重要结论：GFDL模式模拟的CFC-11海面高值中心集中在高纬度,如北大西洋、西北太平洋,但是在南大洋罗斯海、威德尔海模拟结果比观测值低了1.5 pmol·kg-1,这是CFC-11的溶解度与海面温度成负相关造成的,即随海面温度升高,CFC-11的溶解度降低;GFDL模拟的全球海洋中CFC-11总物质的量都比观测值高,尤其是CM3的模拟结果比观测高22.9%,GFDL模式平均值高于观测15.6%。通过对北太平洋46°N、北大西洋24°N和南大洋65°S的纬向断面的分析表明,目前GFDL模式在模拟一些重要水团时还有一定的改进空间,比如GFDL在24°N断面1 000 m以下模拟CFC-11浓度极大值位置过深。 相似文献
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R. K. R. Vupputuri K. Higuchi H. G. Hengeveld 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1995,52(3-4):151-167
Summary A coupled 1-D time-dependent radiative-convective-photochemical diffusion model which extends from the surface to 60 km is used to investigate the potential impact of greenhouse trace gas emissions on long-term changes in global climate, atmospheric ozone and surface UV-B radiation, taking into accoont the influence of aerosol loading into the atmosphere from major volcanic eruptions, of thermal inertia of the upper mixed layer of the ocean and of other radiativephotochemical feedback mechanisms. Experiments are carried out under global and annual average insolation and cloudiness conditions. The transient calculations are made for three different growth scenarios for increase in trace gas concentrations. Scenario 1, which begins in 1850, uses the best estimate values for future trace gas concentrations of CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC-11, CFC-12 and tropospheric O3, based on current observational trends. Scenarios 2 and 3, which begin in 1990, assume lower and upper ranges, respectively, of observed growth rates to estimate future concentrations.The transient response of the model for Scenario 1 suggests that surface warming of the ocean mixed layer of about 1 K should have taken place between 1850 and 1990 due to a combined increase of atmospheric CO2 and other trace gases. For the three scenarios considered in this study, the cumulative surface warming induced by all major trace gases for the period 1850 to 2080 ranges from 2.7 K to 8.2 K with the best estimate value of 5 K. The results indicate that the direct and the indirect chemistry-climate interactions of non-CO2 trace gases contribute significantly to the cumulative surface warming (up to 65% by the year 2080). The thermal inertia of a mixed layer of the ocean is shown to have the effect of delaying equilibrium surface warming by almost three decades with an e-folding time of about 5 years. The volcanic aerosols which would result from major volcanic eruptions play a significant role by interrupting the long-term greenhouse surface warming trend and replacing it by a temporary cooling on a time scale of a decade or less. Furthermore, depending on the scenario used, a reduction in the net ozone column could result in an increase in the solar UV-B radiation at the surface by as much as 300% towards the end of 21st century.With 14 Figures 相似文献
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青藏高原大气水汽探测误差及其成因 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
青藏高原大气水汽分布对区域天气气候有很大影响,其探测资料的可靠性备受关注。以地基全球定位系统(GPS)遥感的大气可降水量为对比参照,分析了1999—2008年拉萨和2003年那曲探空观测大气可降水量的误差及其原因。结果表明,近10年拉萨站探空观测的可降水量比GPS遥感的可降水量明显偏小,偏小程度随使用不同的探空仪而异。GZZ-2型机械探空仪和GTS-1型电子探空仪多年平均的大气可降水量相对偏差分别为8.8%和4.4%,随机误差分别为19.8%和13.3%。近10年大气可降水量探测偏差具有减少的趋势,从12.7%减少至2.4%,主要是由探空仪性能改进所致。分析发现青藏高原大气可降水量探测偏差具有明显的日变化,12时(世界时)比00时大。拉萨站GZZ-2型和GTS-1型探空仪在12时多年平均的大气可降水量探测偏差分别为15.8%和8.3%,00时分别为1.6%和0.5%。那曲站GZZ-2型探空仪在12和00时的大气可降水量探测偏差分别为12.4%和0.3%。大气可降水量探测偏差还具有季节变化,夏季大,冬季小。对大气可降水量探测偏差日变化和季节变化的成因分析表明,12时气温比00时气温高以及夏季比冬季气温高是造成大气可降水量探测偏差日变化和季节变化的重要原因。 相似文献