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1.
西非是世界上铁矿资源最为丰富的地区之一,铁矿石总资源量可达649.5亿吨,占全球8％,主要分布于马恩地盾和雷圭巴特地盾,以几内亚、塞拉利昂、利比里亚和毛里塔尼亚四国最为丰富,成因类型以BIF型为主.公开资料显示,目前有43家公司投资开发73个西非铁矿项目,其中中国庆华集团、宝武集团、赢联盟集团、中国铝业和中投资本公司等五家中资企业拥有权益资源量达217.5亿吨,形成与西非本土8国和西方7国公司三足鼎立的局势.基于标普数据库和各公司最新年报统计,发现近10年西非铁矿石年均产量为0.2亿吨,世界占比不足0.1％.目前大部分矿山处于暂停开发或暂时搁置状态,仅有21个铁矿山处于活跃状态.其中,中资企业控制的五个项目中也只有唐克里里铁矿处于开发状态.基于西非地质和航磁资料,利用证据权模型,预测在90％、50％和10％置信水平下,西非地区未发现铁矿床数量分别为63个、92个和324个,铁矿石预测资源量分别为264.6亿吨、386.4亿吨和1360.8亿吨.  相似文献   

2.
The presence of hard and massive sandstone above the coal seam in underground coal mines often leads to delay in caving of overlying rock beds thereby causing excessive load on supports and posing danger to underground workings. The problem is more prominent in blasting gallery (BG) as well as longwall mining methods in Indian coal mines. Induced caving by blasting is a promising means for hard roof management in underground coal mines. Based on extensive studies and data collected from different mines in India, a Blastability Index (BI) has been developed which can be used for the classification of roof according to the degree of ease in caving by induced blasting. Different charge factors have also been suggested based on the Blastability Index. Due to wide change in the method of extractions, ??Cavability Index?? for longwall panel was found ineffective in case of BG method of working as well as bord and pillar working. For this reason, this proposed Blastability Index would be of immense help for caving of hard roof by induced blasting.  相似文献   

3.
Methane emissions from a longwall ventilation system are an important indicator of how much methane a particular mine is producing and how much air should be provided to keep the methane levels under statutory limits. Knowing the amount of ventilation methane emission is also important for environmental considerations and for identifying opportunities to capture and utilize the methane for energy production.Prediction of methane emissions before mining is difficult since it depends on a number of geological, geographical, and operational factors. This study proposes a principle component analysis (PCA) and artificial neural network (ANN)-based approach to predict the ventilation methane emission rates of U.S. longwall mines.Ventilation emission data obtained from 63 longwall mines in 10 states for the years between 1985 and 2005 were combined with corresponding coalbed properties, geographical information, and longwall operation parameters. The compiled database resulted in 17 parameters that potentially impacted emissions. PCA was used to determine those variables that most influenced ventilation emissions and were considered for further predictive modeling using ANN. Different combinations of variables in the data set and network structures were used for network training and testing to achieve minimum mean square errors and high correlations between measurements and predictions. The resultant ANN model using nine main input variables was superior to multilinear and second-order non-linear models for predicting the new data. The ANN model predicted methane emissions with high accuracy. It is concluded that the model can be used as a predictive tool since it includes those factors that influence longwall ventilation emission rates.  相似文献   

4.
Covered by ultrabasic units for more than a third of its surface,the New Caledonia(South West Pacific)is one of the largest world producers of Ni-ore from lateritic deposits.Almost all outcrops of geological units and open mines contain serpentine and amphibole,also as asbestos varieties.In this geological context,in which weathering processes had a great contribution in the production and dispersion of mineral fibres into the environment,the development of a routinely analytical strategy,able to discriminate an asbestiform fibre from a non-harmful particle,is a pivotal requisite.However,the acquisition of all these parameters is necessary for determining the risk associated to fibres exposition.A multidisciplinary routinely approach,based on the use of complementary simply-to-use but reliable analytical methods is the only possible strategy.In addition,the instrumental apparatus must be easily transportable on the field,directly on the mining site.The employment of specialized tools such as Polarized Light Microscopy associated to Dispersion Staining method(PLM/DS)and portable Raman spectroscopy for identification of environmental asbestos,are proved extremely effective in the improvement of the performance and rapidity of data acquisition and interpretation.Both PLM/DS and handheld Raman devices confirmed to be discriminant in the detection and characterization of asbestos fibres for both serpentine and amphibole.Furthermore,these techniques proved extremely effective even in the presence of strongly fibrous and altered samples.  相似文献   

5.
Abandoned mines are of high potential risk as they could be a large underground storage of pollutants(heavy metals and organic wastes, etc.). Various physical, chemical and biological reactions would take place when groundwater flows into underground spaces, which makes abandoned mine a huge potential hazard to groundwater environment. The recovery of groundwater level is one of the key elements controlling the reactions and causing such hazards. This paper simulated groundwater level recovery processes in the abandoned mines, Fengfeng coalfield by using the computer program FEFLOW. The paper integrated the pipe flow model, "three zones" model and groundwater inrush(discharge) model in the simulation of groundwater in the complex laneway-aquifer system. Groundwater flow in the laneway systems was considered pipe flow and described in Bernoulli equation. The water-bearing medium(coal seam roof) overlying the laneway systems was divided into "three zones" composed of the caving zone, fissure zone and bending zone based on the disruption degrees of previous mining. Groundwater in the Ordovician limestone aquifer(bottom of coal seam) flowing into laneway systems was considered a major inrush/recharge source, and its flow rate was calculated by an inrush(discharge) model which was newly developed in this study and incorporated into FEFLOW. The results showed that it would take approximately 95 days for groundwater in abandoned mines to recover to regional groundwater level elevation, and the total amount of water filling up would be about 1.41195×10~7 m~3, which is consistent with the actual data. The study could be of theoretical and practical significance to mitigate abandoned mines' hazards and improve mine groundwater utilization.  相似文献   

6.
矿山地质数据库系统初探   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
李宏辉 《湖南地质》2002,21(3):233-237
影响矿山经济效益及可持续性发展的重要因素之一是矿山开采对象及资源量的难以预测，利用数字技术可充分提高开采及勘探所积累资料、数据的有效利用率，是提高有效预测的有效途径；同时也改变了传统资料、数据的存贮介质及方式，使数据的安全更有保障，数据调用更迅速使利；通过分析矿山资源勘查与开发过程积累的数据特点，表明矿山数据库有面向主题，随时间而变化、数据集成等数据仓库特点；数据的特征和空间属性的双重性和互为联动性、海量存贮、数据分析的智能要求等使GIS技术成为数据库的首选技术．由于受投资及技术队伍的制约，完整的数据库系统的建立与使用尚有待来日，但建立矿山地质数据库数据源系统则应尽早实施．  相似文献   

7.
钱静  纵博  黄阳 《江苏地质》2023,47(2):159-165
通过对徐州煤矿地质资料的标准化整理，归纳并探讨多源数据融合的原则和标准，形成统一的空间坐标参数和数据格式，达到多源数据统一融合的目的。基于ArcGIS平台，建立涵盖基础地质、矿山开发利用、钻孔、采空区、塌陷及已治理区5大专题的煤矿地质资料数据库。项目成果纳入徐州自然资源“一张图”系统中，服务于矿政管理、矿地融合研究、工程建设新项目规划选址、国土空间规划等工作。  相似文献   

8.
Palaeoenvironmental assessment of past C3 and C4 vegetation distributions relies on end member data from plant analyses. In southwestern Africa, end member data of the carbon number distribution of n-alkanes from leaf waxes and their carbon isotopic composition were available for the rainforest and the savannah. To complement this, we analysed the n-alkane parameters of 41 C3 plants and 11 C4 plants from the transition region, i.e., the wood- and shrubland of Angola. The combined results for the rainforest, the wood- and shrubland and the savannah show an increase in the average chain length (ACL) of C3 and C4 plants and an increasingly enriched carbon stable isotope composition for the C3 plants from the equator towards southern Africa. The enlarged database was applied to the data of a north–south transect of deep-sea surface sediments already used in a previous study, which resulted in the proxies showing a good reflection of the vegetation on the adjacent southwest African continent in terms of %C4 plant cover. Applying end member values for ACL and δ13C obtained from the enlarged database by two different averaging methods (arithmetic average and median) to the n-alkane data from the sediment transect yielded similar vegetation reconstructions. In addition, a correlation between ACL and growth height of the plants is discussed, indicating that the ACL may be useful as a tree abundance parameter. Thus, the enlarged end member database strengthens the n-alkane parameters as tools for palaeoenvironmental studies.  相似文献   

9.
金属矿山地质灾害信息管理系统的开发   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
文章总结了目前我国金属矿山普遍采用人工记录、档案管理的灾害信息管理模式中存在的问题。在对我国金属矿山地质灾害全面调查和分类基础上,构建金属矿山地质灾害数据库,并建立灾害信息管理局域网,开发了金属矿山地质灾害信息管理系统(Geological Hazard Information Managment System for Metal Mine,GHIMSMM)。该系统实现了对灾害发生时间、地点、灾情、灾害诱因、经济损失、灾害分类等查询功能,并可根据该系统分析各类灾害的发展趋势。系统集成了MAPGIS地理信息系统平台部分功能,成功地将GIS技术应用到金属矿山地质灾害防治、监测工作中。  相似文献   

10.
Kimberlite-hosted diamond deposits of southern Africa: A review   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Following the discovery of diamonds in river deposits in central South Africa in the mid nineteenth century, it was at Kimberley where the volcanic origin of diamonds was first recognized. These volcanic rocks, that were named “kimberlite”, were to become the corner stone of the economic and industrial development of southern Africa. Following the discoveries at Kimberley, even more valuable deposits were discovered in South Africa and Botswana in particular, but also in Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe.A century of study of kimberlites, and the diamonds and other mantle-derived rocks they contain, has furthered the understanding of the processes that occurred within the sub-continental lithosphere and in particular the formation of diamonds. The formation of kimberlite-hosted diamond deposits is a long-lived and complex series of processes that first involved the growth of diamonds in the mantle, and later their removal and transport to the earth's surface by kimberlite magmas. Dating of inclusions in diamonds showed that diamond growth occurred several times over geological time. Many diamonds are of Archaean age and many of these are peridotitic in character, but suites of younger Proterozoic diamonds have also been recognized in various southern African mines. These younger ages correspond with ages of major tectono-thermal events that are recognized in crustal rocks of the sub-continent. Most of these diamonds had eclogitic, websteritic or lherzolitic protoliths.In southern Africa, kimberlite eruptions occurred as discrete events several times during the geological record, including the Early and Middle Proterozoic, the Cambrian, the Permian, the Jurassic and the Cretaceous. Apart from the Early Proterozoic (Kuruman) kimberlites, all of the other events have produced deposits that have been mined. It should however be noted that only about 1% of the kimberlites that have been discovered have been successfully exploited.In this paper, 34 kimberlite mines are reviewed with regard to their geology, mantle xenolith, xenocryst and diamond characteristics and production statistics. These mines vary greatly in size, grade and diamond-value, as well as in the proportions and types of mantle mineral suites that they contain. They include some of the world's richest mines, such as Jwaneng in Botswana, to mines that are both small and marginal, such as the Frank Smith Mine in South Africa. They include large diatremes such as Orapa and small dykes such as those mined at Bellsbank, Swartruggens and near Theunissen. These mines are all located on the Archaean Kalahari Craton, and it is apparent that the craton and its associated sub-continental lithosphere played an important role in providing the right environment for diamond growth and for the formation of the kimberlite magmas that were to transport them to the surface.  相似文献   

11.
基于钻孔数据的矿山三维地质建模及可视化过程研究   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  
矿山三维地质建模与可视化技术研究,是"数字矿山"的核心组成部分,是现代矿山信息化研究的热点和重点.文章从三维地质建模的概念出发,探讨了基于钻孔数据的矿山三维地质建模及可视化的一般过程,包括地质数据库的建立,实体模型、品位块体模型的创建等,重点探讨了建模过程中地质数据库的设计,地质解译、矿体储量估算的方法与技术,并借助OpenGL三维图形开发库,在VC++6.0编程环境下,实现了三维地质的建模及可视化,为我国矿山三维地质建模及可视化软件的设计提供参考,促进了我国矿山信息化的建设.  相似文献   

12.
目前，国内众多矿山急需一些投资小、见效快的勘探方法，以解决燃眉之急。将电法勘探中的激发极化法应用于矿山坑道，利用坑道有限的空间区域，开展就矿找矿，是较为理想的选择。实际测量中采用穿、沿脉结合的测量方法，寻找坑道附近的隐伏矿体或评价已知矿体的规模等，为矿山扩大储量服务。近年来，前人在坑道激电的应用方面做了不少工作，也积累了不少好的经验。笔者在吸收前人工作经验的基础上，在陕西某金矿和内蒙某金矿应用坑道激电寻找深部隐伏矿，为矿山解决接替资源问题，取得了良好的效果。同时，指出了开展坑道激电深部找矿时需要注意的几个问题，包括空间的制约、噪声的影响、电磁波的干扰以及矿体分布的全方位等，希望能给以后的工作者起到一定的借鉴意义。  相似文献   

13.
The study examines the spatial relationships between sediment yield and 15 independent environmental variables in 54 catchments in South Africa. Rooseboom's (1978) data on the sediment yield from the catchments were standardized for a single time period. Bivariate regression analyses reveal no simple relationships. Multivariate regression analyses conducted for the whole and various sub-areas of South Africa indicate that latitude and longitude are the primary variables affecting spatial variations in sediment yield. This may be as a result of latitude and longitude being surrogate variables reflecting variation in other environmental variables (e. g. geology, vegetation). Within the sub-areas, 43.4% to 97.8% of the variation in sediment yield is explained by the combined variation in a number of different environmental variables. This study highlights a need for the collection and analysis of more sediment yield data, which would allow the analyses to be refined, to predict sediment yields from ungauged catchments in South Africa.  相似文献   

14.
The Sabzevar ophiolite, with its colored mélange zone, is a highly disintegrated ophiolite complex located at the northern boundary of the central Iranian microcontinent. A large number of chromite pods occur in this area, which needs to be explored. In this study, a mathematical – geological genetic model is advanced as an exploratory tool that provides information for further exploration activity. A petrogenetic model of chromite ore was established on the basis of a geodata information database. This database consists of information from similar chromite mines from around the world. A detailed investigation of the geological, mineralogical and petrological characteristics of chromite pods in the Sabzevar region was conducted along with detailed petrological samplings, thin section studies and mineralogical analysis. In the next step, we developed a conceptual genetic model that defines areas with a high probability of the existence of chromite pods. The model was later refined using such parameters as a critical genetic factor (CGF) and critical reconnaissance criteria (CRC). Next, a linear function, which is a combination of these factors, provided promising regions as intrinsic geological units (IGU). Finally, a 3D model of lithological units depicting the IGU for chromite pods exploration is proposed.  相似文献   

15.
Extensive phosphate mining in the Blackfoot watershed of Idaho (USA) has substantially increased the selenium (Se) concentration in the river during both snowmelt and baseflow when groundwater discharge dominates. Phosphate mines create a linkage between Se-laden shale that occurs in the Phosphoria Formation and the underlying regional Wells Formation aquifer. Using a reconnaissance-level transport model, mines in the watershed were prioritized for remediation and for comparing the results of simulations of remediation scenarios with a baseline of no remediation, for which Se concentration in the river will exceed the aquatic standard along an extensive length. An accurate simulation of recharge distribution around the watershed and simulated flux to the river is essential. Remediation of mines north of the river will substantially decrease the size of the Se plume, although significant Se will continue to discharge to the river. Similarly, remediation of three mines south of the river would decrease the Se discharge to the river but allow substantial amounts to remain stored in the groundwater north and far south of the river. A lack of calibration data is not a reason to forgo remediation, but rather ongoing data collection can be used to fine-tune plans as they are implemented.  相似文献   

16.
中国地质环境图系数据库,是中国首套统一结构、统一格式、统一编码的涵盖地质环境、地质灾害、地下水、矿山地质环境、地质遗迹5个专业领域的全国性数据库。该套数据库是基于1：1 000 000数据源的地理信息库,以分省1：500 000环境地质调查、县市地质灾害调查、重点地区1：50 000地质灾害调查、新一轮地下水资源评价、第二轮全国矿山地质环境摸底调查和矿产资源集中开采区矿山地质环境调查、首轮地质遗迹调查等数据为基础,集成近20年来水工环地质调查监测数据和最新综合研究成果,根据统一的建库技术要求建立而成。该套数据库具有统一的系统库（符号库、颜色库、图案库、线型库）,属性按照统一的编码规则和要求建立,图件按照统一的图饰图例进行了规范化处理,共包含163个专业图层,图元数量共337 833个,容量约8.8 GB。该套数据库为实现成果图件的动态管理与更新、构建数字地质环境奠定了基础,可为地质环境保护管理、国土空间规划、生态修复、地质灾害防治提供详细的基础信息资料。  相似文献   

17.
20世纪,越来越多的证据使人们意识到,吸入含石棉的灰尘会使从事与石棉有关的几种职业(如石棉采矿、造船和石棉产品组装)的工人患上几种严重的呼吸道疾病(石棉沉着病,肺癌和mesotheliuma)。为此已经制定了若干规定,以控制工人们在特殊的制造、采矿和其他工作地点与石棉尘埃的接触。比较间接的是控制和管理"天然产生的石棉"(NOA),这一问题近年来也引起了管理机构、健康机构和居民团体的注意。NOA包括在自然状态下原地找到的被描述为石棉的矿物,例如在基岩或土壤中的这种矿物。NOA之所以引起关注,是因为如果含石棉的岩石受到自然侵蚀或人类活动(例如修路、城市开挖、农业、采矿、压碎和碾磨)的影响,就有可能暴露并变成空中尘埃的微小纤维。天然石棉矿床的规模差异很大,从薄的四散的细脉一直到大的矿体。它们的地理分布与地质条件直接有关。石棉产出的地质背景是含镁丰富的主岩,这些岩石受到低压低温的变质作用蚀变而成。已知的容矿主岩包括变质的和已被交代的超基性岩(尤其是蛇纹岩)、一些基性火成岩、变质白云岩和变质的铁建造。石棉形状的角闪石在几种热液蚀变型的碱性火成侵入体中也能作为副矿物存在。石棉形成于可预见和可鉴别的地质环境。这种认识是一种信息,而这种信息使公众健康机构可以执行有情报根据的屏蔽和管理规划。第一步是在区域的或国家规模的尺度上确定和描述已知的(报道过的)石棉矿床。第二步是对容纳已知石棉矿的单位进行填图,以划定可能的其他石棉矿化的范围。这种地质研究使有关机构对遇到石棉的可能性做出规划,而尽量节省在不太可能遇到石棉矿的地区的管理费用。对石棉地质条件的认识可以事先应用于岩石和土壤的挖掘项目,而不管挖掘的规模有多大。这种对石棉管理的科学探索能有助于缓解对挖掘所发现的自然石棉矿床的连续不断地做出反应。因此,通过对很可能含有石棉矿床的地区做填图,规划者可开发出一些控制尘埃的程序,这些程序适用于工人和附近居民最容易暴露于空气携带的石棉的地区。  相似文献   

18.
Hazard maps of ground subsidence around abandoned underground coal mines (AUCMs) in Samcheok, Korea, were constructed using fuzzy ensemble techniques and a geographical information system (GIS). To evaluate the factors related to ground subsidence, a spatial database was constructed from topographic, geologic, mine tunnel, land use, groundwater, and ground subsidence maps. Spatial data, topography, geology, and various ground-engineering data for the subsidence area were collected and compiled in a database for mapping ground-subsidence hazard (GSH). The subsidence area was randomly split 70/30 for training and validation of the models. The relationships between the detected ground-subsidence area and the factors were identified and quantified by frequency ratio (FR), logistic regression (LR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models. The relationships were used as factor ratings in the overlay analysis to create ground-subsidence hazard indexes and maps. The three GSH maps were then used as new input factors and integrated using fuzzy-ensemble methods to make better hazard maps. All of the hazard maps were validated by comparison with known subsidence areas that were not used directly in the analysis. As the result, the ensemble model was found to be more effective in terms of prediction accuracy than the individual model.  相似文献   

19.
龙涛 《地质与勘探》2018,54(6):1099-1106
本文首先界定了权益矿、权益储量及权益产量的内涵,系统统计了2017年中国海外权益铜矿项目的数量、权益储量和权益产量,结果显示2017年中国海外权益铜矿约50个,海外铜矿权益储量4441.8万t,权益产量112.5万t。研判了全球铜矿资源格局,分析了海外权益铜矿存在的主要问题,并提出了对策建议：（1）应全力支持中国企业到南美、非洲等地获取海外权益铜矿,力争打造3～5个大型海外权益铜矿基地;（2）努力扩大海外权益铜矿产量,力争2030年中国海外权益铜矿产量超过250万t;（3）中资企业应结合自身经营财务情况,选择自主建设已探明储量但尚未开发矿山还是收购成熟的矿山项目;（4）中资企业还应不断学习和熟知当地的法律政策、商业特点、文化风俗等,处理好与各方的利益关系,保证海外权益铜矿项目持续稳定经营。  相似文献   

20.
Evaluations of tidal wetland restoration efforts suffer from a lack of appropriate reference sites and standardized methods among projects. To help address these issues, the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) and the NOAA Restoration Center engaged in a partnership to monitor ecological responses and evaluate 17 tidal wetland restoration projects associated with five reserves. The goals of this study were to (1) determine the level of restoration achieved at each project using the restoration performance index (RPI), which compares change in parameters over time between reference and restoration sites, (2) compare hydrologic and excavation restoration projects using the RPI, (3) identify key indicator parameters for assessing restoration effectiveness, and (4) evaluate the value of the NERRS as reference sites for local restoration projects. We found that the RPI, modified for this study, was an effective tool for evaluating relative differences in restoration performance; most projects achieved an intermediate level of restoration from 2008 to 2010, and two sites became very similar to their paired reference sites, indicating that the restoration efforts were highly effective. There were no differences in RPI scores between hydrologic and excavation restoration project types. Two abiotic parameters (marsh platform elevation and groundwater level) were significantly correlated with vegetation community structure and thus can potentially influence restoration performance. Our results highlight the value of the NERRS as reference sites for assessing tidal wetland restoration projects and provide improved guidance for scientists and restoration practitioners by highlighting the RPI as a trajectory analysis tool and identifying key monitoring parameters.  相似文献   

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